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Mid-Atlantic (United States)

Region of the United States

Field	Value
name	Mid-Atlantic
image_skyline	{{Photo montage
photo1a	Lower Manhattan skyline - June 2017.jpg
photo2a	2015 Independence Hall - Philadelphia 01.JPG
photo2b	Assateague Wetlands.jpg
photo3a	Philadelphia skyline from South Street Bridge January 2020 (rotate 2 degrees perspective correction crop 4-1).jpg
photo4a	Catskills beyond Hudson.jpg
spacing	1
color	Transparent
border	0
foot_montage	Left to right from top: The Lower Manhattan skyline in New York City, Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Assateague Island, the Philadelphia skyline, and the Catskills seen from the Hudson River
image_map	USA Mid-Atlantic location map.svg
coordinates
subdivision_type	Composition
subdivision_name	{{Horizontal list	list_style=line-height: inherit;
subdivision_type1	Metropolitan areas
subdivision_type2	Largest city
subdivision_name1	{{Horizontal list	list_style=line-height: inherit;
subdivision_name2	New York City
unit_pref	US
area_total_sq_mi	191,299.86
area_land_sq_mi	174,468.45
area_water_sq_mi	16,831.41
area_water_percent	8.80
area_rank
population_total	60,783,913
population_as_of	2020
population_footnotes
population_density_sq_mi	auto
demographics_type1	GDP (nominal)
demographics1_footnotes
demographics1_title1	Q3 2022
demographics1_info1	$5.233 trillion

| photo4b

| New York| New Jersey| Maryland| Pennsylvania| Delaware| Virginia| West Virginia| Washington, D.C. | Buffalo–Niagara Falls | Albany–Schenectady–Troy | Philadelphia–Camden–Wilmington | New York–Newark–Jersey City | Allentown–Bethlehem–Easton | Pittsburgh | Rochester| Richmond | Syracuse | Utica-Rome | Washington | Scranton–Wilkes-Barre | Harrisburg–York–Lebanon| Virginia Beach–Norfolk–Newport News | Baltimore–Columbia–Towson}} tags --| area_footnotes = The Mid-Atlantic is a region of the United States located in the eastern part of the country. Traditional definitions include seven U.S. states: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, and the national capital of Washington, D.C.

Depending on various factors, different regional divisions exist however: the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics in its newest regional division excludes New York from the region; the U.S. Census Bureau excludes Delaware, Maryland, Virginia and West Virginia from the region; USGS defines the region by watersheds thus additionally including North Carolina; the EPA excludes both New York and New Jersey; the U.S. Maritime Administration excludes upper New Jersey and New York; the Office of Small Business Programs of the U.S. Department of Defense excludes New York. When discussing climate, Connecticut is sometimes included, since its climate is closer to the Mid-Atlantic than the rest of the New England region.

The region was known in the 17th century as the "Middle Colonies" during the colonial era, initially including four colonial provinces, the Delaware Colony and the provinces of New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania, each of which were among the Thirteen Colonies in pre-revolutionary British America. Afterwards, the area was recognized geographically as the "Middle States", with Maryland, Virginia and in some instances North Carolina included, as well as the Ohio Territory.

As of the 2020 census, the region had a population of 60,783,913, representing slightly over 18% of the nation's population. The Mid-Atlantic is a relatively affluent region of the nation; nearly half of the nation's 100 highest-income counties based on median household income are located in the Mid-Atlantic, and 33 of the nation's top 100 counties based on per capita income are in the region. Most of the Mid-Atlantic states rank among the 15 highest-income states in the nation by both median household income and per capita income.

The Mid-Atlantic region played an instrumental and historic role in the nation's founding and the development of the nation. Six of the seven states were members of the Thirteen Colonies that sent delegates to the Second Continental Congress, which assembled in Philadelphia and unanimously adopted the Declaration of Independence, and formalized the Continental Army under George Washington's command during the American Revolutionary War. Following independence, the states again gathered in Philadelphia at the Constitutional Convention, in 1788, where they ratified the United States Constitution, which remains the oldest and longest-standing written and codified national constitution in force in the world.

The Mid-Atlantic region was settled during the colonial era between the early 17th century and the conclusion of the American Revolutionary War in 1783 by European Americans of primarily Dutch, German, Swedish, English, and other Western European ethnicities. Religious pluralism and freedoms existed in the original Thirteen Colonies and were particularly prevalent in Province of Pennsylvania and the geographic region that ultimately broke from Pennsylvania to form the Delaware Colony. Among the 13 colonies, the Province of Maryland was the only colony with a substantial Catholic population.

