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1970 United Kingdom general election

none

Field	Value
election_name	1970 United Kingdom general election
country	United Kingdom
type	parliamentary
ongoing	no
previous_election	1966 United Kingdom general election
previous_year	1966
outgoing_members	List of MPs elected in the 1966 United Kingdom general election
next_election	February 1974 United Kingdom general election
next_year	Feb 1974
elected_members	List of MPs elected in the 1970 United Kingdom general election
seats_for_election	All 630 seats in the House of Commons
majority_seats	316
elected_mps	List of MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election, 1970
election_date	18 June 1970
opinion_polls	Opinion polling for the 1970 United Kingdom general election
turnout	28,305,534
72.0% (3.8 pp)
<!-- Conservative -->	image1
leader1	Edward Heath
leader_since1	[28 July 1965](1965-conservative-party-leadership-election)
party1	Conservative Party (UK)
leaders_seat1	Bexley
last_election1	253 seats, 41.9%
seats1	330
seat_change1	77
popular_vote1	13,145,123
percentage1	46.4%
swing1	4.5 pp
<!-- Labour -->	image2
leader2	Harold Wilson
leader_since2	[14 February 1963](1963-labour-party-leadership-election-uk)
party2	Labour Party (UK)
leaders_seat2	Huyton
last_election2	364 seats, 48.0%
seats2	288
seat_change2	75
popular_vote2	12,208,758
percentage2	43.1%
swing2	4.9 pp
<!-- Liberal -->	image3
leader3	Jeremy Thorpe
leader_since3	[18 January 1967](1967-liberal-party-leadership-election)
party3	Liberal Party (UK)
leaders_seat3	North Devon
last_election3	12 seats, 8.5%
seats3	6
seat_change3	6
popular_vote3	2,117,035
percentage3	7.5%
swing3	1.0 pp
map_image	UK General Election, 1970.svg
map_size	200px
map_caption	Colours denote the winning party—as shown in
map2_image	File:1970 UK GE Westminster diagram.svg
map2_caption	Composition of the House of Commons after the election
title	Prime Minister
posttitle	Prime Minister after election
before_election	Harold Wilson
before_party	Labour Party (UK)
after_election	Edward Heath
after_party	Conservative Party (UK)

72.0% (3.8 pp)

A general election was held in the United Kingdom on Thursday 18 June 1970. It resulted in a surprise victory for the Conservative Party under leader Edward Heath, which defeated the governing Labour Party under Prime Minister Harold Wilson. The Liberal Party, under its new leader Jeremy Thorpe, lost half its seats. The Conservatives, including the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP), secured a majority of 30 seats. This general election was the first in which people could vote from the age of 18, after passage of the Representation of the People Act the previous year, and the first UK election in which party affiliations of candidates were put on the ballots.

Most opinion polls prior to the election indicated a comfortable Labour victory, and put Labour up to 12.4% ahead of the Conservatives. On election day, however, a late swing gave the Conservatives a 3.4% lead and ended almost six years of Labour government, although Wilson remained leader of the Labour Party in opposition. Writing in the aftermath of the election, the political scientist Richard Rose described the Conservative victory as "surprising" and noted a significant shift in votes between the two main parties. The Times journalist George Clark wrote that the election would be "remembered as the occasion when the people of the United Kingdom hurled the findings of the opinion polls back into the faces of the pollsters".

The result would provide the mandate for Heath as Prime Minister to begin formal negotiations for the United Kingdom to become a member state of the European Communities (EC)—or the "Common Market" as it was more widely known at the time, before it later became the European Union; the UK officially joined the EC on 1 January 1973, along with the Republic of Ireland and Denmark.

Frontbench Labour politicians George Brown and Jennie Lee were voted out at this election.

This marked the end of a series of elections where both main parties won over 40% of the vote. This would not occur again for the Conservatives for nine years; Labour would wait 27.

The result was cast as a two-party politics outcome, with no third party reaching 10% of the (total) vote. Such an outcome would not happen again until the 2017 election.

