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1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries

Selection of the Democratic Party nominee

Field	Value
election_name	1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries
country	United States
type	primary
ongoing	no
previous_election	1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries
previous_year	1976
next_election	1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries
next_year	1984
election_date	January 21 to June 3, 1980
votes_for_election	3,346 delegates to the [Democratic National Convention](1980-democratic-national-convention)
needed_votes	1,674 (majority)
party_name	no
image1	File: Carter cropped.jpg
image_size	150x150px
candidate1	Jimmy Carter
colour1	E35e5e
home_state1	Georgia
delegate_count1	1,984
states_carried1	37
popular_vote1	10,043,016
percentage1	51.1%
image2	File:Ted Kennedy 1979.jpg
candidate2	Ted Kennedy
colour2	4997D0
home_state2	Massachusetts
delegate_count2	1,237
states_carried2	13
popular_vote2	7,381,693
percentage2	37.6%
image3	File:NOTA_Option_Logo_3x4.svg
candidate3	Uncommitted
colour3	000000
delegate_count3	96
states_carried3	1
popular_vote3	1,288,423
percentage3	6.6%
map	{{Switcher
First place by first-instance vote	default	1
map_caption
title	Democratic nominee
before_election	Jimmy Carter
after_election	Jimmy Carter

From January 21 to June 3, 1980, voters of the Democratic Party chose its nominee for president in the 1980 United States presidential election. Incumbent President Jimmy Carter was again selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses, culminating in the 1980 Democratic National Convention, held from August 11 to 14, 1980, in New York City.

Carter faced a major primary challenger in Senator Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts, who won 12 contests and received more than seven million votes nationwide, enough for him to refuse to concede the nomination until the second day of the convention. This remains the last primary election in which an incumbent president's party nomination was still contested going into the convention.

Carter would be the last incumbent president to lose a primary in any contest until Joe Biden lost to Jason Palmer in the 2024 American Samoa Democratic presidential caucuses. For the Democrats in 1980, a then-record of 37 primary races were held.

Primary race

At the time, Iran was experiencing a major uprising that severely damaged its oil infrastructure and greatly weakened its capability to produce oil. In January 1979, shortly after Iran's leader Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi fled the country, lead Iranian opposition figure Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini returned from a 14-year exile and with the help of the Iranian people toppled the Shah which in turn led to the installation of a new government that was hostile towards the United States. The gas lines last seen just after the Arab/Israeli war of 1973 were back and President Carter was widely blamed.

President Carter's approval ratings were very low—28% according to Gallup, with some other polls giving even lower numbers. In July Carter returned from Camp David and announced a reshuffling of his cabinet on national television, giving a speech whose downcast demeanor resulted in it being widely labelled the "malaise speech." While the speech caused a brief upswing in the president's approval rating, the decision to dismiss several cabinet members was widely seen as a rash act of desperation, causing his approval rating to plummet back into the twenties. Some Democrats felt it worth the risk to mount a challenge to Carter in the primaries. Although Hugh Carey and William Proxmire decided not to run, Senator Edward M. Kennedy finally made his long-expected run at the presidency.

Ted Kennedy had been asked to take his brother Robert's place at the 1968 Democratic National Convention and had refused. He ran for Senate Majority Whip in 1969, with many thinking that he was going to use this as a platform for the 1972 race. However, then came the notorious Chappaquiddick incident that killed Kennedy's car passenger Mary Jo Kopechne. Kennedy subsequently refused to run for president in 1972 and 1976. Many of his supporters suspected that Chappaquiddick had destroyed any ability he had to win on a national level. Despite this, in the summer of 1979, Kennedy consulted with his extended family, and that fall, he let it leak out that because of Carter's failings, 1980 might indeed be the year he would try for the nomination. Gallup had him beating the president by over two to one, but Carter remained confident, famously claiming at a June White House gathering of Congressmen that if Kennedy ran against him in the primary, he would "whip his ass."

Kennedy's official announcement was scheduled for early November. A television interview with Roger Mudd of CBS a few days before the announcement went badly, however. Kennedy gave an "incoherent and repetitive" answer to the question of why he was running, and the polls, which showed him leading the President by 58–25 in August now had him ahead 49–39. Meanwhile, U.S. animosity towards the Khomeini régime greatly accelerated after 52 American hostages were taken by a group of Islamist students and militants at the U.S. embassy in Tehran and Carter's approval ratings jumped in the 60-percent range in some polls, due to a "rally ‘round the flag" effect and an appreciation of Carter's calm handling of the crisis. Taking advantage of Kennedy's separation from his then-wife Joan, one notable campaign bumper sticker from the 1980 campaign read "Vote Jimmy Carter, Free Joan Kennedy."

Kennedy was suddenly left far behind. Carter beat Kennedy decisively in Iowa and New Hampshire. Carter decisively defeated Kennedy everywhere except Massachusetts, until impatience began to build with the President's strategy on Iran. When the primaries in New York and Connecticut came around, it was Kennedy who won.