Following the American Revolutionary War, the Mid-Atlantic region hosted each of the historic capitals of the United States. The nation's capital was constructed in Washington, D.C. in the late 18th century and relocated there from Philadelphia in 1800.

In the early part of the 19th century, New York and Pennsylvania overtook Virginia as the nation's two most populous states, and the Mid-Atlantic region overtook New England as the most important trading and industrial center in the nation. During this period, large numbers of German, Irish, Italian, Jewish, Polish, and other immigrants arrived in the region's coastal cities, including Baltimore, Newark, New York City, Philadelphia, and interior cities such as Pittsburgh, and Rochester, Albany, and Buffalo, the latter of which is also included in the Great Lakes region, with their skyscrapers and subways, which emerged as icons of modernity and American economic and cultural power in the 20th century.

In the late 19th century, the region played a vital and historic role in the development of American culture, commerce, trade, and industry sectors.

The Northeast Corridor and Interstate 95 in the region link an almost contiguous urban region, which includes large and small cities and their respective suburbs and forms the Northeast megalopolis, one of the world's most important concentrations of finance, media, communications, education, medicine, and technology.

The region is home to eight of the top 25 ranked universities in the nation: Cornell University in Ithaca, New York; Columbia University in New York City; Princeton University in Princeton, New Jersey; the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia; Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh; Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Georgetown University in Washington, D.C.; and the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, Virginia according to U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking.

Composition

Definitions of the geographic components of the Mid-Atlantic region differ slightly among sources. Generally speaking, the region is inclusive of the states of Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia, and the federal district of the District of Columbia, with some additional sources including or excluding other areas in parts of the Northeast region and the South Atlantic states, for practical reasons.

The United States Census Bureau defines the Mid-Atlantic as a sub-region of the Northeast and only includes New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania. The Bureau of Labor Statistics excludes New York; the Environmental Protection Agency excludes New York and New Jersey; and the U.S. Department of Transportation - United States Maritime Administration includes North Carolina. In 2004, the United States Geological Survey within the context of Ground-Water Vulnerability to Nitrate Contamination, defined the region as including Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Washington, D.C., and parts of New Jersey, New York, and North Carolina.

West Virginia and Virginia are atypical of this region in a few ways. These states both primarily lie within the Southern American dialect region, and the major religious tradition is largely Evangelical Christian, with 30% in Virginia and 39% in West Virginia identifying as evangelicals. Although a few of West Virginia's eastern panhandle counties may be considered part of the Washington metropolitan area, the state is largely rural and there are no major or even large cities.

File:Mid-Atlantic Region location map.gif|A USGS fact sheet on the Mid-Atlantic region's groundwater File:Middle Atlantic States - 1883 Monteith map.jpg|An 1897 map displaying a broad definition of the Mid-Atlantic region File:Middle Atlantic States.jpg|An 1886 Harper's School Geography map showing the region, which excludes Virginia and West Virginia File:Census Regions and Division of the United States.svg|The U.S. Census Bureau's geographic definition of the Mid-Atlantic includes three states, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania

History

Shipping and trade have been important to the Mid-Atlantic economy since the beginning of the colonial era. The explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano was the first European to see the region in 1524. Henry Hudson later extensively explored that region in 1611 and claimed it for the Dutch, who then created a fur-trading post in Albany in 1614. Jamestown, Virginia was the first permanent English colony in North America, it was established seven years earlier in 1607.

From early colonial times, the Mid-Atlantic region was settled by a wider range of European people than in New England or the South. The Dutch New Netherland settlement along the Hudson River in New York City and New Jersey, and for a time, New Sweden along the Delaware River in Delaware, divided the two great bulwarks of English settlement from each other. The original English settlements in the region notably provided refuge to religious minorities, Maryland to Roman Catholics and Pennsylvania to Quakers and Anabaptist Pennsylvania Dutch. In time, all these settlements fell under English colonial control, but the region continued to be a magnet for people of diverse nationalities.