The election was the last in which a nationwide UK party gained seats in Northern Ireland. The UUP sat with the Conservative Party at Westminster, traditionally taking the Conservative parliamentary whip. To all intents and purposes the UUP functioned as the Northern Ireland branch of the Conservative Party. However, hardline unionist Ian Paisley unseated the UUP incumbent in North Antrim, a clear sign that the UUP's complete dominance over unionist politics in Northern Ireland was already starting to weaken. In 1972, in protest over the permanent prorogation of the Parliament of Northern Ireland, Westminster UUP MPs withdrew from the alliance.

Election date

The date of 18 June was supposedly chosen because Harold Wilson wanted as Prime Minister to go to the polls before the introduction of decimal coinage in early 1971, for which his government had been responsible and which he thought was hugely unpopular, and because Wilson sought to gain some momentum by surprising the Conservatives, who were expecting an October election.

Overview

Commentators believed that an unexpectedly bad set of balance of payments figures (a £31-million trade deficit) published three days before the election and a loss of national prestige after the England football team's defeat by West Germany on 14 June in the World Cup contributed to the Labour defeat.

Other factors that were cited as reasons for the Conservative victory included union indiscipline, rising prices, the risk of devaluation, the imposition of Selective Employment Tax (SET), and a set of jobless figures released on final week of the campaign showing unemployment at its highest level since 1940. Interviewed by Robin Day, the outgoing Prime Minister Harold Wilson highlighted the possibility that "complacency engendered by the opinion polls" may have resulted in a poor turnout of Labour supporters.

As defending world champions, England's venture in the World Cup attracted a much keener public interest than the general election did. However an analysis by pollster Matt Singh for the 50th anniversary of the election concluded that the late swing had been caused by the weak economic data and that there was "no evidence" that the World Cup had influenced the outcome.

American pollster Douglas Schoen and Oxford University academic R. W. Johnson asserted that Enoch Powell had attracted 2.5 million votes to the Conservatives, although the Conservative vote only increased by 1.7 million. Johnson later stated "It became clear that Powell had won the 1970 election for the Tories ... of all those who had switched their vote from one party to another, 50 per cent were working class Powellites". The Professor of Political Science Randall Hansen assessed a range of studies, including some which contended that Powell had made little or no difference to the result, but concluded that "At the very least, Powell's effect was likely to have fired up the Conservative vote in constituencies which would have voted Tory in any event". Election night commentators Michael Barratt and Jeffrey Preece dismissed any special "Powell factor", as did Conservative MPs Reginald Maudling, Timothy Raison and Hugh Dykes.

The 1970–74 Parliament has to date been the only time since the 1924–29 Parliament in which the Conservative Party were only in government for one term before returning to opposition.

The most notable casualty of the election was George Brown, deputy leader of the Labour Party, who lost to the Conservative candidate in the Belper constituency. Brown had held the seat since 1945. Labour Minister for the Arts, Jennie Lee lost her Cannock seat, held by Labour since 1935 on a swing of 10.7% to the Conservatives in what Richard Rose called "the biggest upset" of the election.

Unusually for the Liberal Party, the by-elections between 1966 and 1970 had proved almost fruitless, with many Liberal candidates losing deposits. The one exception was its by-election gain of Birmingham Ladywood in June 1969; this was promptly lost in the 1970 general election. The party found itself struggling to introduce its new leader Jeremy Thorpe to the public, owing to the extensive coverage and attention paid to Enoch Powell. The election result was poor for the Liberals, with Thorpe only narrowly winning his own seat in North Devon. Indeed, of the six MPs returned, three (Thorpe, David Steel and John Pardoe) were elected by a majority of less than 1,000 votes.

The BBC's election coverage was led by Cliff Michelmore, along with Robin Day, David Butler and Robert McKenzie. The BBC coverage was parodied by Monty Python's Flying Circus in its famous "Election Night Special" sketch.

Both BBC and ITN carried their 1970 election night broadcasts in colour, although segments broadcast from some remote locations and some BBC and ITN regional bureaus were transmitted in black-and-white. Some ITV regions were not yet broadcasting in colour at the time of the 1970 elections.

The right to vote in this election was widened by the Labour government's Sixth Reform Act, which reduced the voting age from 21 to 18 years. The United Kingdom was the first major democratic nation to extend suffrage to this age group. Case law subsequently established the right for undergraduate students to vote in the constituency of their university. This followed an appeal to the High Court.