Momentum built for Ted Kennedy after Carter's attempt to rescue the hostages on April 25 ended in disaster and drew further skepticism towards Carter's leadership ability. Nevertheless, Carter was still able to maintain a substantial lead even after Kennedy won the key states of California and New Jersey in June. Despite this, Kennedy refused to drop out, and the 1980 Democratic National Convention was one of the nastiest on record. On the penultimate day, Kennedy conceded the nomination and called for a more liberal party platform in the Dream Shall Never Die speech, considered by many as the best speech of his career, and one of the best political speeches of the 20th Century. On the stage on the final day, Kennedy for the most part ignored Carter.

Schedule and results

Date
(daily totals)	Pledged	Contest	Delegates won and popular vote	Jimmy Carter	Ted Kennedy	Jerry Brown	Lyndon LaRouche	Others	Uncommitted	January 21	3,220 SDEs	[Iowa](1980-iowa-democratic-presidential-caucuses)
caucuses	February 10	2,247 SDs	last1=	first1=	last2=	first2=	date=February 16, 1980	title=CARTER GETS 8% LEAD IN CAUCUS VOTE	trans-title=	url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/665588196	url-status=	archive-url=	archive-date=	access-date=March 25, 2024	work=The Bangor Daily News	location=Bangor, Maine	language=English	via=	quote=}}
caucuses (33,326)	February 26	0 (of 75)	Minnesota
caucuses	19	[New Hampshire](1980-new-hampshire-democratic-presidential-primary)
111,930	March 4	111	[Massachusetts](1980-massachusetts-democratic-presidential-primary)
907,323	0 (of 12)	Vermont
39,703	March 8	3,220 SDs	Iowa
county conventions	March 11
(207)	45	Alabama
237,464	2,367 SDs	Alaska
caucuses	99	Florida
1,098,003	63	Georgia
384,780	6,097 CDs	last1=	first1=	last2=	first2=	date=March 13, 1980	title=NIGH SEES AT LEAST 35 DELEGATES TO CARTER	trans-title=	url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/129203907	url-status=	archive-url=	archive-date=	access-date=March 27, 2024	work=The Daily Oklahoman	location=Oklahoma City, Oklahoma	language=English	via=	quote=}}
caucuses	March 15	0 (of 32)	Only 63% of the delegate selections were given in the source, and only by percentages.}}
caucuses	11,107 CDs	South Carolina
caucuses	March 16	41	Puerto Rico
870,235	March 18	179	Illinois
1,201,067	9,811 CDs	Washington
caucuses	March 22	2,999 SDs	Virginia
caucuses	March 24	11,107 CDs	South Carolina
county conventions	March 25	54	Connecticut
210,275	282	New York
989,062	March 29	932 SDs	Oklahoma
county conventions	April 1
(112)	37	Kansas
193,918	75	Wisconsin
629,619	April 5	51	Louisiana
358,741	April 6	22 (of 32)	Mississippi
district conventions	April 12	0 (of 29)	8 polling places out of 84 had not yet reported their results in the source used.}}
caucuses (19,600)	37	South Carolina
convention	23 (of 64)	Virginia
district conventions	April 17	380 SDs	last1=	first1=	last2=	first2=	date=April 18, 1980	title=IOWA DEMOS PICK CARTER, 2-1	trans-title=	url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/913781251/	url-status=	archive-url=	archive-date=	access-date=March 25, 2024	work=The Idaho Statesman	location=Boise, Idaho	language=English	via=	quote=}}
caucuses	April 18	1,310 SDs	Washington
county conventions	April 19	34 (of 60)	Iowa
district conventions	18 (of 75)	Minnesota
district conventions	10 (of 32)	Mississippi
