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1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries

Selection of the Democratic Party nominee

Field	Value
election_name	1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries
country	United States
type	primary
ongoing	no
previous_election	1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries
previous_year	1984
election_date	February 8 to June 14, 1988
next_election	1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries
next_year	1992
votes_for_election	4,105 delegates to the [Democratic National Convention](1988-democratic-national-convention)
needed_votes	2,053 (majority)
colour1	a59400
image1	File:Michael Dukakis 1988 DNC (2).jpg
image_size	150x150px
candidate1	Michael Dukakis
home_state1	Massachusetts
delegate_count1	1,792
states_carried1	30
popular_vote1	10,024,101
percentage1	42.4%
image2	File:Jesse Jackson For President Crop.jpg
candidate2	Jesse Jackson
colour2	5d73e5
home_state2	South Carolina
delegate_count2	1,023
states_carried2	13
popular_vote2	6,941,816
percentage2	29.3%
image3	File:Al Gore Senate portrait (cropped).jpg
candidate3	Al Gore
colour3	567953
home_state3	Tennessee
delegate_count3	374
states_carried3	7
popular_vote3	3,190,992
percentage3	13.5%
image4	File:Senator Paul Simon (3x4).jpg
candidate4	Paul Simon
colour4	7e4621
home_state4	Illinois
delegate_count4	161
states_carried4	1
popular_vote4	1,107,692
percentage4	4.7%
image5	File:Dick Gephardt portrait (tighter crop).jpg
candidate5	Dick Gephardt
colour5	73638c
home_state5	Missouri
delegate_count5	137
states_carried5	3
popular_vote5	1,452,331
percentage5	6.1%
map_image	1988 Democratic presidential primaries (new).svg
map_size	450px
map_caption	First place by convention roll call
{{legend	#a59400	Michael Dukakis	border	1}}
{{legend	#5d73e5	Jesse Jackson	border	1}}
{{legend	#567953	Al Gore	border	1}}
{{legend	#7e4621	Paul Simon	border	1}}
{{legend	#73638c	Dick Gephardt	border	1}}
title	Democratic nominee
before_election	Walter Mondale
after_election	Michael Dukakis

From February 8 to June 14, 1988, voters of the Democratic Party chose its nominee for president in the 1988 United States presidential election. Massachusetts governor Michael Dukakis was selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses culminating in the 1988 Democratic National Convention held from July 18 to July 21, 1988, in Atlanta, Georgia.

Background

Having been badly defeated in the 1984 presidential election, the Democrats in 1985 and 1986 were eager to find a new approach to win the presidency. They created the Democratic Leadership Council (DLC), with the aim of recruiting a candidate for the 1988 election.

The large gains in the 1986 mid-term elections (which resulted in the Democrats taking back control of the Senate after six years of Republican rule) and the continuing Iran–Contra affair gave Democrats confidence in the run-up to the primary season.

Candidates

Nominee

Candidate	Most recent office	Home state	Campaign	Popular
[[File:Michael Dukakis 1988 DNC (cropped).jpg	alt=	90px]]		Governor of Massachusetts
(1975–1979,
1983–1991)	Massachusetts	[[File:DukakisPrimaryLogo.png	alt=	100px]]
10,024,101
(42.37%)	30
Lloyd Bentsen

Eliminated at Convention

Candidate	Most recent office	Home state	Popular vote	Contests won	Jesse Jackson
[[File:Jesse Jackson portrait.jpg	alt=	90px]]	Civil rights leader	South Carolina	[[File:Jesse Jackson 1988 camapign logo.svg	alt=	90px]]
Eliminated at convention: July 21, 1988
(Campaign)	6,941,816
(29.34%)	13
VT caucus,

Withdrew during primaries

Candidate	Most recent office	Home state	Campaign	Popular vote
[[File:Al Gore Senate portrait (cropped).jpg	alt=	90px]]		U.S. Senator
from Tennessee
(1985–1993)	Tennessee	[[File:Al Gore '88 logo.svg	163x163px]]
Withdrew: April 21, 1988
(Campaign)	3,190,992
(13.49%)	7
[[File:Senator Paul Simon (3x4).jpg	90px]]		U.S. Senator
from Illinois
(1985–1997)	Illinois	[[File:Paul Simon presidential campaign, 1988.png	136x136px]]
Withdrew: April 7, 1988
(Campaign)	1,107,692
(4.68%)	1
[[File:Dick Gephardt portrait (cropped).jpg	90px]]		U.S. Representative
from Missouri
(1977–2005)	Missouri	[[File:Dickgephardt1988.gif	136x136px]]
Withdrew: March 29, 1988
(Campaign)	1,452,331
(6.14%)	3
[[File:Gary Hart 1984 (cropped).jpg	90px]]		U.S. Senator
from Colorado
(1975–1987)	Colorado	[[File:Gary Hart 1988 presidential campaign logo.svg	136x136px]]
Suspended campaign: May 8, 1987
Re-entered: December 12, 1987
Withdrew: March 12, 1988
(Campaign)	390,200
(1.65%)	0

