1980 United States presidential election

Background

Throughout the 1970s, the United States underwent a wrenching period of stagflation (low economic growth, high inflation, and interest rates), and intermittent energy crises. By October 1978, Iran—a major oil supplier to the United States at the time—was experiencing a major uprising that severely damaged its oil infrastructure and greatly weakened its capability to produce oil. In January 1979, shortly after Iran's leader Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi fled the country, Iranian opposition figure Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini ended his 14-year exile in France and returned to Iran to establish an Islamic Republic, largely hostile to American interests and influence in the country.

Carter was widely blamed for the return of the long gas lines in the summer of 1979 that were last seen just after the 1973 Yom Kippur War. He planned on delivering his fifth major speech on energy, but he felt that the American people were no longer listening. Carter left for the presidential retreat of Camp David. "For more than a week, a veil of secrecy enveloped the proceedings. Dozens of prominent Democratic Party leaders—members of Congress, governors, labor leaders, academics and clergy—were summoned to the mountaintop retreat to confer with the beleaguered president." His pollster, Pat Caddell, told him that the American people simply faced a crisis of confidence because of the assassinations of John F. Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr.; the Vietnam War; and Watergate. On July 15, 1979, Carter gave a nationally televised address in which he identified what he believed to be a "crisis of confidence" among the American people. This came to be known as his "Malaise speech", although Carter never used the word in the speech.

Many expected Senator Ted Kennedy to successfully challenge Carter in the upcoming Democratic primary. Kennedy's official announcement was scheduled for early November. A television interview with Roger Mudd of CBS a few days before the announcement went badly, however. Kennedy gave an "incoherent and repetitive" answer to the question of why he was running, and the polls, which showed him leading Carter by 58–25 in August now had him ahead 49–39. Kennedy was also politically scarred by the 1969 Chappaquiddick incident;

Meanwhile, Carter was given an opportunity for political redemption when the Khomeini regime again gained public attention and allowed the taking of 52 American hostages by a group of Islamist students and militants at the U.S. embassy in Tehran on November 4, 1979. Carter's calm approach towards the handling of this crisis resulted in his approval ratings jump in the 60-percent range in some polls, due to a "rally round the flag" effect.

By the beginning of the election campaign, the prolonged Iran hostage crisis had sharpened public perceptions of a national crisis. On April 25, 1980, Carter's ability to use the hostage crisis to regain public acceptance eroded when his high risk attempt to rescue the hostages ended in disaster when eight servicemen were killed. The unsuccessful rescue attempt drew further skepticism towards his leadership skills.

Following the failed rescue attempt, Carter took overwhelming blame for the Iran hostage crisis, in which the followers of the Ayatollah Khomeini burned American flags and chanted anti-American slogans, paraded the captured American hostages in public, and burned Carter in effigy. Carter's critics saw him as an inept leader who had failed to solve the worsening economic problems at home. His supporters defended the president as a decent, well-intentioned man being unfairly criticized for problems that had been escalating for years.

When the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in late 1979, Carter seized international leadership in rallying opposition. He cut off American grain sales, which hurt Soviet consumers and annoyed American farmers. In terms of prestige, the Soviets were deeply hurt by the large-scale boycott of their 1980 Summer Olympics. Furthermore, Carter began secret support of the rebel forces in Afghanistan that successfully tied down the Soviet army for a decade. The effect was to end détente and reopen the Cold War.

Nominations

Republican Party

Main article: 1980 Republican Party presidential primaries

Other major candidates

The following candidates were frequently interviewed by major broadcast networks and cable news channels, were listed in publicly published national polls, or had held a public office. Reagan received 7,709,793 votes in the primaries.

Former governor Ronald Reagan of California was the odds-on favorite to win his party's nomination for president after nearly beating incumbent president Gerald Ford just four years earlier. Reagan dominated the primaries early, driving from the field Senate minority leader Howard Baker from Tennessee, former governor John Connally of Texas, Senator Robert Dole from Kansas, Representative Phil Crane from Illinois, and Representative John Anderson from Illinois, who dropped out of the race to run as an Independent. George H. W. Bush from Texas posed the strongest challenge to Reagan with his victories in the Pennsylvania and Michigan primaries, but it was not enough to turn the tide. Reagan won the nomination on the first round at the 1980 Republican National Convention in Detroit, Michigan, in July, then chose Bush (his top rival) as his running mate. Reagan, Bush, and Dole would all go on to be the nominees in the next four elections. (Reagan in 1984, Bush in 1988 and 1992, and Dole in 1996).

Democratic Party

Main article: 1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries

Other major candidates

The following candidates were frequently interviewed by major broadcast networks, were listed in published national polls, or had held public office. Carter received 10,043,016 votes in the primaries.

The three major Democratic candidates in early 1980 were incumbent president Jimmy Carter, Senator Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts, and Governor Jerry Brown of California. Brown withdrew on April 2. Carter and Kennedy faced off in 34 primaries. Not counting the 1968 election in which Lyndon Johnson withdrew his candidacy, this was the most tumultuous primary race that an elected incumbent president had encountered since President Taft, during the highly contentious election of 1912.