The area that came to be known as the Middle Colonies served as a strategic bridge between the North and South. The New York and New Jersey campaign during the American Revolutionary War saw more battles than any other theater of the conflict. Philadelphia, midway between the northern and southern colonies, was home to the Continental Congress, the convention of delegates who organized the American Revolution. Philadelphia also was the birthplace of the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the United States Constitution in 1787, while the United States Bill of Rights was drafted and ratified and the first Supreme Court of the United States sat for the first time, in the first capital under the Constitution of New York.

While early settlers were mostly farmers, traders, and fishermen, the Mid-Atlantic states provided the young United States with heavy industry and served as the "melting pot" of new immigrants from Europe. Cities grew along major ports, shipping routes, and waterways, including New York City and Newark on opposite sides of the Hudson River, Philadelphia on the Delaware River, Allentown on the Lehigh River, and Baltimore on the Chesapeake Bay.

Major states, cities, and urban areas

Metropolitan areas

MSA	2020 census	2010 census
1	New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA	20,140,470
2	Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV	6,385,162
3	Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD	6,245,051
4	Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD	2,844,510
5	Pittsburgh, PA	2,370,930
6	Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC	1,799,674
7	Richmond, VA	1,314,434
8	Buffalo-Cheektowaga, NY	1,166,902
9	Rochester, NY	1,090,135
10	Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY	899,262

City	2020 census	Total area
1	New York, NY	8,804,190
2	Philadelphia, PA	1,603,797
3	Washington, D.C.	689,545
4	Baltimore, MD	585,708
5	Virginia Beach, VA	459,470
6	Newark, NJ	311,549
7	Pittsburgh, PA	302,971
8	Jersey City, NJ	292,449
9	Buffalo, NY	278,349
10	Chesapeake, VA	249,422

Township	2020 census
1.	Hempstead, NY
2.	Brookhaven, NY
3.	Islip, NY
4.	Oyster Bay, NY
5.	North Hempstead, NY
6.	Babylon, NY
7	Huntington, NY
8	Ramapo, NY
9	Lakewood, NJ
10.	Amherst, NY

States and federal district

State or federal district	2020 census	Total area
1	New York	20,201,249
2	Pennsylvania	13,002,700
3	New Jersey	9,288,994
4	Virginia	8,631,393
5	Maryland	6,177,224
6	West Virginia	1,793,716
7	Delaware	989,948
8	District of Columbia	689,545

State capitals and federal district

Capital	2020 census	Total area
1	Washington, D.C.	689,545
2	Richmond, Virginia	226,610
3	Albany, New York	99,224
4	Trenton, New Jersey	90,871
5	Harrisburg, Pennsylvania	50,099
6	Charleston, West Virginia	48,864
7	Annapolis, Maryland	40,812
8	Dover, Delaware	39,403

Note: The Mid-Atlantic region is also home to the nation's capital, Washington, D.C.

In presidential elections

	Nonpartisan		Federalist		Democratic-Republican		National Republican		Democratic		Whig		Know Nothing		Republican		Constitutional Union		Progressive

Bold denotes election winner.

