Piedmont

Etymology

The French Piedmont, the Italian Piemonte, and other variant cognates come from the medieval Latin Pedemontium or Pedemontis, i.e. ad pedem montium, meaning "at the foot of the mountains" (referring to the Alps), attested in documents from the end of the 12th century.

History

Piedmont was inhabited in early historic times by Celtic-Ligurian tribes such as the Taurini and the Salassi. They were later subdued by the Romans (), who founded several colonies there including Augusta Taurinorum (Turin) and Eporedia (Ivrea). After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the region was successively invaded by the Burgundians, the Ostrogoths (5th century), East Romans, Lombards (6th century), and Franks (773).

In the 9th–10th centuries there were further incursions by the Magyars, Saracens and Muslim Moors. At the time Piedmont, as part of the Kingdom of Italy within the Holy Roman Empire, was subdivided into several marches and counties. In 1046, Otto of Savoy added Piedmont to the County of Savoy, with a capital at Chambéry (now in France). Other areas remained independent, such as the powerful comuni (municipalities) of Asti and Alessandria and the marquisates of Saluzzo and Montferrat. The County of Savoy became the Duchy of Savoy in 1416, and Duke Emanuele Filiberto moved the seat to Turin in 1563. In 1720, the Duke of Savoy became King of Sardinia, founding what evolved into the Kingdom of Sardinia and increasing Turin's importance as a European capital.

The Republic of Alba was created in 1796 as a French client republic in Piedmont. A new client republic, the Piedmontese Republic, existed between 1798 and 1799 before it was reoccupied by Austrian and Russian troops. In June 1800, a third client republic, the Subalpine Republic, was established in Piedmont. It fell under full French control in 1801, and France annexed it in September 1802. In the Congress of Vienna, the Kingdom of Sardinia was restored and furthermore received the Republic of Genoa to strengthen it as a barrier against France.

Piedmont was a springboard for Italian unification in 1859–1861, following earlier unsuccessful wars against the Austrian Empire in 1820–1821, and 1848–1849. This process is sometimes referred to as Piedmontisation. The efforts were later countered by the efforts of rural farmers. The House of Savoy became Kings of Italy, and Turin briefly became the capital of Italy. However, when the Italian capital was moved to Florence, and then to Rome, the administrative and institutional importance of Piedmont was reduced. The only recognition of Piedmont's historical role was that the crown prince of Italy was known as the Prince of Piedmont. After Italian unification, Piedmont was one of the most important regions in the first Italian industrialization.

File:Nichelino Palazzina di Caccia di Stupinigi Esterno 09.jpg|The Palazzina di caccia of Stupinigi in Nichelino is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. File:Sacra di San Michele07.jpg|The Sacra di San Michele is a symbol of Piedmont. File:Borromean Islands (Isole Borromee, Lago Maggiore) (6731216343).jpg|Isola Bella on Lake Maggiore

Geography

Main article: Geography of Piedmont

Piedmont is the second largest of Italy's 20 regions, after Sicily. It is broadly coincident with the upper part of the drainage basin of the river Po, which rises from the slopes of Monviso in the west of the region and is Italy's largest river. The Po drains the semicircle formed by the Alps and Apennines, which surround the region on three sides.

The countryside is very diverse: from the rugged peaks of the massifs of Monte Rosa and Gran Paradiso to the damp rice paddies of Vercelli and Novara, from the gentle hillsides of the Langhe, Roero, and Montferrat to the plains. 7.6% of the entire territory is considered protected area. There are 56 different national or regional parks; one of the most famous is the Gran Paradiso National Park, between Piedmont and the Aosta Valley.

Piedmont has a typically temperate climate, which on the Alps becomes progressively temperate-cold and colder as it climbs to altitude. In areas located at low altitudes, winters are relatively cold but not very rainy and often sunny, with the possibility of snowfall, sometimes abundant. Snowfall, on the other hand, is less frequent and occasional in the northeast areas. Summers are hot with local possibilities of strong thunderstorms.