During the summer of 1980, there was a short-lived "Draft Muskie" movement; Secretary of State Edmund Muskie was seen as a favorable alternative to a deadlocked convention. One poll showed that Muskie would be a more popular alternative to Carter than Kennedy, implying that the attraction was not so much to Kennedy as to the fact that he was not Carter. Muskie was polling even with Ronald Reagan at the time, while Carter was seven points behind. Although the underground "Draft Muskie" campaign failed, it became a political legend.

After defeating Kennedy in 24 of 34 primaries, Carter entered the party's convention in New York in August with 60 percent of the delegates pledged to him on the first ballot. Still, Kennedy refused to drop out. At the convention, after a futile last-ditch attempt by Kennedy to alter the rules to free delegates from their first-ballot pledges, Carter was renominated with 2,129 votes to 1,146 for Kennedy. Vice President Walter Mondale was also renominated. In his acceptance speech, Carter warned that Reagan's conservatism posed a threat to world peace and progressive social welfare programs from the New Deal to the Great Society.

Other candidates

John B. Anderson was defeated in the Republican primaries, but entered the general election as an independent candidate. He campaigned as a liberal Republican alternative to Reagan's conservatism. Anderson's campaign appealed primarily to frustrated anti-Carter voters from Republican and Democratic backgrounds. Anderson's running mate was Patrick Lucey, a Democratic former governor of Wisconsin and then ambassador to Mexico, appointed by President Carter.

The Libertarian Party nominated Ed Clark for president and David Koch for vice president. They were on the ballot in all 50 states as well as Washington, D.C. The Libertarian Party platform was the only political party in 1980 to contain a plank advocating for the equal rights of homosexual men and women, as well as the only party platform to advocate explicitly for "amnesty" for all illegal non-citizens.

The Citizens Party ran biologist Barry Commoner for president and Comanche Native American activist LaDonna Harris for vice president. The Commoner–Harris ticket was on the ballot in twenty-nine states and in the District of Columbia.

General election

Polling aggregation

The following graph depicts the standing of each candidate in the poll aggregators from July 1979 to November 1980.

Polling

Campaign

Reagan gained in former Democratic strongholds such as the South and white ethnics dubbed "Reagan Democrats", and exuded upbeat optimism. David Frum says Carter ran an attack-based campaign based on "despair and pessimism" which "cost him the election." Carter emphasized his record as a peacemaker, and said Reagan's election would threaten civil rights and social programs that stretched back to the New Deal. Reagan's platform also emphasized the importance of peace, as well as a prepared self-defense.

Immediately after the conclusion of the primaries, a Gallup poll held that Reagan was ahead, with 58% of voters upset by Carter's handling of the presidency. One analysis of the election has suggested that "Both Carter and Reagan were perceived negatively by a majority of the electorate." While the three leading candidates (Reagan, Anderson and Carter) were religious Christians, Carter had the most support of evangelical Christians according to a Gallup poll. However, in the end, Jerry Falwell's Moral Majority lobbying group is credited with giving Reagan two-thirds of the white evangelical vote. According to Carter: "that autumn [1980] a group headed by Jerry Falwell purchased $10 million in commercials on southern radio and TV to brand me as a traitor to the South and no longer a Christian."

The election of 1980 was a key turning point in American politics. It signaled the new electoral power of the suburbs and the Sun Belt. Reagan's success as a conservative would initiate a realigning of the parties, as Rockefeller-style Republicans and conservative Democrats would either leave politics or change party affiliations through the 1980s and 1990s to leave the parties much more ideologically polarized. While during Barry Goldwater's 1964 campaign, many voters saw his warnings about a too-powerful government as hyperbolic and only 30% of the electorate agreed that government was too powerful, by 1980 a majority of Americans believed that government held too much power.

Promises

Reagan promised a restoration of the nation's military strength, at the same time 60% of Americans polled felt defense spending was too low. Reagan also promised an end to "trust me government" and to restore economic health by implementing a supply-side economic policy. Reagan promised a balanced budget within three years (which he said would be "the beginning of the end of inflation"), accompanied by a 30% reduction in tax rates over those same years. With respect to the economy, Reagan famously said, "A recession is when your neighbor loses his job. A depression is when you lose yours. And recovery is when Jimmy Carter loses his." Reagan also criticized the "windfall profit tax" that Carter and Congress enacted that year in regards to domestic oil production and promised to attempt to repeal it as president. The tax was not a tax on profits, but on the difference between the price control-mandated price and the market price.

On the issue of women's rights there was much division, with many feminists frustrated with Carter, the only major-party candidate who supported the Equal Rights Amendment. After a bitter Convention fight between Republican feminists and antifeminists the Republican Party dropped their forty-year endorsement of the ERA. Reagan, however, announced his dedication to women's rights and his intention to, if elected, appoint women to his cabinet and the first female justice to the Supreme Court. He also pledged to work with all 50 state governors to combat discrimination against women and to equalize federal laws as an alternative to the ERA. Reagan was convinced to give an endorsement of women's rights in his nomination acceptance speech.

