Football in Italy

History

Ancient times and ''calcio fiorentino''

Other forms of football were played in Italy in ancient times, the earliest of which was Harpastum, played during the times of the Roman Empire. This game may have also been influential in other forms throughout Europe due to the expansion of the Roman Empire, including Medieval football. From the 16th century onwards, calcio fiorentino, another code of football distinct from the modern game, was played in the Piazza Santa Croce in Florence. Some famous Florentines were among the players of the game, particularly the Medici family including Piero, Lorenzo, and Alessandro de' Medici, as well as popes who played the game in the Vatican, such as Clement VII, Leo XI, and Urban VIII. The name calcio ("kick") was later adopted for football in Italy (attested first in 1889, "Il Foot-ball ovvero il Giuoco del Calcio"), becoming the synonym for Italian association football worldwide, as well as the most popular sport in Italy.

Italian football is born in Turin and Genoa

The modern variation of the game was brought to Italy during the 1880s. Edoardo Bosio, a merchant worker in the British textile industry, had visited England and experienced the game. He returned to Turin in 1887 and was motivated to help spread football in his homeland. He founded the first football club in Italy (Torino Football and Cricket Club) that year, while Nobili Torino (Turin Nobles) soon followed. The second club bore the name noble because it contained Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi, and Alfonso Ferrero de Gubernatis Ventimiglia, who would later become president of the Italian Football Federation (FIGC). The two merged in 1891 to form Internazionale Football Club Torino. Genoa Cricket and Football Club, formed as a cricket club to represent England abroad, was founded by Englishmen in 1893. In 1896, a man named James Richardson Spensley arrived in Genoa and introduced the football section of the club, becoming its first manager. Genoa is the oldest Italian football club still active and the one in possession of the oldest founding document.

Some early tournaments were organised by the Italian Gymnastics Federation (FGI, later named FGNI, Federazione Ginnastica Nazionale Italiana)) between 1895 and 1897 and until 1913. In 1898, a new federation, the future FIGC but then known as Federazione Italiana del Foot-ball (FIF) until 1909, was formed, centred originally in Turin. The FIF first president was Mario Vicary.

The FIGC created the Italian Football Championship with the four founding clubs being; Genoa, Torinese, Ginnastica Torino, and Internazionale Torino. Its first competition, the 1898 Italian Football Championship, was held at the Velodrome Humbert I in Turin on 8 May 1898, and was won by Genoa. Genoa won the Italian Football Championship on five out of six occasions, interrupted by AC Milan in 1901. While it was common for clubs to compete in both FIGC and FGNI competitions early on, the titles won in the FIGC championship are the only ones officially recognised by the modern-day league.

From 1904 the replacement tournament called Prima Categoria was structured into regional groups. Winners of each group participated in a playoff with the eventual winners being declared champions. Between 1905 and 1908, a Final Group among regional champions was contested to award the title and the Spensley Cup. Juventus won his first title and Spensley Cup in 1905, while the following two championships were won by Milan.

Italianisation and split of the championship

In November 1907, the FIF organised two championships for the 1908 season:

1. Italian Championship: The main tournament where only Italian players were allowed to play; the winners would be proclaimed Campioni d'Italia (Italian Champions) and would be awarded the Bruni Cup.
2. Federal Championship: A secondary tournament where foreign players (if they lived in Italy) were also allowed to play; the winners would be proclaimed Campioni Federali (Federal Champions) and would be awarded the Spensley Cup.

The FIF wanted to organise two different championships in order to allow weaker clubs, composed only of Italian players (squadre pure italiane, "pure Italian teams"), to win the national title, and to relegate simultaneously the big clubs, composed mostly of stronger foreign players (squadre spurie internazionali, "spurious international teams") in a minor competition for a "consolation prize". The majority of big clubs (Genoa, Milan, and Torino) withdrew from both the championships in order to protest against the autocratic policy of the FIF.

The 1908 Italian Championship and the Bruni Cup were won by Pro Vercelli, beating Juventus, Doria, and Milanese. The Federal Championship was won by Juventus against Doria,. The Federal Championship won by Juventus was later forgotten by FIGC due to the boycott by the dissident clubs. 1908 also saw a scission within Milan that led to the foundation of Inter.