Year	District of Columbia	Maryland	New Jersey	New York	Pennsylvania	Virginia	West Virginia	Year	Delaware	District of Columbia	Maryland	New Jersey	New York	Pennsylvania	Virginia
1789	Washington	No election		Washington		Washington		Gridlocked		Washington		Washington	No election
1792	Washington	No election		Washington		Washington		Washington		Washington		Washington	No election
1796	Adams	No election		Adams		Adams		Adams		Jefferson		Jefferson	No election
1800	Adams	No election		Jefferson		Adams		Jefferson		Jefferson		Jefferson	No election
1804	Pinckney	No election		Jefferson		Jefferson		Jefferson		Jefferson		Jefferson	No election
1808	Pinckney	No election		Madison		Madison		Madison		Madison		Madison	No election
1812	Clinton	No election		Madison		Clinton		Clinton		Madison		Madison	No election
1816	King	No election		Monroe		Monroe		Monroe		Monroe		Monroe	No election
1820	Monroe	No election		Monroe		Monroe		Monroe		Monroe		Monroe	No election
1824	Crawford	No election		Jackson		Jackson		Adams		Jackson		Crawford	No election
1828	Adams	No election		Adams		Adams		Jackson		Jackson		Jackson	No election
1832	Clay	No election		Clay		Jackson		Jackson		Jackson		Jackson	No election
1836	Harrison	No election		Harrison		Harrison		Van Buren		Van Buren		Van Buren	No election
1840	Harrison	No election		Harrison		Harrison		Harrison		Harrison		Van Buren	No election
1844	Clay	No election		Clay		Clay		Polk		Polk		Polk	No election
1848	Taylor	No election		Taylor		Taylor		Taylor		Taylor		Cass	No election
1852	Pierce	No election		Pierce		Pierce		Pierce		Pierce		Pierce	No election
1856	Buchanan	No election		Fillmore		Buchanan		Frémont		Buchanan		Buchanan	No election
1860	Breckinridge	No election		Breckinridge		Lincoln		Lincoln		Lincoln		Bell	No election
1864	McClellan	No election		Lincoln		McClellan		Lincoln		Lincoln	No election		Lincoln
1868	Seymour	No election		Seymour		Seymour		Seymour		Grant	No election		Grant
1872	Grant	No election		Hendricks		Grant		Grant		Grant		Grant		Grant
1876	Tilden	No election		Tilden		Tilden		Tilden		Hayes		Tilden		Tilden
1880	Hancock	No election		Hancock		Hancock		Garfield		Garfield		Hancock		Hancock
1884	Cleveland	No election		Cleveland		Cleveland		Cleveland		Blaine		Cleveland		Cleveland
1888	Cleveland	No election		Cleveland		Cleveland		Harrison		Harrison		Cleveland		Cleveland
1892	Cleveland	No election		Cleveland		Cleveland		Cleveland		Harrison		Cleveland		Cleveland
1896	McKinley	No election		McKinley		McKinley		McKinley		McKinley		Bryan		McKinley
1900	McKinley	No election		McKinley		McKinley		McKinley		McKinley		Bryan		McKinley
1904	Roosevelt	No election		Parker		Roosevelt		Roosevelt		Roosevelt		Parker		Roosevelt
1908	Taft	No election		Bryan		Taft		Taft		Taft		Bryan		Taft
1912	Wilson	No election		Wilson		Wilson		Wilson		Roosevelt		Wilson		Wilson
1916	Hughes	No election		Wilson		Hughes		Hughes		Hughes		Wilson		Hughes
1920	Harding	No election		Harding		Harding		Harding		Harding		Cox		Harding
1924	Coolidge	No election		Coolidge		Coolidge		Coolidge		Coolidge		Davis		Coolidge
1928	Hoover	No election		Hoover		Hoover		Hoover		Hoover		Hoover		Hoover
1932	Hoover	No election		Roosevelt		Roosevelt		Roosevelt		Hoover		Roosevelt		Roosevelt
1936	Roosevelt	No election		Roosevelt		Roosevelt		Roosevelt		Roosevelt		Roosevelt		Roosevelt
1940	Roosevelt	No election		Roosevelt		Roosevelt		Roosevelt		Roosevelt		Roosevelt		Roosevelt
1944	Roosevelt	No election		Roosevelt		Roosevelt		Roosevelt		Roosevelt		Roosevelt		Roosevelt
1948	Dewey	No election		Dewey		Dewey		Dewey		Dewey		Truman		Truman
1952	Eisenhower	No election		Eisenhower		Eisenhower		Eisenhower		Eisenhower		Eisenhower		Stevenson
1956	Eisenhower	No election		Eisenhower		Eisenhower		Eisenhower		Eisenhower		Eisenhower		Eisenhower
1960	Kennedy	No election		Kennedy		Kennedy		Kennedy		Kennedy		Nixon		Kennedy
1964	Johnson		Johnson		Johnson		Johnson		Johnson		Johnson		Johnson		Johnson
1968	Nixon		Humphrey		Humphrey		Nixon		Humphrey		Humphrey		Nixon		Humphrey
1972	Nixon		McGovern		Nixon		Nixon		Nixon		Nixon		Nixon		Nixon
1976	Carter		Carter		Carter		Ford		Carter		Carter		Ford		Carter
1980	Reagan		Carter		Carter		Reagan		Reagan		Reagan		Reagan		Carter
1984	Reagan		Mondale		Reagan		Reagan		Reagan		Reagan		Reagan		Reagan
1988	Bush		Dukakis		Bush		Bush		Dukakis		Bush		Bush		Dukakis
1992	Clinton		Clinton		Clinton		Clinton		Clinton		Clinton		Bush		Clinton
1996	Clinton		Clinton		Clinton		Clinton		Clinton		Clinton		Dole		Clinton
2000	Gore		Gore		Gore		Gore		Gore		Gore		Bush		Bush
2004	Kerry		Kerry		Kerry		Kerry		Kerry		Kerry		Bush		Bush
2008	Obama		Obama		Obama		Obama		Obama		Obama		Obama		McCain
2012	Obama		Obama		Obama		Obama		Obama		Obama		Obama		Romney
2016	Clinton		Clinton		Clinton		Clinton		Clinton		Trump		Clinton		Trump
2020	Biden		Biden		Biden		Biden		Biden		Biden		Biden		Trump
2024	Harris		Harris		Harris		Harris		Harris		Trump		Harris		Trump