Carter was criticized by his own aides for not having a "grand plan" for the recovery of the economy, nor did he ever make any campaign promises; he often criticized Reagan's economic recovery plan, but did not create one of his own in response.

Events

In August, after the Republican National Convention, Ronald Reagan gave a campaign speech at the annual Neshoba County Fair on the outskirts of Philadelphia, Mississippi, where three civil rights workers were murdered in 1964. He was the first presidential candidate ever to campaign at the fair. Reagan famously announced, "Programs like education and others should be turned back to the states and local communities with the tax sources to fund them. I believe in states' rights. I believe in people doing as much as they can at the community level and the private level." Reagan also stated, "I believe we have distorted the balance of our government today by giving powers that were never intended to be given in the Constitution to that federal establishment." He went on to promise to "restore to states and local governments the power that properly belongs to them." President Carter criticized Reagan for injecting "hate and racism" by the "rebirth of code words like 'states' rights'".

Two days later, Reagan appeared at the Urban League convention in New York, where he said, "I am committed to the protection and enforcement of the civil rights of black Americans. This commitment is interwoven into every phase of the plans I will propose." He then said that he would develop "enterprise zones" to help with urban renewal.

The media's main criticism of Reagan centered on his gaffes. When Carter kicked off his general election campaign in Tuscumbia, Reagan—referring to the Southern U.S. as a whole—claimed that Carter had begun his campaign in the birthplace of the Ku Klux Klan. In doing so, Reagan seemed to insinuate that the KKK represented the South, which caused many Southern governors to denounce Reagan's remarks. Additionally, Reagan was widely ridiculed by Democrats for saying that trees caused pollution; he later said that he meant only certain types of pollution and his remarks had been misquoted.

Meanwhile, Carter was burdened by a continued weak economy and the Iran hostage crisis. Inflation, high interest rates, and unemployment continued through the course of the campaign, and the ongoing hostage crisis in Iran became, according to David Frum in How We Got Here: The '70s, a symbol of American impotence during the Carter years. John Anderson's independent candidacy, aimed at eliciting support from liberals, especially former supporters of Ted Kennedy, was also seen as hurting Carter more than Reagan, especially in reliably Democratic states such as Massachusetts and New York.

Presidential debates

Main article: 1980 United States presidential debates

The League of Women Voters, which had sponsored the 1976 Ford/Carter debate series, announced that it would do so again for the next cycle in the spring of 1979. Carter steadfastly refused to participate in a debate if Anderson was included, and Reagan refused to debate without him. A League-sponsored debate was held on September 21, 1980, in the Baltimore Convention Center. Of Carter's refusal to debate, Reagan said: "He [Carter] knows that he couldn't win a debate even if it were held in the Rose Garden before an audience of Administration officials with the questions being asked by Jody Powell". Anderson, who many thought would handily dispatch Reagan, managed only a narrow win, according to many in the media at that time, with Reagan putting up a much stronger performance than expected. Despite the narrow win in the debate, Anderson, who had been as high as 20% in some polls, and at the time of the debate was over 10%, dropped to about 5% soon after. Anderson failed to substantively engage Reagan enough on their social issue differences and on Reagan's advocation of supply-side economics. Instead, Anderson started off by criticizing Carter: "Governor Reagan is not responsible for what has happened over the last four years, nor am I. The man who should be here tonight to respond to those charges chose not to attend," to which Reagan added: "It's a shame now that there are only two of us here debating, because the two that are here are in more agreement than disagreement." In one moment in the debate, Reagan commented on a rumor that Anderson had invited Senator Ted Kennedy to be his running mate by asking the candidate directly, "John, would you really prefer Teddy Kennedy to me?"

As September turned into October, the situation remained essentially the same. Reagan insisted Anderson be allowed to participate in a three-way debate, while Carter remained steadfastly opposed to this. As the standoff continued, the second debate was canceled, as was the vice presidential debate.

With two weeks to go to the election, the Reagan campaign decided at that point that the best thing to do was to accede to all of President Carter's demands. The final debate, featuring only Carter and Reagan, was rescheduled for October 28 in Cleveland, Ohio. The showdown ranked among the highest ratings of any television program in the previous decade. Debate topics included the Iranian hostage crisis and nuclear arms. Carter's campaign sought to portray Reagan as a reckless "war hawk", as well as a "dangerous right-wing radical". But it was President Carter's reference to his consultation with 12-year-old daughter Amy concerning nuclear weapons policy that became the focus of post-debate analysis and fodder for late-night television jokes. President Carter said he had asked Amy what the most important issue in that election was and she said, "the control of nuclear arms." A famous political cartoon, published the day after Reagan's landslide victory, showed Amy Carter sitting in Jimmy's lap with her shoulders shrugged asking "the economy? the hostage crisis?"

When President Carter criticized Reagan's record, which included voting against Medicare and Social Security benefits, former Governor Reagan audibly sighed and replied: "There you go again".