In the 1909 Italian football season, the two different championships were organised again, with the Oberti Cup in lieu of the Spensley Cup for the Federal Championship. This time, the majority of big clubs decided to only withdraw from the Italian Championship in order to make the Federal competition the most relevant tournament and to diminish the Italian one. The Federal Championship was won by Pro Vercelli, beating Milanese in the Final, while the Italian Championship was won by Juventus, again beating Milanese in the Final. Ultimately, the dissenters' strategy worked out, as the failure of the Italian Championship won by Juventus forced the FIGC to later recognise the Federal Champions of Pro Vercelli as "Campioni d'Italia 1909", disavowing the other tournament and depriving Juventus of another title.

The format was modified for the 1909–10 Prima Categoria, which was played in a league format. Nine clubs participated, playing each other both home and away. The split between Federal and Italian championship was not completely abolished because, while unifying these tournaments, it was decided for the last time to assign two titles at the end of the season. In fact, the FIGC established to proclaim as Federal Champions (now turned into the main title) the first-placed club in the general classification, while recognised as Italian Champions (now become the secondary title) would be the best placed club among the four "pure Italian teams", depending on the head-to-head matches. At the end of the season, Pro Vercelli and Inter finished joint-top, so a playoff was needed in order to assign the Federal title (the Italian one was won by Pro Vercelli). This season was the first victory for Inter, having defeated Pro Vercelli in the final by a score of 10–3. Even the Italian title won by Pro Vercelli was later forgotten.

National championship

Main article: Italian football league system

A first national competition organised by the Italian Gymnastics Federation (FGNI–FGI) was played in 1896, the same year of the first modern Olympic Games, and won by a team from Udine, an Italian northeast city in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region, named Udinese. In 1897, a second national gymnastic-football tournament was won by SG Torinese. In 1898, the Federazione Italiana del Foot-ball (FIF–FIGC) was finally formed and the first national championship was organised, with regional tournaments and playoffs. Held in Turin on the occasion of the International Exhibition for the fiftieth anniversary of the Albertine Statute, with about one hundred spectators in attendance, it included four clubs, three matches, and lasted a single day. This is considered to be the first proper national football championship and was won using the Pyramid formation (2–3–5) by Genoa, which then went on to win five more championships in six years. Caffaro, a newspaper in Genoa, headlined "The Genoese winners of the national championship", while another reported that the competitors gathered at a restaurant, where they had dinner and the championship cup was delivered to the winning team. To celebrate the event of the first national football championship, Franco Bernini wrote a book in 2005 entitled La prima volta.

National teams

Main article: Italy national football team

The Italy national football team, called Azzurri or squadra azzurra for their blue shirts, are the third-most successful national team in the World Cup for number of medals. During the 1970s to early 1990s, Italy became famous for their catenaccio, thus heralding a long line of world class defenders, such as Virginio Rosetta, Pietro Rava, Carlo Parola, Giacinto Facchetti, Armando Picchi, Gaetano Scirea, Antonio Cabrini, Claudio Gentile, Franco Baresi, Giuseppe Bergomi, Paolo Maldini, Alessandro Nesta, Fabio Cannavaro, Andrea Barzagli, Leonardo Bonucci, and Giorgio Chiellini. Defence is traditionally the best part of Italian teams, and Italian defence is generally considered historically the best in the world. A women's team, an under-21 team, an under-20 team, an under-19 team, and an under-17 team also compete. Their honours include:

World Champions squads

• 1934 FIFA World Cup squad
• 1938 FIFA World Cup squad
• 1982 FIFA World Cup squad
• 2006 FIFA World Cup squad

European Champions squads

• UEFA Euro 1968 squad
• UEFA Euro 2020 squad

European competitions for clubs

• 9 Intercontinental/Club World Cups won in 13 finals (tied for third behind Spain and Brazil)
• 12 UEFA European Cups/Champions Leagues won in 30 finals (third behind Spain and England)
• 7 UEFA Cup Winners' Cups won in 11 finals (tied for second behind England)
• 10 UEFA Cups/Europa Leagues won in 18 finals (tied for second behind Spain)
• 1 UEFA Conference League won in 3 finals (tied for second behind England)
• 9 UEFA Super Cups won in 14 finals (third behind Spain and England)

In total:

• Italy, 48 cups and 89 finals (second behind Spain)

UEFA Champions League

The following teams have reached the final of the UEFA European Cup/Champions League. Bold indicates winners, italics indicates runner-ups.