Culture

Cuisine

Main article: Cuisine of the Mid-Atlantic states

The cuisine of this region is deeply shaped by indigenous cultures as well as the cultures of immigrants from around the world.

Film and Television

Main article: List of films set in New York City

Main article: List of television shows set in New York City

New York City is a major center for Cinema of the United States and Television in the United States.

Literature

New York City and Philadelphia are a major centers for American literature. Notably, the Harlem Renaissance took place in Harlem, a neighborhood in Manhattan, New York.

Notable authors from the region include: James Baldwin, James Fenimore Cooper, Junot Díaz, Michael Chabon, Allen Ginsberg, Louise Glück, Washington Irving, Herman Melville, Ezra Pound, Philip Roth, Susan Sontag, John Updike, Edith Wharton, Colson Whitehead, Walt Whitman, and William Carlos Williams.

Music

Main article: Music of Baltimore

Main article: Music of New York City

Main article: Music of Philadelphia

Baltimore, New York City, and Philadelphia are major centers for Music of the United States.

Sports

The Mid-Atlantic is home to 33 professional sports franchises in the five major leagues and the two most prominent women's professional leagues:

Column order: Descending number of teams in column. NFL before NHL because it has teams in all 6 cities. Row order: Descending number of teams in row. Team order within cell: Ascending alpha by short team name as shown. --

NFL		NHL	MLB	NBA	MLS
New York/New Jersey	Giants
Jets	Devils
Islanders
Rangers	Mets
Yankees	Knicks
Nets	NYC FC
Red Bulls
Washington	Commanders	Capitals	Nationals	Wizards	United
Philadelphia	Eagles	Flyers	Phillies	76ers	Union
Pittsburgh	Steelers	Penguins	Pirates
Baltimore	Ravens		Orioles
Buffalo	Bills	Sabres

Notable golf tournaments in the Mid-Atlantic include the Barclays, Quicken Loans National and Atlantic City LPGA Classic.

Two high-level professional tennis tournaments are held in the region. The US Open, held in New York, is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments, whereas the Washington Open is part of the ATP Tour 500 series and WTA 250 series.

Notable motorsports tracks include Watkins Glen International, Dover Motor Speedway and Pocono Raceway, which have hosted Formula One, IndyCar, NASCAR, World Sportscar Championship and IMSA races. Also, the Englishtown and Reading drag strips such have hosted NHRA national events. Pimlico Race Course at Baltimore and Belmont Park at New York host the Preakness Stakes and Belmont Stakes horse races, which are part of the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing.

Economy

With a GDP nominal of over $5.2 trillion, the Mid-Atlantic economy would be third-largest in the world if calculated separately, only behind the remaining United States and China and nearly $1 trillion larger than next place Japan. This economic prosperity is buoyed by a significant financial services and banking sector, healthcare and chemicals industry, and telecommunications and entertainment conglomerates.

According to the Global Financial Centres Index, the Mid-Atlantic region is home to the leading financial center in the world (New York) at #1, with Washington also present at #15.

Notable companies (over $100 billion market cap) headquartered in the region include:

Company	Headquarters	Market cap ($ billions)	Global rank
Chase	New York, New York	$447.91	13
Johnson and Johnson	New Brunswick, New Jersey	$430.06	15
Mastercard	Harrison, New York	$364.48	22
Pfizer	New York, New York	$272.39	29
PepsiCo	Harrison, New York	$232.01	40
Verizon Communications	New York, New York	$225.96	45
Comcast-NBC	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania	$211.42	50
Merck	Kenilworth, New Jersey	$192.90	60
Danaher	Washington, District of Columbia	$190.74	61
Morgan Stanley	New York, New York	$169.08	73
American Express	New York, New York	$147.98	89
Bristol Myers Squibb	New York, New York	$147.23	91
Citigroup	New York, New York	$127.27	105
Goldman Sachs	New York, New York	$115.43	118
BlackRock	New York, New York	$114.67	120
International Business Machines	North Castle, New York	$111.45	124
Estee Lauder	New York, New York	$108.67	130
Lockheed Martin	Bethesda, Maryland	$105.24	137