In his closing remarks, Reagan asked viewers: "Are you better off now than you were four years ago? Is it easier for you to go and buy things in the stores than it was four years ago? Is there more or less unemployment in the country than there was four years ago? Is America as respected throughout the world as it was? Do you feel that our security is as safe, that we're as strong as we were four years ago? And if you answer all of those questions 'yes', why then, I think your choice is very obvious as to whom you will vote for. If you don't agree, if you don't think that this course that we've been on for the last four years is what you would like to see us follow for the next four, then I could suggest another choice that you have".

After trailing Carter by eight points among registered voters (and by three points among likely voters) right before their debate, Reagan moved into a three-point lead among likely voters immediately afterward.

Endorsements

In September 1980, former Watergate scandal prosecutor Leon Jaworski accepted a position as honorary chairman of Democrats for Reagan. Five months earlier, Jaworski had harshly criticized Reagan as an "extremist"; he said after accepting the chairmanship, "I would rather have a competent extremist than an incompetent moderate."

Former Democratic Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota (who in 1968 had challenged Lyndon B. Johnson from the left, causing the then-President to all but abdicate) endorsed Reagan.

Three days before the election, the National Rifle Association of America endorsed a presidential candidate for the first time in its history, backing Reagan. Reagan had received the California Rifle and Pistol Association's Outstanding Public Service Award. Carter had appointed Abner J. Mikva, a fervent proponent of gun control, to a federal judgeship and had supported the Alaska Lands Bill, closing 40000000 acre to hunting.

General election endorsements

Anderson had received endorsements from: ;Former officeholders

• Former Representative (Arizona's 2nd congressional district) and Interior Secretary Stewart Udall (D-AZ) ;Current and former state and local officials and party officeholders :Massachusetts
• Middlesex County Sheriff John J. Buckley (D-MA)
• Former Massachusetts State Representative Francis W. Hatch Jr. (R-MA)
• Former Massachusetts Republican Party chairman Josiah Spaulding (R-MA) ;Celebrities, political activists, and political commentators
• Band The Cars{{cite news |title=Politics and Hollywood
• Actor Stockard Channing
• Band Cheap Trick
• Screenwriter Norman Lear
• Actress Dina Merrill
• Actor Paul Newman
• Actor Cliff Robertson
• Band Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers
• Actress Joanne Woodward ;Newspapers
• The Hutchinson News in Hutchinson, Kansas
• The Burlington Free Press in Burlington, VT Carter had received endorsements from: ;Newspapers
• The Des Moines Register in Des Moines, Iowa
• The Penn State Daily Collegian in State College, Pennsylvania Commoner had received endorsements from: ;Celebrities, political activists, and political commentators
• Montgomery County precinct committeeman and Consumer Party Auditor General candidate Darcy Richardson (D-PA) DeBerry had received endorsements from: ;Celebrities, political activists and political commentators
• American People's Historical Society director Bernie Sanders of Vermont Reagan had received endorsements from: ;United States Senate
• Arizona Senator Dennis DeConcini (D-AZ)
• Virginia Senator Harry Byrd Jr. (D-VA)
• New York Senator Jacob Javits (R-NY)
• Maryland Senator Charles Mathias (R-MD)
• Former Massachusetts Senator Edward Brooke (R-MA)
• Former Minnesota Senator Eugene McCarthy (D-MN) ;United States House of Representatives
• Representative (California's 12th congressional district) Pete McCloskey (R-CA)
• Former Representative (California's 26th congressional district) James Roosevelt (D-CA; son of Franklin Delano Roosevelt) ;Governors and State Constitutional officers
• Former Georgia Governor Lester Maddox (D-GA)
• Former Alabama Governor John Malcolm Patterson (D-AL)
• Former Texas Governor Preston Smith (D-TX)
• Former Mississippi Governor John Bell Williams (D-MS) ;Current and former state and local officials and party officeholders :Florida
• Fort Lauderdale City Advisory Board member Jim Naugle (D-FL) :New York
• Former New York State Senator Jeremiah B. Bloom (D-NY) ;Celebrities, political activists and political commentators
• Former UCLA men's basketball head coach John Wooden
• Retired United States Navy Admiral Elmo Zumwalt (D-VA) ;Newspaper endorsements
• The Arizona Republic in Phoenix, Arizona
• The Desert Sun in Palm Springs, California
• The Omaha World-Herald in Omaha, Nebraska
• The Quad-City Times in Davenport, Iowa
• The Record in Stockton, California
• The Repository in Canton, Ohio
• The Plain Dealer in Cleveland, Ohio
• The Blade in Toledo, Ohio
• Houston Chronicle in Houston, Texas
• Richmond Times-Dispatch in Richmond, Virginia

Results

The election was held on November 4, 1980. Ronald Reagan and running mate George H. W. Bush defeated the Carter-Mondale ticket by almost 10 percentage points in the popular vote. The electoral college vote was a landslide, with 489 votes (representing 44 states) for Reagan and 49 for Carter (representing six states and Washington, D.C.). Republicans also gained control of the Senate for the first time since 1954.