Timeline

The Prime Minister, Harold Wilson, visited Buckingham Palace on 18 May and asked the Queen to dissolve Parliament on 29 May, announcing that the election would be held on 18 June. The key dates were as follows:

Thursday 2 July	State Opening of Parliament

Opinion poll summary

Summary of the final polling results before the general election.

Party	Marplan	Gallup	National opinion polls (NOP)	Opinion Research Centre (OPC)	Harris
	41.5%	42.0%	44.1%	46.5%	46.0%
	50.2%	49.0%	48.2%	45.5%	48.0%
	7.0%	7.5%	6.4%	6.5%	5.0%
	1.3%	1.5%	1.3%	1.5%	1.0%
8.7%	7.0%	4.1%	−1.0%	2.0%
11–14 June	14–16 June	12–16 June	13–17 June	20 May16 June
2,267	2,190	1,562	1,583	4,841

Results

This was the first general election where 18-year-olds had the right to vote. Therefore, despite 1.1 million more people voting in 1970 compared to 1966, turnout actually fell by 3%. This 72% turnout was the lowest since the 1935 general election and compared with a post-War high of 84% in 1950. Professor Richard Rose described the low turnout, which he noted was "one of the lowest since the introduction of the democratic franchise", as surprising to politician and pollsters. Changes to electoral law as part of the Representation of the People Act 1969 had made postal voting easier and polling stations were open an hour later than in past elections, and this would have been expected to improve turnout. On top of this it was reported by Rose that an estimated 25% of 18- to 21-year-olds who were now eligible to vote had not put their names on the electoral register, meaning the turnout was even lower than the percentage figure suggested. Rose also argued that the turnout figures in Britain were "now among the lowest in the Western world." Because the previous election had been in 1966, some people had not had their chance to vote in a general election until the age of 25. Labour's number of votes, 12.2 million, was ironically the same amount they had needed to win in 1964. The Conservative vote surge cost Labour in many marginal seats. Rose suggested the absolute fall in the number of Labour votes suggested that many of the party's supporters had decided to abstain. He also noted that the Labour Party's local organisation was poorer than that of the Conservatives, but did not feel this was a significant factor in Labour supporters failing to come out to vote for the Party given that this organisational difference had been the case in past elections without having this effect. For the Liberals, a small 1% drop in their vote share saw them lose 6 seats, 3 of which were held by the narrowest of margins.

In the end the Conservatives achieved a swing of 4.7%, enough to give them a comfortable working majority. As for the smaller parties, they increased their number in the Commons from 2 to 6 seats.

The Scottish National Party won its first ever seat at a general election (they had won several by-elections previously, going back as far as 1945), although they did lose Hamilton, which they won in a by-election in 1967.

plus/minus = N/A
+ style="caption-side: bottom; font-weight:normal"
}

Turnout	72%

Votes summary

Seats summary

Televised declarations

These declarations were covered live by the BBC where the returning officer was heard to say "duly elected".

Winning party 1966	Constituency result by party	Winning party 1970	Con	Lab
27,203	13,108	8,822		hold
22,823	14,213	8,431		hold
14,310	16,986			hold
15,358	17,251		1,592	hold
9,583	15,853	3,000		hold
26,252	11,753	2,459	318	hold
4,256	13,671	1,433		hold
15,978	12,518			hold
21,680	20,409	6,672		gain
18,524	5,268	18,893	175	hold
18,396	6,141	12,847	2,112	gain

