29th G8 summit

Overview

The Group of Seven (G7) was an unofficial forum which brought together the heads of the richest industrialized countries: France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada starting in 1976. The G8, meeting for the first time in 1997, was formed with the addition of Russia. In addition, the President of the European Commission has been formally included in summits since 1981. The summits were not meant to be linked formally with wider international institutions; and in fact, a mild rebellion against the stiff formality of other international meetings was a part of the genesis of cooperation between France's president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing and West Germany's chancellor Helmut Schmidt as they conceived the initial summit of the Group of Six (G6) in 1975.

The G8 summits during the twenty-first century have inspired widespread debates, protests and demonstrations; and the two- or three-day event becomes more than the sum of its parts, elevating the participants, the issues and the venue as focal points for activist pressure.

Official G8 Summit magazines which have been published under the auspices of the host nations for distribution to all attendees since 1998; the 2008 edition was published by Prestige Media.

Leaders at the summit

The G8 is an unofficial annual forum for the leaders of Canada, the European Commission, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

The 29th G8 summit was the last summit for Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien and Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad.

Participants

These summit participants are the current "core members" of the international forum:

The format order of this section mirrors the order of the Muskoka 2010 G8 official website -- see http://g8.gc.ca/about/member-states/

This format order is also congruent with "Summit Meetings of the Past" at website of Japan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs -- see http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/economy/summit/2000/past_summit/table_e/index.html

• Canada
• France
• Germany
• Italy
• Japan
• Russia
• United Kingdom
• USA

• European Union

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Priorities

Traditionally, the host country of the G8 summit sets the agenda for negotiations, which take place primarily amongst multi-national civil servants in the weeks before the summit itself, leading to a joint declaration which all countries can agree to sign.

Reconciliation amongst the G8 leaders was the top priority in the wake of the beginning of the Iraq War. The G8 had sharply divided over the American-led invasion. Chirac's broad agenda was organized under four main themes — solidarity, responsibility, security, and democracy.

Issues

The summit was intended as a venue for resolving differences among its members. As a practical matter, the summit was also conceived as an opportunity for its members to give each other mutual encouragement in the face of difficult economic decisions.

Demonstrations, riots and authorities responses

Riots in Geneva

Aubonne bridge

During the protests, some manifestations went out of order as Swiss towns have been sacked by rioters. An accident also occurred during protest at the Aubonne bridge in Switzerland between Lausanne and Geneva, in which two activists suspended themselves from the bridge via a rope, with the rope stretching across the bridge, displaying a banner and obstructing traffic on the highway with one of the highest traffic density of Switzerland. Some protestors were arrested. One of the policemen, unaware people were attached to the rope, cut it. As a result, one of the protestors, Briton Martin Shaw, to plunge 20m into a rocky river and suffered multiple fractures. The other activist, German Gesine Wenzel, was caught by other protestors and could later abseil safely. In a ruling on 17 February 2006 a judge acquitted the two police officers found responsible on the grounds that their actions had been based on "a series of unfortunate misunderstandings" and therefore were not criminal. Indeed, as the anti-G8 manifestations were difficult to handle by their scales and by the seriousness of the disorders they caused many policemen (including the one who cut the rope) came from the German speaking part of Switzerland. The linguistic barriers, added to the stress of the situation (a blocked highway that could have resulted in many deaths) were considered by the court as critical in the misunderstandings that generated the accident.

Gallery of participating leaders

Core G8 participants

File:Jean Chrétien 1993.jpg|Canada CanadaJean Chrétien, Prime Minister File:Jacques Chirac (1997) (cropped).jpg|France FranceJacques Chirac, President (Host) File:Berlusconi-2010-1.jpg|Italy ItalySilvio Berlusconi, Prime Minister File:Junichiro Koizumi 20010426.jpg|Japan JapanJunichirō Koizumi, Prime Minister File:Vladimir Putin official portrait (cropped).jpg|Russia RussiaVladimir Putin, President File:Tony Blair 1997.jpg|United Kingdom United KingdomTony Blair, Prime Minister File:George-W-Bush.jpeg|United States United StatesGeorge W. Bush, President File:Romano Prodi 1999 (cropped).jpg|EU European UnionRomano Prodi, Commission President File:Konstantinos Simitis 2012-01-23.jpg|Costas Simitis, Prime Minister of Greece and rotating Council President

Notes

References

• Bayne, Nicholas and Robert D. Putnam. (2005). Staying Together: the G8 summit Confronts the 21st Century. Aldershot, Hampshire, England: Ashgate Publishing. ; OCLC 217979297
• Reinalda, Bob and Bertjan Verbeek. (1998). Autonomous Policy Making by International Organizations. London: Routledge. ; ; OCLC 39013643

References

1. Saunders, Doug. [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20080704.wG8-analysis05/BNStory/International/columnists "Weight of the world too heavy for G8 shoulders,"] {{Webarchive. link. (2008-10-11 ''Globe and Mail'' (Toronto). July 5, 2008.)
2. Reuters: [https://web.archive.org/web/20081023185037/http://uk.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUKB26280520080703?sp=true "Factbox: The Group of Eight: what is it?"], July 3, 2008.
3. Reinalda, Bob and Bertjan Verbeek. (1998). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt3AzOHtXwgC&dq=G7+summit&pg=PA205 ''Autonomous Policy Making by International Organizations,'' p. 205.]
4. [http://www.bond.org.uk/pages/g8.html "Influencing Policy on International Development: G8,"] {{webarchive. link. (2012-05-13 BOND (British Overseas NGOs for Development). 2008.)
5. "Prestigemediausa.com".
6. Rieffel, Lex. [http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2009/0327_global_governance_rieffel.aspx "Regional Voices in Global Governance: Looking to 2010 (Part IV),"] {{webarchive. link. (June 3, 2010 Brookings. March 27, 2009; [http://g8.gc.ca/about/member-states/ "core" members (Muskoka 2010 G-8, official site).] {{webarchive). link. (June 3, 2010)
7. "UT G8 Info. Centre. G8 Evian 2003. Summit Contents. Delegations".
8. [http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/summit/2003evian/delegations.html 2003 Evian G-8, delegations]; [http://www.deljpn.ec.europa.eu/union/showpage_en_union.external.g8.php "EU and the G8"] {{webarchive. link. (February 26, 2007)
9. According to Romano Prodi, invited as President of the European Commission, during the dinner Vladimir Putin shouted to Tony Blair: "You are not God": Giampiero Calapà, "Volevo pacificare la Libia, mi dissero no e ora c'è l'Isis", 1 dicembre 2015, ''Il Fatto Quotidiano''.
10. Bayne, Nicholas. (2005) {{Google books. DQhRgXJzdLcC. ''Staying Together: the G8 Summit Confronts the 21st Century,'' p. 141.
11. Bayne, {{Google books. DQhRgXJzdLcC. p. 142.
12. (17 February 2006). "Policemen acquitted over G8 bridge incident".
13. (13 February 2006). "Trial starts over G8 bridge incident".