district conventions	29 (of 42)
932 SDs	Oklahoma
district conventions	17 (of 64)	Virginia
district conventions	April 22	793 SDs	Missouri
caucuses	185	Pennsylvania
1,613,223	1,535 SDs	Vermont
caucuses	April 26	141	author=Johnson, Malcolm (Associated Press)	date=April 28, 1980	title=Kennedy wins again but gains little	work=LexisNexis Academic	quote=The final totals showed Kennedy with 7,793 votes and Carter with 7,567. About 850 votes were divided between uncommitted and other candidates, but neither category had enough votes to win a delegate.}}
caucuses	May 3
(63)	33 (of 75)	Minnesota
district conventions	13 (of 42)	Oklahoma
convention (932 SDs)	0 (of 152)	Texas
1,377,356	17 (of 64)	Virginia
district conventions	May 5	2,918 SDs	Colorado
caucuses	May 6	19	Washington, D.C.
64,150	80	Indiana
589,441	69	last1=	first1=	last2=	first2=	date=May 7, 1980	title=CARTER, REAGAN HOLD THREE-QUARTERS OF NEEDED DELEGATES	trans-title=	url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/917005695	url-status=	archive-url=	archive-date=	access-date=March 27, 2024	work=The Roanoke Times	location=Roanoke, Virginia	language=English	via=	quote=}}
737,262	55	Tennessee
294,680	May 10	3,900 SDs	Texas
caucuses	11	Wyoming
convention	May 13
(54)	30	Maryland
477,090	24	Nebraska
153,881	May 17
(53)	11	Alaska
convention	22	Maine
convention	20 (of 64)	Virginia
convention	May 20	0 (of 141)	Michigan
78,424	39	Oregon
367,204	3,760 SDs	Utah
caucuses	May 24	22	Arizona
convention	14	Delaware
convention	12	Vermont
convention	May 27	33	Arkansas
448,290	0 (of 20)	last1=	first1=	last2=	first2=	date=May 28, 1980	title=CARTER	trans-title=	url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/1014463739/	url-status=	archive-url=	archive-date=	access-date=March 27, 2024	work=The State Journal	location=Frankfort, Kentucky	language=English	via=	quote=}}
50,482	50	Kentucky
240,331	12	Nevada
66,948	May 30	19	Hawaii
convention	May 31	6 (of 40)	Colorado
district conventions	June 3	298	California
3,363,969	53 (of 77)	Missouri
district conventions	19	Montana
130,059	113	[New Jersey](1980-new-jersey-democratic-presidential-primary)
560,908	20	New Mexico
159,364	161	Ohio
1,186,410	23	Rhode Island
38,327	19	South Dakota
68,763	32	West Virginia
317,934	June 7	24 (of 75)	Minnesota
convention	June 8	14	North Dakota
convention	June 14	13 (of 40)	last1=	first1=	last2=	first2=	date=June 16, 1980	title=CARTER ADDS A FEW DELEGATES AT WEEKEND STATE CONVENTIONS	trans-title=	url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/696539848	url-status=	archive-url=	archive-date=	access-date=April 1, 2024	work=The Wichita Eagle	location=Wichita Kansas	language=English	via=	quote=}}
convention	21 (of 40)	Colorado
district conventions	16 (of 60)	Iowa
convention	24 (of 77)	Missouri
convention	58	Washington
convention	June 21	152	Texas
convention	June 28	17	Idaho
convention	July 12	20	Utah
convention (3,760 SDs)	3,346 delegates
19,649,458 votes	1,979.61
10,043,016 (51.11%)	1,229.83
7,381,693 (37.57%)	1
575,296 (2.93%)	0
177,784 (0.91%)	0
183,246 (0.93%)	96.56
1,288,423 (6.56%)
1,830 SDEs	968 SDEs				297 SDEs
**1,017 SDs
14,528 (43.59%)**	847 SDs
13,384 (40.16%)	263 SDs
4,626 (13.88%)			52 SDs
793 (2.38%)
(~73.7%)	(~10.4%)
**10
52,692 (47.08%)**	9
41,745 (37.30%)
10,743 (9.60%)
2,326 (2.08%)
4,424 (3.95%)
34
260,401 (28.70%)	**77
590,393 (65.07%)**
31,498 (3.47%)
5,368 (0.59%)