NBC News projected Reagan as the winner at 8:15 pm EST (5:15 PST), before voting was finished in the West, based on exit polls; it was the first time a broadcast network used exit polling to project a winner, and it took the other broadcast networks by surprise. Carter conceded defeat at 9:50 pm EST. Some of Carter's advisors urged him to wait until 11:00 pm EST to allow poll results from the West Coast to come in, but Carter decided to concede earlier in order to avoid the impression that he was sulking. Speaker of the House Tip O'Neill angrily accused Carter of weakening the party's performance in the Senate elections by doing this.

John Anderson won 6.6% of the popular vote but no states. He had the most support in New England, fueled by liberal and moderate Republicans who felt Reagan was too far to the right, and with voters who normally leaned Democratic but were dissatisfied with the Carter administration's policies. His best showing was in Massachusetts, where he won 15% of the vote.

Anderson performed worst in the South, receiving under 2% of the vote in South Carolina, Louisiana, Alabama, and Mississippi. He said he was accused of spoiling the election by receiving votes that might have otherwise been cast for Carter, but 37% of Anderson voters polled preferred Reagan as their second choice. Libertarian Party nominee Ed Clark received 921,299 popular votes (1.06%).

Carter's loss was the worst performance by an incumbent president since Herbert Hoover lost to Franklin Roosevelt by a margin of 18% in 1932, and his 49 Electoral College votes were the fewest won by an incumbent since William Howard Taft won eight in 1912. Carter was the first incumbent Democrat to serve only one full term since James Buchanan, and the last until Joe Biden. This was the third and most recent presidential election in which the incumbent Democrat lost reelection, after 1840 and 1888. This was the first time since 1840 that an incumbent Democrat lost the popular vote. Reagan had the most lopsided Electoral College victory for a first-time president-elect, with the exception of George Washington's unanimous victory in 1788.

This election was the last time a Republican won the presidency without winning Georgia. It was the first time Massachusetts voted for a Republican candidate since 1956. Carter did not win any states won by Gerald Ford in 1976. This election and the 1976 election are one of only two pairs of consecutive elections in which the incumbent president was defeated, the other being the 1888 and 1892 elections. This is the first time since 1896 that a party was voted out after a single four-year term. This did not occur again for either party until 2020, and for the Democrats until 2024.

This election began an ongoing pattern in which Rust Belt states Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin voted for the same presidential candidate, with the sole exception of 1988.

Reagan won 53% of the vote in reliably Democratic South Boston, one example of the so-called Reagan Democrat. Survey research and post-election polling indicated that the landslide result had been more a repudiation of Carter than an embrace of Reagan. But the public was aware that Reagan would move the nation in a more conservative direction, and was apparently willing to give it a chance to avoid four more years of Carter.

At age 69, Reagan was the oldest non-incumbent to win a presidential election. Thirty-six years later, in 2016, this record was surpassed by Donald Trump at age 70, and four years later by Joe Biden at age 77, and another four years after by Donald Trump again at age 78.

Results

Source (popular vote):

Source (electoral vote):

File:1980 United States presidential election results map by county.svg|Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote File:1980 United States Presidential election by congressional districts.svg|Results by congressional district, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote File:1976-1980 United States Presidential swing by county margin.svg|Change in vote margins at the county level from the 1976 election to the 1980 election.

Results by state

Source:

Maine allowed its electoral votes to be split between candidates. Two electoral votes were awarded to the winner of the statewide race and one electoral vote to the winner of each congressional district. Reagan won all four votes.

States that flipped from Democratic to Republican

• Alabama
• Arkansas
• Delaware
• Florida
• Kentucky
• Louisiana
• Massachusetts
• Mississippi
• Missouri
• New York
• North Carolina
• Ohio
• Pennsylvania
• South Carolina
• Tennessee
• Texas
• Wisconsin

Close states

Margin of victory less than 1% (30 electoral votes):

1. Massachusetts, 0.15% (3,829 votes)
2. Tennessee, 0.29% (4,710 votes)
3. Arkansas, 0.61% (5,123 votes)

Margin of victory less than 5% (135 electoral votes):

1. Alabama, 1.30% (17,462 votes)
2. Mississippi, 1.32% (11,808 votes)
3. Kentucky, 1.46% (18,857 votes)
4. South Carolina, 1.53% (13,647 votes)
5. Hawaii, 1.90% (5,767 votes)
6. North Carolina, 2.12% (39,383 votes)
7. Delaware, 2.33% (5,498 votes)
8. New York, 2.67% (165,459 votes)
9. Maryland, 2.96% (45,555 votes)
10. Maine's 1st Congressional District, 3.15% (8,661 votes)
11. Maine, 3.36% (17,548 votes)
12. Maine's 2nd Congressional District, 3.73% (8,887 votes)
13. Minnesota, 3.94% (80,933 votes)
14. West Virginia, 4.51% (33,256 votes)
15. Wisconsin, 4.72% (107,261 votes)

Margin of victory more than 5%, but less than 10% (113 electoral votes):

1. Louisiana, 5.45% (84,400 votes)
2. Vermont, 5.96% (12,707 votes)
3. Michigan, 6.49% (253,693 votes)
4. Missouri, 6.81% (142,999 votes)
5. Pennsylvania, 7.11% (324,332 votes)
6. Illinois, 7.93% (376,636 votes) (tipping-point state)
7. Connecticut, 9.64% (135,478 votes)
8. Oregon, 9.66% (114,154 votes)