Candidates who received less than 1%

File:Bruce Babbitt (AZ).png| File:LaRouche 1988 (filter).jpg| File:David Duke & The KKK in the 1970s (cropped).jpg| File:Douglas Applegate in 1993.jpg|

Withdrew before primaries

Candidate	Experience	Home state	Campaign	Pat Schroeder
[[File:PatSchroeder.jpg	alt=	90px]]	U.S. Representative
from Colorado
(1973–1997)	Colorado	Withdrew: September 28, 1987(Campaign)
[[File:Joe Biden, official 104th Congress photo.png	alt=	90px]]	U.S. Senator
from Delaware
(1973–2009)	Delaware	[[File:Joe Biden President 88 logo.svg	alt=	150px]]
Withdrew: September 23, 1987
(Campaign)

Declined

Lloyd Bentsen	Robert C. Byrd	Ted Kennedy	Lee Iacocca	Mario Cuomo	Sam Nunn	Dale Bumpers	Bill Clinton	Bill Bradley	Dick Celeste	Chuck Robb
[[File:Lloyd Bentsen (1).jpg	center	150x150px]]	[[File:Robert Byrd 11-20-1987.jpg	center	150x150px]]	[[File:TedKennedy(D-MA).jpg	center	150x150px]]	[[File:Lee Iacocca -- Ellis Island (NY NJ) September 1990 (24260443970) (cropped2).jpg	center	150x150px]]	[[File:Mario Cuomo 1991.jpg	center	150x150px]]	[[File:Sam Nunn 1991 (cropped).jpg	center	150x150px]]	[[File:Dale Bumpers in 1979 (cropped).jpg	center	150x150px]]	[[File:Bill Clinton 1986.jpg	center	150x150px]]	[[File:BillBradley (cropped).jpg	center	150x150px]]	[[File:Richard Celeste 1978 (cropped).jpg	center	150x150px]]	[[File:Charles S. Robb (Virginia governor and US Senator 1988).jpg	center	150x150px]]
**U.S. Senator
from Texas**
(1971–1993)	**U.S. Senator
from West Virginia**
(1959–2010)	**U.S. Senator
from Massachusetts**
(1962–2009)	**Businessman
from Pennsylvania**
(1978–1992)	**Governor
of New York**
(1983–1994)	**U.S. Senator
from Georgia**
(1972–1997)	**U.S. Senator
from Arkansas**
(1975–1999)	**Governor
of Arkansas**
(1979-1981)
(1983-1992)	**U.S. Senator
from New Jersey**
(1979–1997)	**Governor
of Ohio**
(1983–1991)	**Former Governor
of Virginia**
(1982–1986)
		(December 19, 1985)	(July 16, 1986)	(February 19, 1987)	(February 21, 1987)	(March 20, 1987)	(July 15, 1987)	(August 2, 1987)	(August 24, 1987)	(November 12, 1987)

Polling

Nationwide polling

1986

Poll source	Publication
Gallup	Jan 10-13, 1986
Gallup	April 11-14, 1986
Gallup	June 9-16, 1986
Gallup	September 3-17, 1986
Gallup	October 24-27, 1986

1987

Poll source	Publication
Washington Post - ABC-News	January 15-19, 1987
Gallup	Jan 16-19, 1987
New York Times - CBS-News	Jan 18-21, 1987
Washington Post - ABC-News	March 5-9, 1987
Gallup	April 10-13, 1987
Washington Post - ABC-News	May 4, 1987
New York Times - CBS-News	May 5-6, 1987
Gallup	May 6-7, 1987
New York Times - CBS-News	May 11-14, 1987
3%	1%
Washington Post - ABC-News	May 28-June 2, 1987
Gallup	June 8-14, 1987
Gallup	July 10-13, 1987
New York Times - CBS-News	July 21-22, 1987
Gallup	Aug. 24-Sep. 2, 1987
Gallup - Times Mirror Co.	Sep. 1-13, 1987
Washington Post - ABC-News	September 17-23, 1987
Gallup	October 23-26, 1987
Washington Post - ABC-News	December 13-15, 1987
New York Times - CBS-News	December 15, 1987
4%	-
Gallup	Dec. 7-28, 1987