19,663 (2.17%)
29,015 (73.08%)	10,135 (25.53%)	358 (0.90%)	6 (0.02%)	189 (0.48%)
1,966 SDs	1,116 SDs				121 SDs
**43
193,734 (81.59%)**	2
31,382 (13.22%)
9,529 (4.01%)
1,149 (0.48%)
1,670 (0.70%)
392 SDs	110 SDs	10 SDs			847 SDs
**76
666,321 (60.69%)**	23
254,727 (23.20%)
53,474 (4.87%)
19,160 (1.75%)	1
104,321 (9.50%)
**62
338,772 (88.04%)**	1
32,315 (8.40%)	7,255 (1.89%)		2,731 (0.71%)	3,707 (0.96%)
4,638 CDs	593 CDs	19 CDs			847 CDs
(~78%)	(~5%)	(~1%)		(~1%)	(~16%)
7,035 CDs	579 CDs	7 CDs			3,486 CDs
**21
449,681 (51.67%)**	20
418,068 (48.04%)
1,660 (0.19%)
826 (0.10%)
**165
780,787 (65.01%)**	14
359,875 (29.96%)
39,168 (3.26%)
19,192 (1.60%)
2,045 (1.77%)
5,264 CDs	2,491 CDs	63 CDs			1,993 CDs
2,169 SDs	355 SDs	1 SD			186 SDs
(~69%)	(~6%)				(~25%)
25
87,207 (41.47%)	**29
98,662 (46.92%)**
5,386 (2.56%)
5,617 (2.67%)
13,403 (6.37%)
118
406,305 (41.08%)	**164
582,757 (58.92%)**
723 SDs	88 SDs			1 SDs	120 SDs
**23
109,807 (56.63%)**	14
61,318 (31.62%)
9,434 (4.87%)
2,196 (1.13%)
9,434 (4.87%)
**48
353,662 (56.17%)**	26
189,520 (30.10%)	1
74,496 (11.83%)
6,896 (1.10%)
2,351 (0.37%)
2,694 (0.43%)
**39
199,956 (55.74%)**	12
80,797 (22.52%)
16,774 (4.68%)
19,600 (5.46%)
41,614 (11.60%)
22
8,342 (42.56%)	10,241 (52.25%)	95 (0.49%)		8 (0.04%)	914 (4.66%)
34	1				2
21	2
185 SDs	111 SDs				84 SDs
744 SDs	368 SDs				198 SDs
21	11				2
12	1				5
10
24	3				2
14	3
550 SDs	108 SDs				135 SDs
91
732,332 (45.40%)	**94
736,854 (45.68%)**	37,669 (2.34%)		12,503 (0.78%)	93,865 (5.82%)
366 SDs	516 SDs				262 SDs
7,567 (46.68%)	7,793 (48.08%)				850 (5.24%)
15	4				14
10					3
770,390 (55.93%)	314,129 (22.81%)	35,585 (2.58%)			257,252 (18.68%)
4
1,174 SDs	852 SDs				892 SDs
8
23,697 (36.94%)	**11
39,561 (61.67%)**
892 (1.39%)
**53
398,949 (67.68%)**	27
190,492 (32.32%)
**53
516,778 (70.09%)**	13
130,684 (17.73%)
21,420 (2.91%)
68,380 (9.28%)
**44
221,658 (75.22%)**	11
53,258 (18.07%)	5,612 (1.90%)	925 (0.31%)	1,684 (0.57%)	11,515 (3.91%)
1,431 SDs	644 SDs				312 SDs
8	3
**32
226,528 (47.48%)**	26
181,091 (37.96%)
14,313 (3.00%)
4,388 (0.92%)
4,891 (1.03%)	1
45,879 (9.62%)
**14
72,120 (46.87%)**	10
57,826 (37.58%)
5,478 (3.56%)
1,169 (0.76%)
1,247 (0.81%)
16,041 (10.42%)
0.61	1.83				8.56
11	11
20
		23,043 (29.38%)	8,948 (11.41%)	10,048 (12.81%)	36,385 (46.40%)
**26
208,693 (56.83%)**	13
114,651 (31.22%)
34,409 (9.37%)
9,451 (2.57%)
1,779 SDs	876 SDs				1,105 SDs
13	16
10	4
5	7
**23
269,375 (60.09%)**	5
78,542 (17.52%)
19,469 (4.34%)	5
80,904 (18.05%)
31,383 (62.17%)	11,087 (21.96%)	2,078 (4.12%)			5,934 (11.76%)
**38
160,819 (66.92%)**	12
55,167 (22.96%)
5,126 (2.13%)
19,219 (8.00%)
**5
25,159 (37.58%)**	3
19,296 (28.82%)				4
22,493 (33.60%)
15	4
3	2				1
137
1,266,276 (37.64%)	**167
1,507,142 (44.80%)**	135,962 (4.04%)	71,779 (2.13%)	51 (0.00%)	382,759 (11.38%)
40	5				8
**10
66,922 (51.46%)**	9
47,671 (36.65%)
15,466 (11.89%)
45
212,387 (37.87%)	**68
315,109 (56.18%)**
13,913 (2.48%)
19,499 (3.48%)
10
66,621 (41.80%)	**10
73,721 (46.26%)**
4,798 (3.01%)
4,490 (2.82%)
9,734 (6.11%)
**84
605,744 (51.06%)**	77
523,874 (44.16%)
35,268 (2.97%)
21,524 (1.81%)
6
9,907 (25.85%)	**17
26,179 (68.30%)**
310 (0.81%)
1,160 (3.03%)
771 (2.01%)
9
31,251 (45.45%)	**10
33,418 (48.60%)**
4,094 (5.95%)
**24
197,687 (62.18%)**	8
120,247 (37.82%)
12	7				5
7	5				2
6	4				3
11	8				2
10	6
17					7
36	21				1
104	38				10
8	5				4
10	4				6