Demographics

|1861 |2758500|1871 |2928156|1881 |3089928|1901 |3319025 |1911 |3413837|1921 |3439050|1931 |3457731|1936 |3418300|1951 |3518177|1961 |3914250 |1971 |4432313|1981 |4479031 |1991 |4302565 |2001 |4214677|2011|4363916|2021|4256350|source=ISTAT}}

As of 2025, Piedmont has a population of 4,251,868, of which 48.9% are male and 51.1% are female, compared to the national average of 49.0% and 51.0% respectively. Minors make up 14.0% of the population, and seniors make up 26.9%, compared to the national average of 14.9% and 24.7% respectively.

The population density in Piedmont is lower than the national average, at 167.5 inhabitants per km2 compared to the national figure of 195.1. The Metropolitan City of Turin has 322.9 inhabitants per km2, whereas Verbano-Cusio-Ossola is the least densely populated province, with only 67.8 inhabitants per km2.

The population of Piedmont followed a downward trend throughout the 1980s, a result of the natural negative balance (of some 3 to 4% per year), while the migratory balance since 1986 has again become positive because of immigration.

Foreigners

As of 2025, the foreign-born population is 560,274, making up 13.2% of the total population. The 5 largest foreign nationalities are Romanians (112,220), Moroccans (67,635), Albanians (53,931), Peruvians (20,090) and Ukrainians (16,953).

Government and politics

Main article: Politics of Piedmont

The Regional Government (Giunta Regionale) is presided by the president of the region (presidente della regione), who is elected for a five-year term and is composed of the president and 14 ministers, including a vice president (vice presidente). In the 2010 Piedmontese regional election, which took place on 29–30 March, Roberto Cota of Lega Nord defeated incumbent Mercedes Bresso of the Democratic Party (PD). For the 2014 Piedmontese regional election, Cota chose not to stand again for president and the parties composing his coalition failed to agree on a single candidate, resulting in a landslide victory for Sergio Chiamparino, a member of the PD who had been mayor of Turin from 2001 to 2011. Chiamparino was in charge until the 2019 Piedmontese regional election, when Alberto Cirio of Forza Italia became the new president of the region.

Administrative divisions

Main article: List of municipalities of Piedmont

Piedmont is divided into 8 provinces.

Economy

The gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was 137.4 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 7.8% of Italy's GDP. GDP per capita at purchasing power parity was 31,300 euros or 104% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 111% of the EU average. Since 2006, the Piemonte Agency for Investments, Export and Tourism began to facilitate outside investment and promote Piedmont's industry and tourism. It was the first Italian institution to combine the activities being carried out by pre-existing local organizations to promote the territory internationally.

Automotive

The region contains major industrial centres, the most important of which is Turin, home to the Fiat conglomerate, but mass-market Fiat cars are not produced anymore, only small-scale manufacturing of luxury Maserati cars (36,702 in 2020). Most of the ex-Fiat plants now belong to other companies: aerospace is owned by Leonardo S.p.A., turbo jet engines by General Electric, high-speed trains by Alstom, bearings by SKF. Fiat does not exist anymore as an independent company; car production belongs to Stellantis, and trucks, buses, tractors, agriculture and construction machines are produced by the independent company CNH Industrial (most manufacturing activity takes place in the United States, in Piedmont only the production of New Holland excavators in San Mauro Torinese and Iveco diesel engines in Turin). Neither of them are headquartered in Turin anymore, however, some research and development centres are still working.

Formerly famous automotive design companies also were sold to global automotive groups: Italdesign Giugiaro to Volkswagen, Ghia to Ford, Pininfarina to Mahindra; Bertone went into bankruptcy in 2014. The massive decline in the automotive industry caused other regions like Veneto (€163 billion in 2018) and Emilia-Romagna (€161 billion in 2018) to surpass Piedmont (€137 billion in 2018) in GDP and led to relative high unemployment. The peak of Italian motor vehicle production is reached in 1989 with 2.22 million units, but in 2019 (before the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy) it was only 0.92 million units. Even existing Italian car production now relocated to Southern Italy, such as in Pomigliano d'Arco (140,478 in 2020), Melfi (229,848 in 2020), and Atessa (257,026 in 2020), because of cost cutting.