1988

Poll source	Publication
date=31 Aug 2018	title=US President - D Primares (Polling)	work=OurCampaigns	url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=55210&ShowAllMUPoll=Y	access-date=30 March 2020}}	Jan. 3–6, 1988
CBS News/New York Times	Jan. 17–21, 1988
Washington Post/ABC	Jan. 17–23, 1988
date=28 Jan 1988	title=Dukakis surging as Hart weakens	pages=1	url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/602026291/	url-access=subscription	access-date=6 Aug 2023}}	Jan. 22–24, 1988
Harris Interactive	Jan. 7–26, 1988
Gordon Black	Jan. 21–28, 1988
CBS News/New York Times	Jan. 30–31, 1988
February 8: Iowa caucus
February 16: New Hampshire primary
CBS News/New York Times	Feb. 17–21, 1988
March 8: Super Tuesday
CBS News/New York Times	Mar. 19–22, 1988

Head-to-head polling

Poll source	Publication	Sample	Margin
Gallup	June 9–16, 1986	452 RV	±6.0%
–		59%	28%	—
—		75%	–	14%

Statewide and regional polling

South

Poll source	Dates	Sample
size	Margin
of error
Atlanta Journal-Constitution	Sep. 18–28, 1987	6,452 A	±2.0%
–	–	17%	–

California

Poll source	Dates	Sample
size	Margin
of error
Teichner/Sacramento Bee	May 8–9, 1987	510 RV	±4.0%
2%	4%	8%	5%

Maryland

Poll source	Dates	Sample
size	Margin
of error
Savitz Research Center	October 9–14, 1987	559 RV	±4.0%

New Hampshire

Poll source	Dates	Sample
size	Margin
of error
Bannon Research	Sep.–Oct. 1986	501 LV	±5.0%
1%	1%	19%	27%

Pre-primary events

The Hart-Rice affair

The Democratic front-runner for most of 1987 was former Colorado Senator Gary Hart. Hart had made a strong showing in the 1984 primaries and, after Mondale's defeat in the presidential election, had positioned himself as the moderate centrist many Democrats felt their party would need to win.

However, questions and rumors about possible extramarital affairs and about past debts dogged Hart's campaign. One of the great myths is that Senator Hart challenged the media to "put a tail" on him and that reporters then took him up on that challenge. In fact, Hart had told E. J. Dionne of The New York Times that if reporters followed him around, they would "be bored". However, in a separate investigation, the Miami Herald claimed to have received an anonymous tip from a friend of Donna Rice that Rice was involved with Hart. It was only after Hart had been discovered that the Herald reporters found Hart's quote in a pre-print of The New York Times Magazine.

On May 8, 1987, a week after the Donna Rice story broke, Hart dropped out of the race.

In December 1987, Hart surprised many political pundits by resuming his presidential campaign. He again led in the polls for the Democratic nomination, both nationally and in Iowa. However, the allegations of adultery and reports of irregularities in his campaign financing had delivered a fatal blow to his candidacy, and he fared poorly in the early primaries before dropping out again.

The Hart scandal would later be depicted in the 2018 film The Front Runner, with Hugh Jackman portraying Hart.

Biden plagiarism scandals

Delaware Senator Joe Biden led a highly competitive campaign which ended in controversy after he was accused of plagiarizing a speech by Neil Kinnock, then-leader of the British Labour Party. Though Biden had correctly credited the original author in all speeches but one, the one of which he failed to make mention of the originator was caught on video and sent to the press by members of the Dukakis campaign. In the video Biden is filmed repeating a stump speech by Kinnock, with only minor modifications. Michael Dukakis later acknowledged that his campaign was responsible for leaking the tape, and two members of his staff resigned.

It was also reported that Biden had been guilty of plagiarism years before, while a student at the Syracuse University College of Law in the 1960s. Though Biden professed his integrity, the impression lingering in the media as the result of this double punch would lead him to drop out of the race. He formally suspended his campaign on September 28, 1987.