Statistics

Counties with highest percentage of the vote (Republican)

1. Banner County, Nebraska 90.41%
2. Madison County, Idaho 88.41%
3. McIntosh County, North Dakota 86.01%
4. McPherson County, South Dakota 85.60%
5. Franklin County, Idaho 85.31%

Counties with highest percentage of the vote (Democratic)

1. Macon County, Alabama 80.10%
2. Hancock County, Georgia 78.50%
3. Duval County, Texas 77.91%
4. Jefferson County, Mississippi 77.84%
5. Greene County, Alabama 77.09%

Counties with highest percentage of the vote (Other)

1. Pitkin County, Colorado 27.76%
2. Nantucket, Massachusetts 21.63%
3. Winnebago County, Illinois 21.50%
4. Dukes County, Massachusetts 20.88%
5. Story County, Iowa 19.41%

Voter demographics

Source: CBS News and The New York Times exit poll from the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research (15,201 surveyed)

Aftermath

In 1986, it was revealed that Philippine leader Ferdinand Marcos had allegedly donated money to both Carter's and Reagan's campaigns.

Notes

References

References

1. "National General Election VEP Turnout Rates, 1789-Present". [[CQ Press]].
2. (August 1993). "Revised Models of the "Rally Phenomenon": The Case of the Carter Presidency". The Journal of Politics.
3. (1979-02-05). "Oil Squeeze".
4. (2010-02-11). "Inflation-proofing". ConsumerReports.org.
5. "Jimmy Carter". PBS.
6. (October 20, 2016). ""Crisis of Confidence" Speech (July 15, 1979)". Miller Center, University of Virginia.
7. Allis, Sam. (2009-02-18). "Chapter 4: Sailing Into the Wind: Losing a quest for the top, finding a new freedom". [[The Boston Globe]].
8. Time Magazine, 11/12/79
9. (January 17, 2019). "How Ted Kennedy's '80 Challenge To President Carter 'Broke The Democratic Party'". NPR.
10. Sanburn, Josh. (July 17, 2019). ""The Kennedy Machine Buried What Really Happened": Revisiting Chappaquiddick, 50 Years Later". Vanity Fair.
11. (1 January 1990). "Foreign Policy and Presidential Popularity: Creating Windows of Opportunity in the Perpetual Election". The Journal of Conflict Resolution.
12. "CBS News | Reagan's Lucky Day".
13. "Chapter 3 : The Iranian Hostage Rescue Mission".
14. Jerry Lanson. (November 6, 2008). "A historic victory. A changed nation. Now, can Obama deliver?". Christian Science Monitor.
15. Gaddis Smith, ''Morality, Reason and Power: American Diplomacy in the Carter Years'' (1986) pp 224–228.
16. Odd Arne Westad, ed. "The Fall of Détente." in ''Soviet-American Relations during the Carter Years'' (Scandinavian University Press, 1997).
17. Robbins, James S.. (2008-05-13). "Clinton Campaign Reminiscent of 1980 Race". [[CBS News]].
18. "Steenland: Odd man out?".
19. William DeGregorio, ''The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents'', Gramercy 1997
20. Kornacki, Steve. (2011-04-06). "The myths that just won't die - History - Salon.com".
21. (2008-04-16). "Political Party Platforms".
22. Moore, John. (2013-12-16). "Elections A-Z". Routledge.
23. "Reagan Leading In Final Poll". The Pantagraph.
24. "Polls Say It's Going Down To The Wire". The Miami Herald.
25. "Reagan, Carter In Tight Fight". Florida Today.
26. "This Poll Puts Jimmy, Ron In Dead Heat". The Olympian.
27. "Poll Reveals 3-Point Slip By Anderson". Tarrytown Daily News.
28. "Carter Loses Ground In Poll". The Times Herald.
29. "Reagan Holds Narrow Lead; Anderson Dips". The Knoxville News-Sentinel.
30. "Carter Nixes 3-Way Campaign Debates". Philadelphia Daily News.
31. "Latest Test Still Shows Reagan And Carter In Close Contention". The Indianapolis Star.
32. "AFL-CIO Balks On Carter Support". The News Journal.
33. "Reagan And Carter Run Neck And Neck In Gallup". The Miami Herald.
34. "Carter And Reagan In Dead Heat, According To Gallup Poll". The Des Moines Register.
35. "Latest Figures: Reagan 48%, Carter 28%, Anderson 19%". The Plain Dealer.
36. "Gallup Poll: Carter Falters But Still Leads Teddy". The Daily News.
37. "Poll: Reagan Leads Carter By 28 Percent". Reno Gazette-Journal.
38. "Poll Shows Carter Third". The Boston Globe.
39. "Reagan-Bush Ticket Leads Dems". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.
40. "Gallup Poll Has Reagan Maintaining Lead Over Carter". Rapid City Journal.
41. "Reagan Widens Lead While Anderson Slips". Danville Register and Bee.
42. "Three New National Polls Show Reagan Well Ahead". The Atlanta Constitution.
43. "Reagan Stretches Lead Over President Carter". The Salt Lake Tribune.