Candidates

Nominee

Candidate	Most recent office	Home state	Campaign
[[File:JimmyCarterPortrait2.jpg	127x127px]]		President of the United States
(1977–1981)	Georgia (U.S. state)	[[File:Carter Mondale 1980 logo.svg	149x149px]]
(Campaign • Positions)
Secured nomination: August 11, 1980	10,043,016
(51.13%)	36
IA, ME, NH, VT, AL, FL, GA, PR, IL, KS, WI, LA, TX, IN, NC, TN, NE, MD, OK, AR ID, KY, NV, MT, OH, WV, MO, OR, WA	Walter Mondale

Other major candidates

These candidates participated in multiple state primaries or were included in multiple major national polls.

Candidate	Most recent office	Home state	Campaign	Popular vote	Contests won
[[File:Ted Kennedy 1979.jpg	127x127px]]		U.S. Senator
from Massachusetts (1962–2009)	Massachusetts	[[File:Ted Kennedy 1980 presidential campaign logo.png	frameless	114x114px]]	7,381,693
(37.58%)	12
AZ, MA, CT, NY, PA, ND, DC, CA, NJ, NM, RI, SD, VT, AK, MI
[[File:Jerry Brown, 1980.jpg	127x127px]]		**Governor of
California**	California	[[File:2012AlsoRans8-1x36.jpg	frameless	100x100px]]	575,296
(2.93%)	None

Minor candidates

Lyndon LaRouche	Cliff Finch	David Duke
[[File:Lyndon LaRouche 1976.jpg	center	120x120px]]	[[File:Cliff Finch.jpg	center	120x120px]]	[[File:David Duke & The KKK in the 1970s (cropped).jpg	center	110x110px]]
Leader of the National Caucus of Labor Committees	Governor
of Mississippi	Grand Wizard
177,784 votes	48,032 votes

Far-right politician David Duke tried to run for the Democratic presidential nomination. Despite being six years too young to be qualified to run for president, Duke attempted to place his name onto the ballot in twelve states stating that he wanted to be a power broker who could "select issues and form a platform representing the majority of this country" at the Democratic National Convention.

Alice Tripp attempted to run in order to garner support for the anti-power line movement. She was unable to gain the required number of delegate signatures and endorsed Ron Dellums and spoke in his support at the national convention. She ultimately received votes from two delegates at the convention.

Declined to run

Governor Hugh Carey of New York
Representative Ron Dellums of California
Senator William Proxmire of Wisconsin

Polling

National polling

Poll source	Publication	Sample size!
Gallup	April 1978	12%
Gallup	July 1978	11%
Gallup	September 1978	8%
Gallup	November 1978	10%
Gallup	April 1979	9%
Gallup	June 1979	8%
Gallup	June 1979	9%
Gallup	July 1979	9%
Gallup	November 1979	9%
Gallup	November 1979	8%
Gallup	December 1979
Gallup	January 1980
Gallup	January 1980
Gallup	February 1980
Gallup	March 1980
Gallup	March 1980
Gallup	March 1980
Gallup	April 1980
Gallup	May 1980
Gallup	May 1980
Gallup	July 1980
Gallup	August 1980

Endorsements

Convention

Main article: 1980 Democratic National Convention

Presidential tally

Jimmy Carter (inc.) – 2,123 (64.04%)
Ted Kennedy – 1,151 (34.72%)
William Proxmire – 10 (0.30%)
Koryne Kaneski Horbal – 5 (0.15%)
Scott M. Matheson – 5 (0.15%)
Ron Dellums – 3 (0.09%)
Robert Byrd – 2 (0.06%)
John Culver – 2 (0.06%)
Kent Hance – 2 (0.06%)
Jennings Randolph – 2 (0.06%)
Warren Spannaus – 2 (0.06%)
Alice Tripp – 2 (0.06%)
Jerry Brown – 1 (0.03%)
Dale Bumpers – 1 (0.03%)
Hugh L. Carey – 1 (0.03%)
Walter Mondale – 1 (0.03%)
Edmund Muskie – 1 (0.03%)
Thomas J. Steed – 1 (0.03%)

In the vice-presidential roll call, Mondale was re-nominated with 2,428.7 votes to 723.3 not voting and 179 scattering.

Results

Only partial county returns were available for Arizona and Washington. Additionally, states where no county data was available are shaded according to the statewide winners share of the vote or by the percentage of delegate allocation. Only township level data was available for Connecticut.}}{{collapsible list

| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

]]