The Delaware Supreme Court's Board on Professional Responsibility would later clear Biden of the law school plagiarism charges.

After campaigns in 2008 and 2020, Biden was elected the 47th vice president in 2008 and 2012 and the 46th president in 2020.

Endorsements

Main article: Endorsements in the 1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries

Results

In the Iowa caucuses, Gephardt finished first, Simon finished second, and Dukakis finished third. In the New Hampshire primary, Dukakis finished first, Gephardt finished second, and Simon finished third. Dukakis and Gore campaigned hard against Gephardt with negative ads, and eventually the United Auto Workers retracted their endorsement of Gephardt, who was heavily dependent on labor union backing.

In the Super Tuesday races, Dukakis won six primaries, Gore five, Jackson five and Gephardt one, with Gore and Jackson splitting the southern states. The next week, Simon won Illinois. 1988 is tied with 1992 as the race with the most candidates winning primaries since the McGovern reforms of 1971. Gore's effort to paint Dukakis as too liberal for the general election proved unsuccessful and he eventually withdrew. Jackson focused more on getting enough delegates to make sure African-American interests were represented in the platform than on winning outright. Dukakis eventually emerged as the party's nominee.

Date
(daily totals)	Total pledged
delegates	Contest	Delegates won and popular vote	Total	Michael Dukakis	Jesse Jackson	Al Gore	Paul Simon	Dick Gephardt	Others	February 8	45	[Iowa caucus](1988-iowa-democratic-presidential-caucuses)	February 16	16	[New Hampshire](1988-new-hampshire-democratic-presidential-primary)	February 23	68	author1=Robert S. Boyd	author2=Susan Bennett	date=February 24, 1988	title=Dole scores impressive victories	url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=SFOYbPikdlgC&dat=19880224&printsec=frontpage&hl=en	access-date=1 November 2017	website=Google News Search Archive	publisher=Spartanburg Herald-Journal	location=Spartanburg, SC	pages=1, 4}}	17	South Dakota	February 28	20	Maine primary	March 1	12	Vermont Caucus	March 5	11	Wyoming caucus	March 8
(Super Tuesday)
(1099)	47	Alabama	32	Arkansas	101	Florida	64	Georgia	17	Hawaii caucus	16	Idaho caucus	48	Kentucky	52	Louisiana	56	Maryland	93	Massachusetts	40	Mississippi	71	Missouri	12	Nevada caucus	68	North Carolina	39	Oklahoma	20	Rhode Island	56	Tennessee	145	Texas	62	Virginia	53	Washington	6	American Samoa caucus	March 10	10	Alaska caucus	March 12	36	Colorado caucus	37	South Carolina	March 15	160	Illinois	March 19	34	Kansas caucus	March 20	40	Puerto Rico	March 26	127	Michigan caucus	March 29	63	Connecticut	April 5	81	Wisconsin	April 16	36	Arizona caucus	April 18	15	Delaware caucus	April 19	243	New York	April 25	23	Utah caucus	April 26	161	Pennsylvania	May 3	79	Indiana	159	Ohio	16	Washington, D.C.	May 10	25	Nebraska	37	West Virginia	May 17	45	Oregon	June 7	272	California	19	Montana	100	New Jersey	24	New Mexico	June 14	?	North Dakota	Total	1,427
10,024,101 (42.37%)	1,046
6,941,816 (29.34%)	307
3,190,992 (13.49%)	115
1,452,331 (6.14%)	98
1,107,692 (4.68%)	30
940,431 (3.98%)
12
27,750 (22.2%)
11,000 (8.8%)
80 (0.0%)	15
33,375 (26.7%)	**18
39,125 (31.3%)**
13,625 (10.9%)	124,955
**8
44,112 (35.9%)**
9,615 (7.8%)
8,400 (6.8%)	4
21,094 (17.2%)	4
24,513 (19.9%)
15,179 (12.3%)	122,913
**25
8,990 (33.9%)**	15
5,270 (19.8%)	274 (1.0%)	13
4,766 (18.0%)
1,970 (7.4%)
5,281 (19.9%)	26,551
7
22,349 (31.2%)
3,867 (5.4%)
5,993 (7.0%)
3,992 (5.6%)	**10
31,184 (43.5%)**
4,221 (5.9%)	71,606
**8
3,170 (36.3%)**	7
2,722 (31.1%)
139 (1.6%)
378 (4.3%)
282 (3.2%)
2,053 (23.5%)	8,744
6
582 (41.5%)	**6
696 (49.6%)**
6 (0.0%)	—	—
120 (8.5%)	1,404
4
76 (28.1%)
38 (14.1%)	**4
88 (32.6%)**
6 (2.2%)	3
61 (22.6%)
1 (0.0%)	270