Incumbents defeated

Party	Name	Constituency	Office held whilst in Parliament or by-election	Defeated by	Party	Scottish National Party}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"			Donald Dewar	Aberdeen South		Iain Sproat	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Edwin Brooks	Bebington		Eric Cockeram	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Brian Parkyn	Bedford		Trevor Skeet	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Gwilym Roberts	Bedfordshire South		David Madel	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		George Brown	Belper	Deputy Leader of the Labour Party	Geoffrey Stewart-Smith	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Eric Moonman	Billericay		Robert McCrindle	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Christopher Price	Birmingham Perry Barr		Joseph Kinsey	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Ioan Evans	Birmingham Yardley	Comptroller of the Household	Derek Coombs	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Robert Howarth	Bolton East		Laurance Reed	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Gordon Oakes	Bolton West		Robert Redmond	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Woodrow Wyatt	Bosworth		Adam Butler	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Norman Haseldine	Bradford West		John Wilkinson	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Colin Jackson	Brighouse and Spenborough		Wilfred Proudfoot	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Dennis Hobden	Brighton Kemptown		Andrew Bowden	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Raymond Dobson	Bristol North East	Assistant Whip	Robert Adley	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		John Ellis	Bristol North West		Martin McLaren	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Robert Maxwell	Buckingham		William Benyon	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Jennie Lee	Cannock	Minister for the Arts	Patrick Cormack	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Ted Rowlands	Cardiff North		Michael Roberts	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Alistair Macdonald	Chislehurst		Patricia Hornsby-Smith	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Ednyfed Hudson Davies	Conway		Wyn Roberts	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		David Winnick	Croydon South		Richard Thompson	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Sydney Irving	Dartford	Chairman of Ways and Means	Peter Trew	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		David Ennals	Dover	Minister of State for Social Services	Peter Rees	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Stan Newens	Epping		Norman Tebbit	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Gwyneth Dunwoody	Exeter	Parliamentary Secretary at the Board of Trade	John Hannam	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		John Dunwoody	Falmouth and Camborne		David Mudd	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Terence Boston	Faversham		Roger Moate	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		John Diamond	Gloucester	Chief Secretary to the Treasury	Sally Oppenheim	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Albert Murray	Gravesend	Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Transport	Roger White	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Ben Whitaker	Hampstead	Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Overseas Development	Geoffrey Finsberg	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Roy Roebuck	Harrow East		Hugh Dykes	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Peter Jackson	High Peak		Spencer Le Marchant	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Alan Lee Williams	Hornchurch		John Loveridge	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Arnold Shaw	Ilford South		Albert Cooper	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Dingle Foot	Ipswich	Solicitor General for England and Wales	Ernle Money	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		John Binns	Keighley		Joan Hall	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		John Page	King's Lynn		Christopher Brocklebank-Fowler	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Stanley Henig	Lancaster		Elaine Kellett-Bowman	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Harold Davies	Leek	Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Prime Minister	David Knox	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		James Dickens	Lewisham West		John Gummer	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		William Howie	Luton	Comptroller of the Household	Charles Simeons	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Jeremy Bray	Middlesbrough West		John Sutcliffe	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Denis Coe	Middleton and Prestwich		Alan Haselhurst	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Donald Anderson	Monmouth		John Stradling Thomas	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Bert Hazell	Norfolk North		Ralph Howell	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		George Perry	Nottingham South		Norman Fowler	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		John Horner	Oldbury and Halesowen		John Stokes	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Evan Luard	Oxford		Montague Woodhouse	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Ronald Atkins	Preston North		Mary Holt	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Peter Mahon	Preston South		Alan Green	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		John Lee	Reading		Gerard Vaughan	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Anne Kerr	Rochester and Chatham		Peggy Fenner	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Antony Gardner	Rushcliffe		Kenneth Clarke	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Frank Hooley	Sheffield Heeley		John Spence	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Bob Mitchell	Southampton Test		James Hill	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Arnold Gregory	Stockport North		Idris Owen	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Ernest Davies	Stretford		Winston Churchill	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Gerald Fowler	The Wrekin		Anthony Trafford	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		John Ryan	Uxbridge		Charles Curran	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Malcolm Macmillan	Western Isles		Donald Stewart	Scottish National Party
Labour Party (UK)}}"		Hugh Gray	Yarmouth		Anthony Fell	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Conservative Party (UK)}}"			Kenneth Baker	Acton	Elected in the [1968 Acton by-election](1968-acton-by-election)	Nigel Spearing	Labour Party (UK)}}"
Conservative Party (UK)}}"		Donald Williams	Dudley	Elected in the [1968 Dudley by-election](1968-dudley-by-election)	John Gilbert	Labour Party (UK)}}"
Conservative Party (UK)}}"		Esmond Wright	Glasgow Pollok	Elected in the [1967 Glasgow Pollok by-election](1967-glasgow-pollok-by-election)	James White	Labour Party (UK)}}"
Conservative Party (UK)}}"		Bruce Campbell	Oldham West	Elected in the [1968 Oldham West by-election](1968-oldham-west-by-election)	Michael Meacher	Labour Party (UK)}}"
Conservative Party (UK)}}"		Christopher Ward	Swindon	Elected in the [1969 Swindon by-election](1969-swindon-by-election)	David Stoddart	Labour Party (UK)}}"
Conservative Party (UK)}}"		Fred Silvester	Walthamstow West	Elected in the [1967 Walthamstow West by-election](1967-walthamstow-west-by-election)	Eric Deakins	Labour Party (UK)}}"
Liberal Party (UK)}}"			Wallace Lawler	Birmingham Ladywood	Elected in the [1969 Birmingham Ladywood by-election](1969-birmingham-ladywood-by-election)	Doris Fisher	Labour Party (UK)}}"
Liberal Party (UK)}}"		Michael Winstanley	Cheadle		Tom Normanton	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Liberal Party (UK)}}"		Richard Wainwright	Colne Valley		David Clark	Labour Party (UK)}}"
Liberal Party (UK)}}"		Eric Lubbock	Orpington	Liberal Chief Whip	Ivor Stanbrook	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Liberal Party (UK)}}"		Alasdair Mackenzie	Ross and Cromarty		Hamish Gray	Conservative Party (UK)}}"
Ulster Unionist	Henry Clark	Antrim North		Ian Paisley	Democratic Unionist Party}}"		Democratic Unionist
James Hamilton	Fermanagh and South Tyrone		Frank McManus	Unity (Northern Ireland)}}"		Unity
Scottish National Party	Winnie Ewing	Hamilton	Elected in the [1967 Hamilton by-election](1967-hamilton-by-election)	Alex Wilson	Labour Party (UK)}}"
Plaid Cymru	Gwynfor Evans	Carmarthen	Elected in the [1966 Carmarthen by-election](1966-carmarthen-by-election)	Gwynoro Jones	Labour Party (UK)}}"
	Democratic Party	Desmond Donnelly	Pembrokeshire	Former Labour MP	Nicholas Edwards	Conservative Party (UK)}}"