There are some automotive suppliers of:

• exhaust systems, electronic systems, suspension systems and automotive lighting in Venaria Reale and Rivalta di Torino from Magneti Marelli
• dual-clutch transmission, gearboxes, drivelines and their mechatronics components from Dana Graziano
• bearings from SKF
• tires (Michelin and Pirelli)

Electronics and industrial equipment

There are some important companies in high-tech manufacturing: Comau (industrial robots) and Prima Industrie (laser equipment). Silicon wafer production is in Novara by MEMC. Olivetti, once a major electronics industry whose plants were in Scarmagno and Ivrea, has now turned into a small-scale computer service company and no longer produces computers. Leonardo Elettronica in Turin-Caselle develops and manufactures airborne mission systems and airborne computers. Machine building has a long tradition in Piedmont with the manufacturing of excavators, telescopic handlers, industrial refrigerators, printing machines, paper machines, packaging machines, glass machines, turbines, and high-speed trains.

Excavator_in_Brittany_France.JPG|Excavator New Holland E 215B Roto.jpg|Telescopic Handler Merlo Roto Comau_AURA_MADE.jpg|Robot Comau Aura Italo_NTV_Class_ETR_575_No_575-154.jpg|High-speed train Alstom AGV

Aerospace and defence

One of the most important industries in Piedmont is military aerospace with plants:

• Leonardo Aircraft Turin-Caselle (Nord and Sud), final assembly of multi-role attack jet Eurofighter Typhoon, ground-attack jet AMX and military transport aircraft C-27J Spartan

• Leonardo Aircraft Novara-Cameri, final assembly of stealth multi-role attack jet Lockheed Martin F-35

• General Electric Avio Aero in Rivalta di Torino, Turin-Sangone, Borgaretto, manufacturing of mechanical transmissions for gas turbine, foundry

• Avio in Turin, final assembly of rocket Vega

Eurofighter F-2000A ‘MM7276 - 36-05’ (28906707973).jpg| Eurofighter Typhoon F-35A_flight_%28cropped%29.jpg|Lockheed Martin F-35 Alenia_C27J_Spartan_at_ILA_2010_11.jpg|Alenia C27J Spartan Italian_Air_Force_AMX_fighter.jpg|AMX Maquette_Vega_C_DSC_0020.JPG|Vega C

Information technology

Piedmont has several notable IT firms such as Olivetti and Arduino.

Wool textiles

Italy is the world's largest exporter of carded (71.8% in 2018) and combed (73.4% in 2018) wool fabrics. These are the only two types of fabrics not dominated by Chinese textile exports. There are three industrial districts that process wool in Italy. One of them, Biella, is located in Piedmont.

Below are showed some basic stages of wool processing (not complete). CSIRO_ScienceImage_2801_Wool_Scouring.jpg|Scouring Jamieson_wool_Shetland.jpg|Carding CSIRO_ScienceImage_1852_Machinery_Weaving_Wool.jpg|Combing CSIRO_ScienceImage_11099_Wool_Weaving_Machinery.jpg|Weaving

Jewellery

One of Italy's four industrial jewellery districts is located in Valenza. Large jewellery companies such as Damiani, Bulgari, and Cartier have factories here as do many other smaller companies.

Bulgari-Manufaktur in Valenza, Piemont.jpg|Bulgari factory in Valenza Bismarck Necklace (crop).jpg|Cartier: Bismarck sapphire necklace Cartier 3526707735 f4583fda9a.jpg|Cartier: Mackay emerald and diamond necklace

Agriculture

Lowland Piedmont is a fertile agricultural region. The main agricultural products in Piedmont are cereals, including rice, representing more than 10% of national production, maize, grapes for wine-making, fruit and milk. With more than 800,000 head of cattle in 2000, livestock production accounts for half of total agricultural production in Piedmont.