44. "Carter Outpolls Reagan 49% to 41% In Survey". Los Angeles Times.
45. "Anderson Starts To Look Like A Possible Winner". Detroit Free Press.
46. "Anderson Strongest Among Younger Voters". The Boston Globe.
47. "Reagan Leads Carter". Journal and Courier.
48. "Republicans And Independents Pick Ford As Favorite Candidate". Asbury Park Press.
49. "Reagan Invites Connally Workers To Join His Effort". Des Moines Tribune.
50. "Carter Leads 3 GOP Contenders, But Ted Trails". The Miami Herald.
51. "Carter Holds Lead Among Candidates". Asbury Park Press.
52. "Carter Consolidates Lead Over GOP". The Tampa Tribune.
53. "Carter Takes Big Lead Over Reagan In Presidential Race Poll". Asbury Park Press.
54. "Carter Pushes Ahead As Kennedy Falters In Ford-Reagan Tests". The Miami Herald.
55. "Carter Continues Lead Over GOP". The Tampa Tribune.
56. "Reagan Takes Big Lead In GOP Race". Asbury Park Press.
57. "President, Reagan In Dead Heat". The Miami Herald.
58. "Reagan Keeps Lead Over Carter In Presidential Choice Poll". Asbury Park Press.
59. "Carter Gaining Ground". Rapid City Journal.
60. "Carter Trailing Reagan, Baker". The Minneapolis Star.
61. "Reagan Leads Carter 51-43%". The Times.
62. "Reagan Trails Carter, Kennedy". Lansing State Journal.
63. "Carter Leads, Edge Narrows". Danville Register and Bee.
64. "Carter Routs Reagan In Election Poll". Asbury Park Press.
65. "Jimmy Carter Leading Ford And Reagan". Danville Register and Bee.
66. "Kennedy Stronger Than Carter Against GOP". Rapid City Journal.
67. "Ford Leads Carter For 1980, Poll Says". The Kansas City Times.
68. "President Would Beat Ford, Reagan". The Tampa Tribune.
69. Julio Borquez, "Partisan Appraisals of Party Defectors: Looking Back at the Reagan Democrats." ''American Review of Politics'' 26 (2005): 323-346 [https://journals.shareok.org/arp/article/view/368/345 online] {{Webarchive. link. (September 21, 2024 .)
70. (2007). "The Strategy of Campaigning". University of Michigan Press.
71. Wayne, Stephen J. (1984). ''The Road to the White House'' (2nd ed.), p. 210. New York: St. Martin's Press. {{ISBN. 0-312-68526-2.
72. (March 22, 1997). "When worlds collide: politics, religion, and media at the 1970 East Tennessee Billy Graham Crusade. (appearance by President Richard M. Nixon)". Journal of Church and State.
73. Carter, Jimmy. (2010). "White House Diary". Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
74. Thorndike, Joseph J.. (November 10, 2005). "Historical Perspective: The Windfall Profit Tax -- Career of a Concept". TaxHistory.org.
75. "The Crude Oil Windfall Profit Tax of the 1980s: Implications for Current Energy Policy".
76. Melich, Tanya. (July 18, 2005). "O'Connor's Tenure Began One Hot Summer". Women's eNews.
77. (2004). "Presidential Leadership". Wall Street Journal Books.
78. Kornacki, Steve (February 3, 2011) [http://www.salon.com/news/politics/war_room/2011/02/03/reagan_southern_strategy/index.html The "Southern Strategy," fulfilled] {{webarchive. link. (April 13, 2011, ''Salon.com'')
79. Kneeland, Douglas E.. (August 4, 1980). "Reagan Campaigns at Mississippi Fair; Nominee Tells Crowd of 10,000 He Is Backing States' Rights". [[The New York Times]].
80. {{YouTube. RpHZdreWz3E. 'The Made-for-TV Election with Martin Sheen' clip 14
81. ''White House Diary'', by Jimmy Carter, pp 461–462.
82. Bridges, Andrew. (March 17, 2003). "Here We Go Again!". CBS News.
83. "CPD: 1980 Debates".
84. Shirley, Craig. (2009). "Rendezvous with Destiny: Ronald Reagan and the Campaign That Changed America". ISI Books.
85. Shirley, Craig. (2009). "Rendezvous with Destiny: Ronald Reagan and the Campaign That Changed America". ISI Books.
86. "Fred Barnes on Conversations with Bill Kristol".
87. "The Second 1980 Presidential Debate". PBS.
88. "1980 Ronald Reagan and Jimmy Carter Presidential Debate".
89. Saad, Lydia. (October 27, 2008). "Late Upsets Are Rare, but Have Happened".
90. MacNeil-Lehrer NewsHour (December 12, 2005). [https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/remember/july-dec05/mccarthy_12-12.html Online NewsHour: "Remembering Sen. Eugene McCarthy"] {{Webarchive. link. (February 18, 2006 . December 12, 2005. [[Public Broadcasting Service). PBS]].
91. (April 26, 2019). "Trump is at the NRA today. It didn't used to be a Republican ally.". The Washington Post.
92. Facts on File 1980 Yearbook, p.844
93. Meissner, Steve. (July 19, 1980). "Stewart Udall calls Carter weak, endorses Anderson". Arizona Daily Star.