31,206 (7.7%)	**25
176,764 (43.6%)**	22
151,739 (37.4%)
3,063 (0.8%)
30,214 (7.4%)
12,845 (3.2%)	405,831
8
94,103 (18.9%)	7
85,003 (17.1%)	**16
185,758 (37.3%)**
9,020 (1.8%)
59,711 (12.0%)
63,949 (12.9%)	497,544
**68
520,868 (41.1%)**	33
254,825 (20.1%)
161,106 (12.7%)
27,592 (2.2%)
182,779 (14.4%)
121,606 (9.6%)	1,268,776

97,179 (15.6%)	**29
247,831 (39.8%)**	24
201,490 (32.4%)
8,388 (1.3%)
41,489 (6.7%)
26,375 (4.2%)	622,752
**10
2,716**	7
1,739
58
46
98
318
**7
144**	4
73
32
16
3
112
11
59,433 (18.6%)	9
49,667 (16.6%)	**27
145,988 (45.8%)**
9,393 (2.9%)
28,982 (9.1%)
25,258 (7.9%)	318,721
10
95,661 (15.3%)	**23
221,522 (35.4%)**	18
174,971 (28.0%)
5,153 (0.8%)
67,029 (10.7%)
60,683 (9.7%)	625,019
**34
242,479 (47.0%)**	22
152,642 (29.6%)
46,063 (8.9%)
16,013 (3.1%)
42,059 (8.2%)
16,631 (3.2%)	515,887
**71
418,256 (58.6%)**	22
133,385 (18.7%)
31,631 (4.4%)
26,176 (3.7%)
72,943 (10.2%)
31,552 (4.4%)	713,943
1
29,941 (8.3%)	**24
160,651 (44.7%)**	15
120,364 (33.5%)
2,118 (0.6%)
19,693 (5.5%)
26,650 (7.4%)	359,417

61,303 (11.6%)	18
106,386 (20.2%)
14,549 (2.8%)
21,433 (4.1%)	**53
305,287 (57.8%)**
18,857 (3.6%)	527,815
3
427	3
382	**4
491**
20
33	2
285
16
137,993 (20.3%)	25
224,177 (33.0%)	**27
235,669 (34.7%)**
8,032 (1.2%)
37,553 (5.5%)
36,534 (5.4%)	679,958
9
66,278 (16.9%)
52,417 (13.3%)	**20
162,584 (41.4%)**
6,901 (1.8%)	10
82,596 (21.0%)
21,951 (5.6%)	392,727
**16
34,159 (70.0%)**	4
7,369 (15.1%)
1,932 (4.0%)
1,392 (2.9%)
2,013 (4.1%)
1,958 (4.0%)	48,823

19,348 (3.4%)	12
119,248 (20.7%)	**44
416,861 (72.3%)**
2,647 (0.5%)
8,470 (1.5%)
9,740 (1.7%)	576,314
**61
579,713**	46
433,335	38
357,764
34,499
240,158
121,576
15
80,183 (22.0%)	**32
164,709 (45.1%)**	15
81,419 (22.3%)
7,045 (1.9%)
15,935 (4.4%)
15,608 (4.3%)	364,899
**29
3,784**	24
3,083
166
300
78
1,074
**4
(39%)**
(7%)	—	—	2
(22%)
(32%)
3
774	**4
882**
48
18
15
791
**17
4,852**	13
3,720
307
14	—	6
1,867

1,018	**22
8,114**	7
2,777
36
307	8
2,853
29
245,289	57
484,233
77,265	**74
635,219**
35,108
23,816
**15
278**	13
235	7
125	—
12
114
11
70,733	**13
87,757**	7
45,361	9
57,639
9,159
3,753
45
61,674	**82
113,777**
4,253
4,466
27,222
326
**35
(58%)**	17
(28%)
(8%)
(1%)	—	11
(5%)
**44
(47%)**	24
(30%)	13
(17%)
(5%)	—
(1%)
**
(54%)**
(38%)
(5%)
(1%)	—
(2%)