Piedmont is one of the great winegrowing regions in Italy. More than half of its 700 km2 of vineyards are registered with DOC designations. It produces prestigious wines as Barolo and Barbaresco from the Langhe near Alba, and the Moscato d'Asti and sparkling Asti from the vineyards around Asti. The city of Asti is about 55 km east of Turin in the plain of the Tanaro River and is one of the most important centres of Montferrat, one of the best known Italian wine districts in the world, declared officially on 22 June 2014 a UNESCO World Heritage site. Indigenous grape varieties include Nebbiolo, Barbera, Dolcetto, Freisa, Grignolino and Brachetto.

Tourism

Tourism in Piedmont employs 75,534 people and involves 17,367 companies operating in the hospitality and catering sector, with 1,473 hotels and other tourist accommodation. The sector generates a turnover of €2,671 million, 3.3% of the €80,196 million total estimated spending on tourism in Italy. The region is popular with both foreign visitors and those from other parts of Italy. In 2002 there were 2,651,068 total arrivals, 1,124,696 (42%) of whom were foreign. The traditional leading areas for tourism in Piedmont are the Lake District ("Piedmont's riviera"), which accounts for 32.84% of total overnight stays, and the metropolitan area of Turin, which accounts for 26.51%.

In 2006, Turin hosted the XX Olympic Winter Games, and in 2007 it hosted the XXIII Universiade. Alpine tourism tends to concentrate in a few highly developed stations like Alagna Valsesia and Sestriere. Around 1980, the long-distance trail Grande Traversata delle Alpi (GTA) was created to draw more attention to the variety of remote, sparsely inhabited valleys. Within the tourism industry in Piedmont, a reference to the system of Royal Residences has to be made. First of all, it is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites since 1997 and, secondly, it represents a peculiarity of the region, since such a network cannot be found elsewhere in Italy. The Residences of the Royal House of Savoy belong to the historical and cultural heritage of Piedmont and nowadays they play a central role in the tourism field. In a reality in which the tourism industry is characterized by an amalgam of several players and stakeholders, the creation of a system or network like that of the Royal Residences represents an added benefit for the whole territory as well as a competitive edge. Therefore, considering that tourism is a key factor in the creation of long-lasting value and working in a cooperative and collaborative perspective is essential, the network of the Royal Residences represents an example worth of notice.

Piedmont has many small and picturesque villages, 20 of them have been selected by I Borghi più belli d'Italia (), a non-profit private association of small Italian towns of strong historical and artistic interest, that was founded on the initiative of the Tourism Council of the National Association of Italian Municipalities. These villages are:

• Barolo
• Castagnole delle Lanze
• Cella Monte
• Chianale
• Cocconato
• Garbagna
• Garessio
• Guarene
• Ingria
• Mombaldone
• Monforte d'Alba
• Neive
• Orta San Giulio
• Ostana
• Ricetto di Candelo
• Rosazza
• Usseauso
• Vho
• Vogogna
• Volpedo

Unemployment

The unemployment rate stood at 6.2% in 2023.

Transport

Air

Turin-Caselle International Airport has domestic and international flights and handled 3,952,158 passengers and 3,334 tons of cargo in 2019 (before the COVID-19 pandemic).

Land

There are links with neighbouring France via the Fréjus and Colle di Tenda tunnels as well as the Montgenèvre Pass. Piedmont also connects with Switzerland by the Simplon and Great St Bernard passes. It is possible to reach Switzerland via a normal road that crosses eastern Piedmont, starting from Arona and ending in Locarno, on the Swiss border. The region has the longest motorway network amongst the Italian regions, covering approximately 800 km. It radiates from Turin, connecting it with the other provinces in the region, as well as with the other regions in Italy. In 2001, the number of passenger cars per 1,000 inhabitants was 623 (above the national average of 575). There is a Turin–Milan high-speed railway; the travel time is only 52 minutes.