Notes

References

(July 1, 1980). "DISENCHANTED". The Boston Globe.
Eugene McCarthy with 7%, William Proxmire with 5%, and Walter Mondale with 2%
Kalb, Deborah. (2015). "Guide to U.S. Elections". CQ Press.
(February 5, 1979). "Oil Squeeze".
(February 11, 2010). "Inflation-proofing". ConsumerReports.org.
"Poll: Bush approval mark at all-time low". CNN.
U.S. News & World Report January 1969.
(June 25, 1979). "Press: Whip His What?".
Allis, Sam. (February 18, 2009). "Chapter 4: Sailing Into the Wind: Losing a quest for the top, finding a new freedom". [[The Boston Globe]].
Time Magazine, 11/12/79
(January 1, 1990). "Foreign Policy and Presidential Popularity: Creating Windows of Opportunity in the Perpetual Election". The Journal of Conflict Resolution.
Casey, Michael. (October 8, 2025). "Joan Kennedy, first wife of Sen. Edward Kennedy, has died". Associated Press.
"The Iranian Hostage Rescue Mission".
Kuypers, Jim A., ed. (2004). The Art of Rhetorical Criticism. Pearson/Allyn and Bacon. ISBN 978-0-205-37141-9, p. 185.
(January 22, 1980). "IOWA DEMOS PICK CARTER, 2-1". The Gazette.
(February 16, 1980). "CARTER GETS 8% LEAD IN CAUCUS VOTE". The Bangor Daily News.
(February 27, 1980). "CARTER-MONDALE OFFICIALS HAPPY". The Winona Daily News.
(February 27, 1980). "KENNEDY PROMISES TO PRESS FIGHT". The Boston Globe.
(March 6, 1980). "VERMONT GOES TO REAGAN, MASSACHUSETTS TO BUSH". The New York Times.
(March 6, 1980). "STATE DELEGATE FIGHT HAS ALREADY BEGUN". The Times Argus.
(March 10, 1980). "COUNTY CONVENTIONS GIVE KENNEDY A TINY GAIN; CARTER STILL FAR AHEAD". The Des Moines Register.
(March 17, 1980). "KENNEDY GETS 2 DELEGATES". Birmingham Post-Herald.
(March 12, 1980). "MOST ALASKA DEMOS STAY UNCOMMITTED". Daily Sitka Sentinel.
(March 12, 1980). "PRESIDENT SWEEPS HIS HOMELAND". The Miami Herald.
(March 12, 1980). "HERE'S DELEGATE BREAKDOWN OF CANDIDATE PREFERENCE". The Columbus Ledger.
(March 13, 1980). "NIGH SEES AT LEAST 35 DELEGATES TO CARTER". The Daily Oklahoman.
(March 17, 1980). "CAUCUS-COUNTING SLOW, BUT CARTER VICTORY BIG". The Greenville News.
(March 17, 1980). "CARTER SQUEAKS BY KENNEDY IN PUERTO RICO ELECTION". St. Lucie News Tribune.
(March 19, 1980). "ANDERSON LOSES HOME STATE". Chicago Tribune.
(March 20, 1980). "ILLINOIS PRIMARY FINAL RESULTS". Southern Illinoisan.
(March 19, 1980). "ANDERSON CAMP HANGS ONTO HOPES". The Olympian.
(March 23, 1980). "ANDERSON CAMP HANGS ONTO HOPES". The News and Advance.
(March 25, 1980). "CARTER GAINS AT CONVENTIONS". The Item.
(March 29, 1980). "REAGAN FELL JUST SHY OF DELEGATE MAJORITY". Hartford Courant.
(March 26, 1980). "WIDE MARGIN IN CITY". New York Times.
(March 26, 1980). "SCORECARD OF DELEGATES". New York Times.
(March 30, 1980). "IT'S CARTER DAY AT CONVENTIONS". The Daily Oklahoman.
(April 3, 1980). "STATE MOVES TO DELEGATE STEP". The Marysville Advocate.
(April 3, 1980). "STATE FINAL VOTE TOTALS". Wisconsin State Journal.
(April 7, 1980). "STATE VOTE TOTALS". The Daily Advertiser.
(March 13, 1980). "CARTER APPEARS ASSURED OF MOST STATE DELEGATES". The Clarksdale Press Register.
(March 25, 1980). "CARTER GAINS 6 MORE SOUTH CAROLINA DELEGATES". Anderson Independent.
(April 14, 1980). "CARTER WIDENS MARGIN IN VIRGINIA". Culpeper Star-Exponent.
(April 18, 1980). "IOWA DEMOS PICK CARTER, 2-1". The Idaho Statesman.
(April 22, 1980). "ANDERSON CAMP HANGS ONTO HOPES". The Olympian.
(April 20, 1980). "CONVENTIONS AFFIRM CARTER'S IOWA LEAD". The Des Moines Register.
(April 21, 1980). "REAGAN, CARTER WIN STATE DELEGATES". The Minneapolis Star.
(March 13, 1980). "CARTER SWEEP SEEN". Enterprise-Journal.
(April 20, 1980). "CARTER WINS STATE VICTORY OVER TED IN DELEGATE SELECTION". The Daily Oklahoman.
(April 21, 1980). "CARTER GIVEN FURTHER BOOST BY VIRGINIA DEMS". The News-Virginian.
(April 24, 1980). "DELEGATE SUPPORT PLEASES CARTER BACKERS". The Daily Oklahoman.
(April 24, 1980). "SCORECARD OF DELEGATES". The New York Times.