Notes

References

(10 December 1968). "Use Of Political Descriptions In Nomination Papers And Ballot Papers At Parliamentary Elections".
(1970). "The Times Guide to the House of Commons 1970". Times Newspapers Limited.
(1970). "The Times Guide to the House of Commons 1970". Times Newspapers Limited.
Keohane, Dan. (2000). "Security in British Politics 1945–99".
"The Heath Government 1970–74: A Reappraisal".
Haines, Joe. (2003). "Glimmers of Twilight". Politico's Publishers.
(5 April 2005). "1970: Heath's surprise victory". BBC News.
(18–19 July 1970). "BBC Election Results Programme".
"Heath: The victory few predicted". BBC News.
(2020-06-19). "Did England's World Cup defeat win the 1970 election for the Tories?".
Heffer, Simon. (1999). "Like the Roman: The Life of Enoch Powell". Phoenix.
Hansen, Randell. (2000). "Citizenship and Immigration in Post-War Britain". Oxford University Press.
(1970). "The Times Guide to the House of Commons 1970". Times Newspapers Ltd.
(1970). "The Times Guide to the House of Commons 1970". Times Newspapers Ltd.
"BBC Election 1970". BBC Parliament.
(2021-04-03). "A coming of age: how and why the UK became the first democracy to allow votes for 18-year-olds". Contemporary British History.
(2021-11-03). "Lowering the voting age: three lessons from the 1969 Representation of the People's Act".
Bingham, Adrian. (25 June 2019). "'The last milestone' on the journey to full adult suffrage? 50 years of debates about the voting age".
Stephen D. Fisher & Nick Hillman. "Do students swing elections? Registration, turnout and voting behaviour among full-time students". HEPI.
Abrams, M.. (1970). "The Opinion Polls and the 1970 British General Election". The Public Opinion Quarterly.

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