94. (July 18, 1980). "Some Bay State GOP uneasy over G. Bush". North Adams Transcript.
95. Taylor, Benjamin. (June 12, 1980). "Hatch breaks ranks, backs Anderson". The Boston Globe.
96. (March 27, 1983). "Josiah Spaulding Dies at 60; Massachusetts G.O.P. Leader". The New York Times.
97. (October 10, 1980). "Independent presidential candidate John Anderson will receive editorial endorsement". [[United Press International]].
98. (October 26, 1980). "Anderson Offers Intelligent Solutions to Problems". [[The Burlington Free Press]].
99. (October 3, 2016). "25 photos: Register presidential endorsements (1912-2012)".
100. (November 4, 1980). "Election '80 Endorsements". The Daily Collegian.
101. Gemma, Peter B.. (August 5, 2016). "An Interview with Darcy Richardson, Reform Party Presidential Candidate.".
102. (November 12, 1990). "Socialist Vows to Be Capitol Outsider". The New York Times.
103. (2006). "Senator Dennis DeConcini: From the Center of the Aisle". [[University of Arizona Press]].
104. Frankel, Glenn. (October 15, 1980). "Sen. Harry Byrd Endorses Reagan". The Washington Post.
105. (September 24, 1980). "Why Carter Is Wooing Javits". [[The Washington Post]].
106. (September 14, 1980). "Mac Mathias Agonistes". [[The Washington Post]].
107. (October 26, 1980). "Reagan Preparing for Debate".
108. (September 26, 1980). "McCloskey Buries the Hatchet by Endorsing Reagan". [[The Washington Post]].
109. (1980-10-27). "FDR son gives Reagan backing". Lodi News-Sentinel.
110. Daniel, Leon. (October 24, 1980). "Nobody Listens To Maddox Anymore, Who Relishes Chance To Rap Carter". Sarasota Herald-Tribune.
111. (August 29, 1980). "GOP leaders, Demo ex-governor back Selden". Birmingham Post-Herald.
112. (October 28, 1980). "Last Minute Blitz". Abilene Reporter-News.
113. (November 3, 1980). "Republicans turnout to hear Reagan". Sun Herald.
114. Norman, Bob. (October 26, 2000). "Politically Incorrect".
115. (August 5, 1980). "Bloom Agrees to Head Democrats for Reagan". The New York Times.
116. Davis, Seth. (2009-08-24). "Checking in on John Wooden".
117. Boodman, Sandra G.. (October 13, 1980). "Zumwalt Dismays Va. Democrats With Z-Grams for Reagan". The Washington Post.
118. (September 27, 2016). "Coming Tuesday: Who will The Arizona Republic endorse?".
119. (2016-09-30). "Through the years: Desert Sun presidential endorsements".
120. World-Herald editorial. (October 16, 2019). "Editorial: Hillary Clinton is prudent pick for president". [[Omaha World-Herald]].
121. (October 25, 2008). "A history of Times presidential endorsements".
122. (2016-10-08). "Record Endorsements, President: Clinton best for country".
123. Brown, Gary. (October 11, 2016). "Repository presidential endorsements through history".
124. (October 20, 2012). "Plain Dealer presidential endorsements: Every pick we made since 1936".
125. (November 3, 1980). "Ronald Reagan got most of the new newspaper endorsements,...".
126. (October 19, 2008). "A half-century of Chronicle endorsements: 11 R, 2 D".
127. (September 1, 2016). "A brief history of Richmond Times-Dispatch presidential endorsements".
128. (4 November 1980). "Voters the choice is yours". St. Petersburg Times.
129. (5 November 1980). "Reagan in a landslide". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.
130. Facts on File Yearbook 1980 p. 865
131. Facts on File Yearbook 1980 p. 838
132. Farris, Scott. (2012). "Almost president : the men who lost the race but changed the nation". Lyons Press.
133. Anderson, John B.. (2007-09-28). "Let the most popular candidate win". Christian Science Monitor.
134. Kornacki, Steve. (2011-04-04). "The myths that just won't die".
135. (2020-09-30). "The 10 biggest landslides in presidential election history".
136. Brownstein, Ronald. (September 16, 2024). "Why these three states are the most consistent tipping point in American politics". CNN.
137. (1986). "Presidential Transitions: Eisenhower Through Reagan". Oxford University Press.
138. Peter, Josh. "Joe Biden will become the oldest president in American history, a title previously held by Ronald Reagan".
139. (January 18, 2021). "Biden Is the Oldest President to Take the Oath (Published 2021)".
140. "1980 Presidential General Election Data - National".
141. (1981). "The Almanac of American Politics, 1982".
142. "How Groups Voted in 1980".
143. (July 29, 1986). "Mr. Marcos' Money?". The Washington Post.