(April 23, 1980). "KENNEDY STUNS CARTER IN VERMONT CAUCUSES". Rutland Daily Herald.
Johnson, Malcolm (Associated Press). (April 28, 1980). "Kennedy wins again but gains little". LexisNexis Academic.
(May 5, 1980). "CARTER-MONDALE TEAM WINS 15 STATE DELEGATES". The Winona Daily News.
(May 4, 1980). "PRESIDENT CAPTURES 10 MORE DELEGATES FROM OKLAHOMA". The Daily Oklahoman.
(May 5, 1980). "CELEMENT'S NOD DUE TODAY". Fort Worth Star-Telegram.
(May 4, 1980). "REAGAN PICKS UP MORE DELEGATES". The News and Advance.
(May 8, 1980). "SCORECARD OF DELEGATES". The New York Times.
(May 8, 1980). "DEMOCRATS DIVIDED IN COLORADO VOTING". The New York Times.
(June 4, 1980). "NEWS DIGEST". The Daily Sentinel.
(May 7, 1980). "CARTER, REAGAN WITHIN 200 DELEGATES OF VICTORY". The Dispatch.
(May 5, 1980). "DEMO CHAIRMAN URGES KENNEDY TO QUIT". The Call-Leader.
(May 7, 1980). "CARTER, REAGAN HOLD THREE-QUARTERS OF NEEDED DELEGATES". The Roanoke Times.
(May 11, 1980). "CARTER CORRALS BIG TEXAS DELEGATE LEAD". El Paso Times.
(May 11, 1980). "CARTER SNARES WYOMING VOTE". Provo, Utah.
(May 14, 1980). "CARTER, REAGAN WIN EASILY". The Evening Sun.
(May 14, 1980). "REAGAN, CARTER TAKE NEBRASKA". The Evening Sun.
(May 19, 1980). "STATE DEMOS PICK DELEGATES; 3 FOR KENNEDY, 1 FOR CARTER". Daily Sitka Sentinel.
(May 19, 1980). "MAINE DEMOCRATS EVENLY SPLIT". Kennebec Journal.
(May 18, 1980). "CARTER GETS DELEGATES; LIBERALS ARE OUSTED". The Roanoke Times.
(May 21, 1980). "MICHIGAN'S HALF-PRIMARY DRAWS FEW VOTERS AND MUCH CRITICISM". Detroit Free Press.
(May 21, 1980). "TUESDAY'S RESULTS". The Capital Journal.
(May 21, 1980). "DEMOS SELECT CARTER IN PREFERENCE TEST". The Salt Lake Tribune.
(May 25, 1980). "ARIZONA DEMOCRATS PICK CONVENTION DELEGATES". Arizona Republic.
(May 25, 1980). "IT'S OFFICIAL: STATE DEMOCRATS LIKE CARTER". The Morning News.
(May 25, 1980). "STATE DEMOCRATS GIVE DELEGATE EDGE TO TED". Kennebec Journal.
(May 29, 1980). "CARTER, CLINTON WIN IN BIG WAY". Baxter Bulletin.
(May 29, 1980). "CARTER, CLINTON WIN IN BIG WAY". The New York Times.
(May 28, 1980). "CARTER". The State Journal.
(June 2, 1980). "ARIYOSHI-BACKED KUMAGAI ELECTED DEMO CHAIRMAN". Hawaii Tribune-Herald.
(June 2, 1980). "CARTER, REAGAN WIN STATE POLLS". The Daily Sentinel.
(June 5, 1980). "CALIFORNIA VOTERS SEND CONTRADICTORY MESSAGES". Camarillo Star.
(June 4, 1980). "MISSOURI GIVES CARTER 40 VOTES". St. Louis Post-Dispatch.
(June 5, 1980). "MONTANA ELECTION A SURPRISE". The Montana Standard.
(June 5, 1980). "TED'S FORCES HAIL JERSEY VOTE MARGIN". The Jersey Journal.
(June 4, 1980). "KENNEDY BACKERS IN N.M. JUBILANT". The Albuquerque Tribune.
(June 5, 1980). "OHIO DEMOCRATS STILL DIVIDED". The Tribune.
(June 4, 1980). "CAPSULE LOOK AT RESULTS OF 9-STATE PRESIDENTIAL RACE". Oakland Tribune.
(June 5, 1980). "INDIANS HELP KENNEDY'S NARROW WIN". Lead Daily Call.
(June 5, 1980). "PRESIDENTIAL FINALE: WHAT 9 STATES DID". The Journal Herald.
(June 9, 1980). "DFL DELEGATES PLEASE CARTER, KENNEDY FORCES". Star Tribune.
(June 9, 1980). "DEMOCRATS GIVE KENNEDY SLIGHT EDGE". The Bismarck Tribune.
(June 16, 1980). "CARTER ADDS A FEW DELEGATES AT WEEKEND STATE CONVENTIONS". The Wichita Eagle.
(June 15, 1980). "CARTER BACKERS SAIL TO NATIONAL SPOTS". The Des Moines Register.
(June 15, 1980). "Carter gets 57 of state's 77 delegates". Springfield Leader and Press.
(June 16, 1980). "STATE DEMOCRATS IN FAMILY FEUD, BUT WHAT ELSE IS NEW?". The News Tribune.
(June 22, 1980). "DEMOCRATS". Wichita Falls Times.
(July 12, 1980). "DEMOCRATS DEFEAT PLANK ASKING ERA SUPPORT". The Salt Lake Tribune.
(May 21, 1979). "Duke to run". [[The Times (Shreveport).
(June 23, 1979). "Ku Klux Klansman egged on Alexandria street". [[The Times (Shreveport).
Loetscher, Elizabeth. "Tripp, Alice Raatama (1918‒2014)".
(1980-08-14). "Tripp, on podium, emphasizes power of people 4 only briefly but said farmers nationwide are beset by government-related troubles".
"Candidate - Alice Tripp".
"1980 Ohio Democratic Primary".