Education

The economy of Piedmont is anchored on a rich history of state support for higher education, including some of the leading universities in Italy. Piedmont is home to the famous University of Turin, the Polytechnic University of Turin, the University of Eastern Piedmont, and more recently the United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute.

Culture

Languages

]] As in the rest of Italy, Italian is the official national language. The main local languages are Piedmontese, Insubric (spoken in the eastern part of the region), Occitan (spoken by a minority in the Occitan Valleys situated in the Province of Cuneo and the Metropolitan City of Turin), and Franco-Provençal (spoken by another minority in the alpine heights of the Metropolitan City of Turin), like in the Susa Valley and Walser (spoken by a minority in the Province of Vercelli and Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola).

Cuisine

Main article: Piedmontese cuisine

Piedmontese cuisine is the style of cooking in the Northern Italian region of Piedmont. Bordering France and Switzerland, Piedmontese cuisine is partly influenced by French cuisine; this is demonstrated in particular by the importance of appetizers, a set of courses that precede what is traditionally called a first course and aimed at whetting the appetite. In France these courses are fewer and are called entrée.

It is a region in Italy with the largest number of cheeses and wines. The most prestigious Italian culinary school, the University of Gastronomic Sciences, was founded in Piedmont. Similar to other Northern Italian cuisines, veal, wine, and butter are among the main ingredients used in cooking.

Some well-known dishes include agnolotti, vitello tonnato (also popular in Argentina), and bagna càuda. Piedmont is also credited for the famous pasta dish tagliolini (tajarin in Piedmontese). Tagliolini are a type of egg pasta normally made fresh by hand. According to Italian writer and journalist Massimo Alberini, tagliolini was among King Victor Emmanuel II's preferred dishes.

Common in Verbano-Cusio-Ossola area are bruscitti, originating from Alto Milanese, a dish of braised meat cut very thin and cooked in wine and fennel seeds, historically obtained by stripping leftover meat.

The Slow Food Movement was started in Piedmont by Carlo Petrini who was from the town of Bra, Piedmont. The movement greatly benefited the region by highlighting Piedmont's diverse cuisine. The Slow Food Movement offices are still headquartered in the town of Bra.

The town of Alba is known for its gourmet food. It is also the region where Alba white truffles are found.

Since 2006, the Piedmont region has benefited from the start of the Slow Food movement and Terra Madre, events that highlighted the rich agricultural and viticultural value of the Po Valley and northern Italy. A chain of food halls Eataly works in collaboration with Slow Food. Piedmont is the leading producer of confectionery, coffee, rice, and white truffles in Italy. It is ranked 3 of 20 for the production of quality DOC and DOCG wines with 1,982,718 hl, there are 17 DOCG wines of all possible types (white, red, sweet, sparkling). In 2019, Piedmont accounted for 16.5% of wine exports from Italy, ranking second behind Veneto, with 36%. The typical food industries in Piedmont are:

• alcoholic beverages
  • production of quality dry red wines from Nebbiolo, Dolcetto, and Barbera grapes
  • production of quality dry white wines
  • production of sweet white wines from Erbaluce grapes
  • production of vermouth, which was invented in Piedmont
  • production of sparkling wine Asti Spumante, Alta Langa, Gavi
• coffee
  • production of coffee Lavazza
  • production of coffee/chocolate liqueur Bicerin
• confectionery
  • production of traditional Chocolate Gianduiotto
  • production of different kind of chocolate and pralines
  • production of torrone
  • production of sweet paste Nutella
  • production of biscotto
• delicacy
  • production of white truffles from Alba and related products with white truffles like condiments, honey, salami, and prosciutto
  • production of high-quality marinated beef Gradisca or dried beef Bresaola
• cereals
  • production of dry risotto mixes