51.5 (27.3%)	**
86.5 (45.8%)**
4 (2.1%)	—	—
47 (24.9%)
**142
801,457**	87
585,076	5
157,559
17,011	–
14,083
**19
(72%)**	4
(15%)	–	–	–
(13%)
**114
1,002,480**	47
411,260
44,542
9,692
7,254
32,462
**63
(70%)**	16
(22%)
(3%)
(2%)
(3%)	—
**115
(63%)**	41
(27%)
(2%)
(1%)	–	3
(7%)
3
(18%)	**13
(80%)**
(1%)
(1%)	–	—
**18
(63%)**	7
(26%)
(1%)
(1%)
(3%)
(6%)
**36
(75%)**	1
(13%)
(3%)
(1%)
(2%)
(6%)
**27
(57%)**	18
(38%)
(1%)
(1%)
(2%)
(1%)
**173
1,910,808**	99
1,102,093
56,645
43,771	–
25,417
**15
(69%)**	4
(22%)
(2%)
(1%)
(3%)
(3%)
**66
414,829**	34
213,705
18,062	—	—
7,706
**16
(61%)**	8
(28%)
(3%)
(2%)	–
(6%)
**
(85%)**
(15%)	–	–	–	–

Democratic convention

Main article: 1988 Democratic National Convention, 1988 United States presidential election

The Democratic Party Convention was held in Atlanta, Georgia, July 18–21. The Dukakis nominating speech delivered by Arkansas governor and future president Bill Clinton was widely criticized as too long and tedious.

Texas State Treasurer Ann Richards, (who two years later became the state governor in 1990), delivered a memorable keynote address in which she uttered the lines "Poor George [Bush], he can't help it, he was born with a silver foot in his mouth." Six years later, Bush's son George W. Bush would deny Richards re-election as Texas Governor in 1994.

With most candidates having withdrawn and asking their delegates to vote for Dukakis, the tally for president was as follows:

Michael Dukakis - 2,877 (70.09%)
Jesse Jackson - 1,219 (29.70%)
Richard Stallings - 3 (0.07%)
Joe Biden - 2 (0.05%)
Dick Gephardt - 2 (0.05%)
Lloyd Bentsen - 1 (0.02%)
Gary Hart - 1 (0.02%)

Jesse Jackson's campaign believed that since they had come in a respectable second, Jackson was entitled to the vice presidential spot. Dukakis refused, and gave the spot to Lloyd Bentsen.

Bentsen was selected in large part to secure the state of Texas and its large electoral vote for the Democrats. During the vice-presidential debate, Republican candidate and Senator Dan Quayle ignored a head-on confrontation with Bentsen (aside from the "Jack Kennedy" comparison) and spent his time attacking Dukakis.

Notes

References

(December 20, 1985). "Kennedy, Citing Senate Goals, Rules Out '88 Presidential Bid". The New York Times.
(August 24, 1987). "OHIO'S CELESTE WON'T RUN FOR PRESIDENT IN 1988". The Washington Post.
(February 6, 1986). "Hart Early Democrat Choice". The Daily Item.
(May 4, 1986). "Cuomo Gains As Democratic Pick". Fort Worth Star-Telegram.
(August 7, 1986). "Iacocca Gains On Hart As Choice Of Democrats". Fort Worth Star-Telegram.
(October 19, 1986). "Hart Holds Convincing Lead For Democratic Nomination". Star Tribune.
(November 20, 1986). "Hart's Lead Over Two Closest Rivals Narrows". Danville Register and Bee.
(January 22, 1987). "GOP Favoring Bush For '88, Poll Shows". The Charlotte Observer.
(February 21, 1987). "A New Race: Cuomo Starts Field On Fire With Decision". The News Tribune.
(February 12, 1987). "Hart Leader For Democratic Nomination". The Chapel Hill News.
(January 25, 1987). "POLL GIVES HART AND BUSH CLEAR LEADS FOR NOMINATIONS". The New York Times.
(March 11, 1987). "GOP Favoring Bush For '88, Poll Shows". Concord Monitor.
(June 28, 1987). "Democrats Lack Consensus Choice For '88". The Chapel Hill News.
(March 11, 1987). "GOP Favoring Bush For '88, Poll Shows". Concord Monitor.
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(March 21, 1988). "Bush Wins Puerto Rico Primary and 14 Delegates".
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(March 30, 1988). "With big win, Dukakis drive back in gear". Ellensburg Daily Record.
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(April 5, 1988). "Dukakis resumes his front-runner status". Ellensburg Daily Record.
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