"Kennedy Ends Fight for Nomination". The Washington Post.
"1980 Massachusetts Democratic Primary".
"1980 Maryland Democratic Primary".
(October 31, 1979). "Carter loses Clark to Kennedy's Camp". The New York Times.
(February 6, 1980). "Ted Kennedy Bounces Back". The Tennessean.
. (July 27, 1979). ["McGovern for Kennedy As Democratic Nominee"](https://www.nytimes.com/1979/07/27/archives/mcgovern-for-kennedy-as-democratic-nominee.html).
"Key state Democrats endorse Ted Kennedy". The Berkshire Eagle. December 28, 1979. p. 3. Archived from the original on February 22, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
(January 16, 1980). "Sen. Williams to head Kennedy N.J. campaign". The Herald-News.
(29 July 2019). "1980: Carter vs. Kennedy left African Americans feeling ignored". Daily News.
"1980 Connecticut Democratic Primary".
(March 23, 1980). "Teedy keeps plugging even if he's not winning". Lansing State Journal.
"Kennedy Fails to Inherit New Frontiersmen". The Los Angeles Times. February 17, 1980. p. 10 – via Newspapers.com.
(February 17, 1980). "Kennedy Fails to Inherit New Frontiersmen". The Los Angeles Times.
"1980 Puerto Rico Democratic Primary".
"Kennedy stresses Dukakis support". Google News Search Archive. The Free-Lance Star. June 16, 1988. p. 23. Retrieved 2 December 2023. Even Kennedy is said by friends to have laughed at that idea when it was first proposed. Kennedy denies this, and he has loyally stumped the country for his governor, reciprocating the support that Michael S. Dukakis gave Kennedy's unsuccessful presidential candidate in 1980."
"1980 Wisconsin Democratic Primary".
"Open Letter". The Burlington Free Press. March 4, 1980. p. 26. Archived from the original on February 26, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
(December 8, 1979). "Kennedy steering committee formed". Great Falls Tribune.
(November 15, 1979). "North Is Warm, But Uncommitted, To Ted Kennedy". Petoskey News-Review.
(December 4, 1979). "Kennedy operatives in state named". Bennington Banner.
"North Is Warm, But Uncommitted, To Ted Kennedy". Petoskey News-Review. November 15, 1979. p. 12. Archived from the original on February 18, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
"Kennedy steering committee formed". Great Falls Tribune. December 8, 1979. p. 13. Archived from the original on February 21, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
(November 9, 1979). "King is backing Carter". The Boston Globe.
"Kennedy 'Invades' The South". The Miami Herald. November 10, 1979. p. 41. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
"1980 Pennsylvania Democratic Primary".
"Kennedy chairmen named". Sioux City Journal. December 4, 1979. p. 9. Archived from the original on February 21, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
"1980 Illinois Democratic Primary".
Cohen, Marty (May 15, 2009). The Party Decides: Presidential Nominations Before and After Reform. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-226-11238-1 – via Google Books.
(January 26, 1980). "Ted to appear on TV in East". Quad-City Times.
"Kennedy is far from playing 'catch up'". Detroit Free Press. 2 November 1979. p. 13. Archived from the original on 2 June 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
(July 15, 1980). "Police union gives Ted its backing". The Berkshire Eagle.
(March 17, 1980). "Fearing Prez' cuts, teachers back Ted". Daily News.
(November 22, 1979). "United Automobile Workers". The Akron Beacon Journal.
(November 20, 1979). "Union backs Kennedy". The Times-News.
(25 June 1979). "ADA snubs Carter, says Ted's its man". Daily News.
"1980 California Democratic Primary".
"1980 New York Democratic Primary".
(September 15, 2020). "Ted (Edward Moore) Kennedy [Democratic] 1980 Campaign Ad "Green Archie B"". Congressional Archives Carl Albert Center.
(October 5, 2018). "The Worst Job in American Politics".
"US President – D Convention Race – Aug 11, 1980". Our Campaigns.

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