References

Bibliography

Bodle, Wayne, "The Mid-Atlantic and the American Revolution", Pennsylvania History 82 (Summer 2015), 282–99.
Heineman, Kenneth J., "The Only Things You Will Find in the Middle of the Road are Double Yellow Lines, Dead Frogs, and Electoral Leverage: Mid-Atlantic Political Culture and Influence across the Centuries", Pennsylvania History, 82 (Summer 2015), 300–13.
Landsman, Ned C. Crossroads of Empire: The Middle Colonies in British North America (2010)
Longhurst, James. Typically American': Trends in the History of Environmental Politics and Policy in the Mid-Atlantic Region". Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 79.4 (2012): 409–427.
Magoc, Chris J., "In Search of a Useable—and Hopeful—Environmental Narrative in the Mid-Atlantic", Pennsylvania History, 82 (Summer 2015), 314–28.
Mancall, Peter C., Joshua L. Rosenbloom, and Thomas Weiss. "Exports from the Colonies and States of the Middle Atlantic Region 1720–1800". Research in Economic History 29 (2013): 257–305.
Marzec, Robert. The Mid-Atlantic Region: The Greenwood Encyclopedia of American Regional Cultures (2004)
Richter, Daniel K, "Mid-Atlantic Colonies, R.I.P.", Pennsylvania History, 82 (Summer 2015), 257–81.
Rosenbloom, Joshua L., and Thomas Weiss. "Economic growth in the Mid-Atlantic region: Conjectural estimates for 1720 to 1800". Explorations in Economic History 51 (2014): 41–59.

References

"2020 Census Apportionment Results".
"GDP by State | U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA)".
Schultz, Alex. "7 Beautiful Mid-Atlantic States".
"Mid-Atlantic Home : Mid–Atlantic Information Office : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics".
Earl A. Greene et al. [https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/old.2004/3067/ "Ground-Water Vulnerability to Nitrate Contamination in the Mid-Atlantic Region".] {{Webarchive. link. (November 17, 2017 [[United States Geological Survey). USGS]] Fact Sheet FS 2004-3067. 2005. Retrieved April 25, 2013. Note: Although the locator map appears to exclude part of northwestern Pennsylvania, other more detailed maps in this article include all of the state. Often, when discussing climate, southern Connecticut is included with the Middle Atlantic.
''EPA Region 3 (Mid-Atlantic). Serving Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia and 7 federally recognized tribes''. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (n.d.). https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/epa-region-3-mid-atlantic
''Mid-Atlantic Gateway (Washington, DC)''. Mid-Atlantic Gateway (Washington, DC). MARAD. (n.d.). https://www.maritime.dot.gov/about-us/gateway-offices/mid-atlantic-gateway-office-washington-dc
U.S. Department of Defense - Office of Small Business Programs. "Mid-Atlantic Regional Council".
Gorman, Sean. "Goodlatte says U.S. has the oldest working national constitution".
(2009). "United States".
"National University Rankings".
"Best Global Universities Rankings".
"U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking".
"Merriam-Webster".
"Census Regions and Divisions of the United States". [[United States Department of Commerce]], [[Economics and Statistics Administration]], [[United States Census Bureau]], Geography Division.
Labov, William, Sharon Ash and Charles Boberg, ''Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, Phonology and Sound Change'', Mouton de Gruyter, 2005 [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/maps/MapsS/Map1S.html Southern Regional Map] {{Webarchive. link. (June 5, 2017)
(May 11, 2015). "Religious Landscape Study".
"U.S. Census 2000 Report".
Earl A. Greene et al. [https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/old.2004/3067/ "Ground-Water Vulnerability to Nitrate Contamination in the Mid-Atlantic Region"] {{Webarchive. link. (2017-11-17 . [[United States Geological Survey). USGS]] Fact Sheet FS 2004-3067. 2005. Retrieved 25 April 2013. Note: Although the locator map appears to exclude part of northwestern Pennsylvania, other more detailed maps in this article include all of the state.
"The Demographic Statistical Atlas of the United States - Statistical Atlas".
"Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020)". United States Census Bureau.
"The Global Financial Centres Index 30".

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