• Fiorentina (1956–57)
• Internazionale (1963–64, 1964–65, 1966–67, 1971–72, 2009–10, 2022–23, 2024–25)
• Juventus (1972–73, 1982–83, 1984–85, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1997–98, 2002–03, 2014–15, 2016–17)
• Milan (1957–58, 1962–63, 1968–69, 1988–89, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1994–95, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2006–07)
• Roma (1983–84)
• Sampdoria (1991–92)

Italian football stadiums

Stadiums with a capacity of 40,000 or higher are included. !No. !! Image !! Stadium !! Capacity !! City !! Region !! Home team !! Opened !! Renovated !! Notes |- |_row_count || [[File:San Siro 237.jpg|150px]] || San Siro || 80,018 || Milan || Lombardy || Milan and Inter || 1926 || 1935, 1955, 1990, 2015–2016 || UEFA Category 4 stadium |- |row_count || [[File:2012-03-17_ITA-_SCO_prematch.jpg|150px]] || Stadio Olimpico || 70,634 || Rome || Lazio || Roma and Lazio || 1937 || 1953, 1990 || UEFA Category 4 stadium |- |_row_count || [[File:Stadiosannicola2023.jpg|150px]] || Stadio San Nicola || 58,270 || Bari || Apulia || Bari || 1990 || || UEFA Category 3 stadium |- |_row_count || [[File:Stadio Maradona Serie A.jpg|150px]] || Stadio Diego Armando Maradona || 54,726 || Naples || Campania || Napoli || 1959 || 1990, 2010, 2019 |- |_row_count || [[File:Soccer in Florence, Italy, 2007.jpg|150px]] || Stadio Artemio Franchi || 43,147 || Florence || Tuscany || Fiorentina || 1931 || 1990 |- |_row_count || [[File:Juventus v Real Madrid, Champions League, Stadium, Turin, 2013.jpg|150px]] || Juventus Stadium || 41,570 || Turin || Piedmont || Juventus || 2011 || || UEFA Category 4 stadium |- |}

Attendances

The average attendance per top-flight football league season and the club with the highest average attendance:

Source:

Notes

References

References

1. "Home page".
2. (2020). "Le 7 sorelle".
3. (9 November 2020). "'Le 7 Sorelle', una nuova chicca per gli amanti delle maglie vintage".
4. Pavesi, Claudio. (14 November 2020). "Come nasce uno store di maglie da calcio vintage?".
5. Chichiarelli, Dante. (2 December 2020). "C'erano una volta le 7 sorelle in Serie A, e facevano paura a tutta Europa".
6. Furii, Daniele. (29 December 2022). "Le Sette sorelle del calcio: l'epoca d'oro della Serie A".
7. Mastroluca, Alessandro. (16 August 2021). "Calciomercato: i favolosi anni '90 delle Sette Sorelle".
8. Fava, Marco. (28 April 2020). "La Serie A delle Sette Sorelle: l'epoca d'oro del calcio italiano".
9. Pietrella, Francesco. (25 January 2021). "Dal Milan alla Lazio: ecco come sono cambiate le 7 sorelle negli ultimi 30 anni".
10. Cerbara, Luigi A.. (15 November 2022). "I sette papà delle sette sorelle".
11. (3 August 2013). "Le '7 sorelle' dell'Italcalcio tornano a spendere all'estero".
12. (14 June 2020). "Blog Calciomercato.com: Panoramica delle 'nuove' sette sorelle del calcio italiano".
13. Chiarelli, Stefano. (19 February 2021). "Le sette sorelle".
14. (12 September 2022). "Serie A: c'erano una volta le sette sorelle".
15. Topello, Lorenzo. (9 March 2022). "Serie A – Esistono ancora le 'Sette Sorelle'? Distacco da record in vetta".
16. (2004). "Roman Football".
17. Roghi, Bruno. (1939). "Sulle origini del calcio".
18. (27 December 2013). "Al tempo caliginoso di Bruno Roghi".
19. (2001). "Calcio Storico Fiorentino".
20. Roghi, Bruno. (1930). "Calcio".
21. (29 December 2013). "E il football iniziò a chiamarsi calcio".
22. Cola, Simone. (7 September 2015). "Da 'Foot-ball' a 'Calcio': storia del primo campionato in Italia".
23. Wilson, Bill. (10 March 2014). "Italian football counts cost of stagnation".
24. (6 January 2012). "Italian Soccer: Turin".
25. "The Presidents".
26. (30 September 2000). "Die Geschichte des Fussballs".
27. (2004). "Italy – List of FNGI Champions".
28. Rota, Davide. (1999). "English Players in Italy".
29. Balocco, Simone. (21 August 2021). "La storia del primo campionato italiano di calcio".
30. "Campionato Serie A – Albo D'oro".
31. (2004). "Almanacco illustrato del calcio. La storia 1898-2004". Panini.
32. (22 February 1908). "La gran finale del Campionato Federale". La Stampa.
33. Chiesa, Carlo. (April 2012). "La grande storia del calcio italiano".
34. (22 September 2014). "1907-1909, La prima scissione del calcio italiano".
35. (4 October 2023). "I trofei assegnati ai vincitori del campionato italiano dal 1898 ad oggi".
36. Giulio Corradino Corradini. (7 June 1908). "Federazione acefala". La Stampa Sportiva.
37. Giulio Corradino Corradini. (July 5, 1908). "Ancora sulla questione dei Campionati. La parola ad un dissidente". La Stampa Sportiva.
38. Giulio Corradino Corradini. (September 6, 1908). "Vexata quaestio". La Stampa Sportiva.
39. (7 May 1908). "La Finale di Campionato a Torino.". La Stampa.
40. De Girolamo Del Mauro, Lorenzo. (27 April 2019). "Storia: i due Scudetti dimenticati della Juve ai primi del '900".
41. (11 September 2023). "Focus: il campionato si divide in due, 'italiano' e 'federale'".
42. (7 June 1909). "Il F.C. Juventus vince il Campionato Italiano.". La Stampa.
43. (April 2012). "Alla Juve mancano due scudetti! E non quelli revocati...".
44. Velluso, Vincenzo Maria. (15 April 2012). "Juventus, Guerin Sportivo: 'Alla Juve mancano due scudetti!'. E non quelli revocati...".
45. (11 May 2012). "Scudetti Juventus: c'è chi dice 32!".
46. Chiesa, Carlo. (April 2012). "La grande storia del calcio italiano".
47. (2001). "Italy – Championship History 1898–1923".
48. Ciccarelli, Raffaele. (23 July 2021). "8 Maggio 1898: il primo campionato italiano".
49. (2 November 1897). "Il match al 'Foot-Ball'". La Stampa.
50. (8 May 2018). "Accadde oggi: 120 anni fa la prima Serie A".
51. Gualano, Leonardo. (4 July 2021). "Chi ha vinto il primo Scudetto della storia in Italia?".
52. (11 May 2024). "Il primo campionato di calcio della storia".
53. (2021). "Chi ha vinto il primo campionato italiano di calcio?".
54. (18 April 2019). "Primo campionato di calcio".
55. Valtieri, Simone. (22 January 2023). "Quanto durò il primo Campionato italiano di calcio?".
56. (6 October 2019). "La storia del primo campionato di Serie A".
57. (8 May 2023). "Genoa, 125 anni dalla conquista del primo scudetto della storia".
58. (8 May 2024). "Serie A. Esattamente l'8 maggio di 126 anni fa il primo campionato italiano di calcio".
59. (22 April 2024). "Albo d'Oro Serie A: tutte le squadre vincitrici dello Scudetto".
60. (10 July 2013). "8 maggio 1898: il Primo Campionato Italiano di Calcio".
61. Ormezzano, Gian Paolo. (15 June 2005). "Quando la finta era vietata. Nel 1898, a Torino, il primo campionato di calcio". La Stampa.
62. (2020). "Il primo Campionato di calcio ".
63. (2012). "San Siro".
64. (2011). "Stadio San Nicola".
65. https://www.european-football-statistics.co.uk/attn/nav/attnita.htm