Barolo_in_Piemonte%2C_Italy.jpg|Wine Barolo Marini_IMG_0024.JPG|Vermouth Martini Cinzano_Asti_Spumante%2C_2012.jpg|Asti Spumante Le_Mot_de_la_Faim_%28restaurant%29_-_expresso.JPG|Coffee Lavazza Gianduiotti.jpg|Chocolate Gianduiotto Nutella_ak.jpg|Nutella Tuber_Magnatum_Pico.jpg|White Truffles from Alba Risotto_ai_funghi_porcini.JPG|Risotto ai funghi porcini 2016 1129 Turin Grissini.jpg|Grissini

Museums

Main article: List of museums in Piedmont

• Accorsi - Ometto Museum
• Casa Cavassa
• Castello della Manta
• Castle of Moncalieri
• Castle of Racconigi
• Castle of Rivoli
• Cittadella of Alessandria
• Faraggiana Ferrandi Natural History Museum
• Forte Albertino
• Fort of Exilles
• Juventus Museum
• Mole Antonelliana
• Museo Borgogna (Vercelli)
• Museo Civico d'Arte Antica
• Museo Civico Federico Eusebio
• Museo Egizio
• Museo Francesco Borgogna
• Museo Nazionale dell'Automobile
• Museum of Human Anatomy Luigi Rolando
• Museum of Oriental Art
• Museum of the Risorgimento
• Palace of Venaria
• Palazzo Silva
• Palazzina di caccia of Stupinigi
• Pinacoteca Albertina
• Pinacoteca Giovanni e Marella Agnelli
• Royal Armoury of Turin
• Royal Library of Turin
• Royal Palace of Turin
• Sabauda Gallery
• Synagogue of Casale Monferrato
• The National Cinema Museum
• Turin Civic Gallery of Modern and Contemporary Art
• Turin City Museum of Ancient Art
• Turin Museum of Natural History
• Villa della Regina

Sport

In association football, notable clubs in Piedmont include Turin-based Juventus and Torino, who have won 43 official top-flight league championships (as of the 2020–21 season) between them (36 titles won by Juventus and seven by Torino), more than any other city in Italy. Juventus is the most successful club in Italy, having won the most league titles (36), Coppa Italia titles (14), and Supercoppa Italiana titles (9) of any team in the country; Juventus Women, established in 2017, also achieved success, immediately becoming one of the country's most successful women's teams. Other smaller teams include the old "Piedmont Quadrilateral" components Novara, Alessandria, Casale, and Pro Vercelli. With the pre-World War II success of Pro Vercelli in 1910s and Juventus in 1930s, as well as winning cycles of Torino during the Grande Torino years and Juventus in different eras since 1950, the region became the most successful in terms of championships won. Casale and Novese contributed with one scudetto each. Other local teams include volleyball teams Cuneo (male) and AGIL Novara (female), basketball teams Biella Basketball and Junior Casale, ice hockey team Hockey Club Turin, and roller hockey side Amatori Vercelli, who have won three league titles, an Italian Cup, and two CERS Cups.

Turin hosted the 2006 Winter Olympics. The 2006 Winter Olympics (), officially the XX Olympic Winter Games () and also known as Torino 2006, were a winter multi-sport event held from 10 to 26 February in Turin, Italy. This marked the second time Italy had hosted the Winter Olympics, the first being in 1956 in Cortina d'Ampezzo; Italy had also hosted the Summer Olympics in 1960 in Rome. Turin was selected as the host city for the 2006 Games in June 1999. The official motto of Torino 2006 was "Passion lives here". The Games' logo depicted a stylized profile of the Mole Antonelliana building, drawn in white and blue ice crystals, signifying the snow and the sky. The crystal web was also meant to portray the web of new technologies and the Olympic spirit of community. The 2006 Olympic mascots were Neve ("snow" in Italian), a female snowball, and Gliz, a male ice cube.

Notes

References

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