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Summit (meeting)

Meeting of heads of state or government

Meeting of heads of state or government

A summit or summit meeting is an international meeting of heads of state or government, usually with considerable media exposure, tight security, and a prearranged agenda.

Notable summit meetings include those of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin during World War II, although the term summit was not commonly used for such meetings until the 1955 Geneva Summit. During the Cold War, when American presidents joined with Soviet or Chinese counterparts for one-on-one meetings, the media labelled the event as a summit. The post–Cold War era has produced an increase in the number of events described as summits. International summits are now the most common expression for global governance. Summit diplomacy fosters interpersonal trust between leaders and reinforces system trust in the state-as-person construct, which is identified as the implicit glue holding the international system together.

Notable summits

[[List of Allied World War II conferences|Allied World War II conferences]]

  • U.S.–British Staff Conference (ABC–1) (January 29 – March 27, 1941)
  • Atlantic Conference (August 9–12, 1941)
  • Moscow Conference (September 29 – October 1, 1941)
  • Arcadia Conference (December 22, 1941 – January 14, 1942)
  • Second Washington Conference (June 20–25, 1942)
  • Second Moscow Conference (August 12–19, 1942)
  • Cherchell Conference (October 21–22, 1942)
  • Casablanca Conference (January 14–24, 1943)
  • Bermuda Conference (April 19, 1943)
  • Third Washington Conference (May 12–27, 1943)
  • Quebec Conference (August 17–24, 1943)
  • Third Moscow Conference (October 18 – November 1, 1943)
  • Cairo Conference (November 22–26, 1943)
  • Tehran Conference (November 28 – December 1, 1943)
  • Second Cairo Conference (December 4–6, 1943)
  • Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference (May 1–16, 1944)
  • United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference (Bretton Woods) (July 1–15, 1944)
  • Dumbarton Oaks Conference (August 21–29, 1944)
  • Second Quebec Conference (September 12–16, 1944)
  • Fourth Moscow Conference (October 9, 1944)
  • Malta Conference (January 30 – February 2, 1945)
  • Yalta Conference (February 4–11, 1945)
  • United Nations Conference on International Organization (April 25 – June 26, 1945)
  • Potsdam Conference (July 17 – August 2, 1945)

[[List of Soviet Union–United States summits|Soviet Union–United States summits]]

  • Geneva Summit (July 18–23, 1955)
  • Washington and Camp David Summit (September 15, 26–27, 1959)
  • Paris Summit (May 16–17, 1960)
  • Vienna Summit (June 3–4, 1961)
  • Glassboro Summit Conference (June 23 and 25, 1967)
  • Moscow Summit (SALT I) (May 22–30, 1972)
  • Washington Summit (June 18–25, 1973)
  • Moscow Summit (June 28 – July 3, 1974)
  • Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control (November 23–24, 1974)
  • Helsinki Summit (July 30 and August 2, 1975)
  • Vienna Summit (SALT II) (June 15–18, 1979)
  • Geneva Summit (November 19–21, 1985)
  • Reykjavík Summit (October 10–12, 1986)
  • Washington Summit (December 7–10, 1987)
  • Moscow Summit (May 29 – June 1, 1988)
  • Governors Island Summit (December 7, 1988)
  • Malta Summit (December 2–3, 1989)
  • Washington Summit (May 30 – June 3, 1990)
  • Helsinki Summit (September 9, 1990)
  • Paris Summit (November 19, 1990)
  • London Summit (July 17, 1991)
  • Moscow Summit (START I) (July 30–31, 1991)
  • Madrid Summit (October 29–30, 1991)

[[List of Russia–United States summits|Russia–United States summits]]

[[Arab League|Arab League summits]]

  • 1974 – Rabat summit conference
  • 2002 – Beirut Summit

[[Earth Summit]]s

  • 1992 – Earth Summit, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  • 2002 – Earth Summit, Johannesburg, South Africa,
  • 2012 – Earth Summit, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

G–summits

;Group of Six (G6), heads of government

;Group of Seven (G7), heads of government

;Group of Eight (G8), heads of government

;Group of Seven (G7), heads of government

;Group of Twenty, heads of government

[[European summit]]s

  • 1969 – The Hague: Foreign policy and enlargement.
  • 1974 – Paris: Creation of the Council.
  • 1985 – Milan: Initiate IGC leading to the Single European Act.
  • 1991 – Maastricht: Agreement on the Maastricht Treaty.
  • 1997 – Amsterdam: Agreement on the Amsterdam Treaty.
  • 1998 – Brussels: Selected member states to adopt the euro.
  • 1999 – Cologne: Declaration on military forces.
  • 1999 – Tampere: Institutional reform
  • 2000 – Lisbon: Lisbon Strategy
  • 2002 – Copenhagen: Agreement for May 2004 enlargement.
  • 2007 – Lisbon: Agreement on the Lisbon Treaty.

[[European Political Community|European Political Community summits]]

[[Inter-Korean summit]]s

  • 2000 – 1st Korean summit
  • 2007 – 2nd Korean summit
  • 2018 – April 2018 inter-Korean summit
  • 2018 – May 2018 inter-Korean summit
  • 2018 – September 2018 inter-Korean summit

[[Millennium Development Goals]]

  • 2000 – Millennium Summit, New York City
  • 2005 – 2005 World Summit, New York City

[[South American Summit]]s

  • 2000 – 2000 South American Summit, Brasília
  • 2002 – South American Summit, Guayaquil
  • 2004 – 2004 South American Summit, Cuzco, Peru

[[Summits of the Americas]]

[[List of international conferences on Afghanistan|UN international conferences on Afghanistan]]

  • 2001 – International Conference on Afghanistan in Bonn
  • 2004 – International Conference on Afghanistan in Berlin
  • 2006 – International Conference on Afghanistan in London
  • 2007 – International Conference on the Rule of Law in Afghanistan in Rome
  • 2008 – International Conference on Afghanistan in Paris
  • 2009 – International Conference on Afghanistan in Moscow
  • 2009 – International Conference on Afghanistan in The Hague
  • 2010 – International Conference on Afghanistan in London

Miscellaneous

References

References

  1. (2001). "Major International Treaties of the Twentieth Century: A History and Guide with Texts". Routledge.
  2. (2001-11-30). "Global Governance Breakthrough: The G20 Summit and the Future Agenda". The Brookings Institution.
  3. (April 2022). "The Dark Matter of World Politics: System Trust, Summits, and State Personhood". International Organization.
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