Non-constituency Member of Parliament

Overview

Rationale

The Non-constituency Member of Parliament (NCMP) scheme was introduced to the Singapore Parliament on 30 June 1984. The scheme was first proposed by first organising People's Action Party (PAP) secretary Goh Chok Tong a month prior, as part of plans to ensure opposition voices in parliament.

was a significant modification of the single-member simple-plurality electoral system traditionally associated with Westminster systems of government. Since the ruling had won all parliamentary seats in the four general elections since independence, there were no opposition voices in Parliament, raising concerns about the lack of political diversity. Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew saw the absence of opposition representation as potentially unhealthy for Singapore's long-term political development and argued that the NCMP scheme would ensure that opposition voices would be heard in Parliament. According to him, this would be beneficial to Singapore as it would give the younger generation of Singaporeans a chance to see what an opposition can or cannot do, as well as allow for debate and scrutiny in Parliament without undermining the PAP's ability to govern, thus preserving political stability while addressing calls for a more inclusive democratic process.-- During the Second Reading of the NCMP bill in July 1984, prime minister Lee Kuan Yew formally presented to Parliament three main justifications for the NCMP scheme. First, he said that having a minimum number of opposition members in Parliament through the NCMP scheme would provide younger PAP MPs with sparring partners to "sharpen their debating skills". Secondly, the presence of opposition members in Parliament would educate the younger generation of voters about the role of a constitutional opposition and the limits of what it can do. He said this was especially important because the younger generation who had not lived and witnessed the conflicts within Parliament in the 1950s and 1960s "harbour[ed] myths about the role of an Opposition" and "had no idea how destructive an Opposition could be". Thirdly, the presence of non-PAP MPs in Parliament would act as a check and balance against any governmental impropriety. According to Lee, "some non-PAP MPs will ensure that every suspicion, every rumour of misconduct, will be reported to the non-PAP MPs". The readiness of non-PAP members to bring forth any allegation of misfeasance, or corruption, or nepotism would "dispel suspicions of cover-ups of alleged wrongdoings".

More importantly, the NCMP scheme was introduced to "ensure the representation in Parliament of a minimum number of Members from a political party or parties not forming the Government". The PAP possessed "unbroken hegemony" in Parliament from 1968 until 1981 when J. B. Jeyaretnam won a seat in the Anson by-election. As a result of his sole opposition presence in the Parliament, he could not initiate a meaningful debate in Parliament, being unable to find another MP to second his motions. The fact that there was absolutely no opposition representation in Parliament in the four general elections before 1984 (as indicated in the table below) added to the impetus for the inception of the scheme.

Responses

Since its introduction, the NCMP scheme received mixed responses. Supporters viewed it as a pragmatic step toward greater political openness, allowing alternative voices in Parliament without disrupting the stability provided by the PAP's dominance. Critics, however, argued that it was a token gesture that undermined genuine electoral competition and discouraged voters from electing opposition candidates, since opposition figures could still enter Parliament without winning at the polls. Some opposition parties, such as the Workers' Party (WP) and Singapore Democratic Party (SDP), also viewed the scheme with suspicion, seeing it as a way for the ruling party to control the pace of political liberalisation while maintaining its grip on power.

When the NCMP scheme was first offered after the 1984 general election, the best-performing losing opposition candidates – M.P.D. Nair of the WP and Tan Chee Kien of the Singapore United Front (SUF) – declined the position. Both their parties had viewed the scheme with suspicion and argued that it served to entrench the PAP's dominance while offering only symbolic representation, since NCMPs were not able to represent residents' views and vote on several matters. Nevertheless, in the subsequent election held in 1988, Francis Seow and Lee Siew Choh of WP became the first candidates to accept the NCMP seats when they contested as part of the WP team in the Eunos Group Representation Constituency (GRC).

Nevertheless, the NCMP scheme continued to be a subject of criticism, both within the PAP and among opposition MPs and Nominated Members of Parliament (NMPs). During parliamentary debates in April 2010 on increasing the number of NCMPs from six to nine, several MPs expressed dissatisfaction with what they called the lack of legitimacy and anti-democratic nature of the NCMP concept. For instance, PAP MP Alvin Yeo expressed doubts as to whether the NCMP scheme had served to raise the level of debate in Parliament, while NMP Calvin Cheng said:

The opposition has, from the introduction of the NCMP scheme, decried it as a "sham" and a "toothless" office. Opposition member J. B. Jeyaratnam questioned whether it was "a trick or a ploy" by the ruling party to maintain its dominance in Parliament. It has been argued that the system has placed the opposition at a disadvantage at general elections for a number of reasons. For one, there are restrictions on NCMPs as to what they can or cannot vote on in Parliament. Thus, it has been suggested that the presence of NCMPs in Parliament "does not seem to extend beyond the decorative and the provision of debating foils for the younger PAP generation unexposed to the gladiatorial quality of parliamentary debate". Moreover, the effectiveness of the NCMP scheme is limited by the perception that the NCMP is obliged to be adversarial by virtue of being party to the opposition. This is so even if privately the Member can apprehend the benefits of a Government proposal. Finally, the NCMP scheme has been criticised as a ploy to discourage voters from voting in opposition MPs because of the guarantee of at least a number of NCMP seats. This inhibits the natural growth of an elected opposition voice in Parliament as the electorate's motivation to vote in an opposition Member into Parliament is conceivably diluted by the assurance that a default mechanism exists for the "best losers".

During the 2010 debates, Sylvia Lim, then the sole NCMP in Parliament, commented that having NCMPs "make[s] a bad situation better, but increasing NCMPs is not the solution towards a more robust political system". She identified an NCMP's lack of any official capacity to represent the people or write letters on their behalf as a drawback of the scheme. Moreover, an NCMP has no physical base to organize activities or dialogues with the people. In her view, it would be better for politics in Singapore if the NCMP scheme was regarded merely as a "stop-gap measure" to deal with the lack of alternative voices in Parliament as a result of the ruling party's alleged abuse of the GRC system and gerrymandering. In 2011, WP's Low Thia Khiang had cited an NCMP's lack of "muscle and real grassroot[s] grounding" as a reason for his refusal to take up an NCMP seat if offered. NCMPs do not represent any constituency and are thus denied of opportunities to expand their influence.

In 2011, during a live television forum, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong refuted claims that NCMPs were not a "real opposition" by stating that the PAP had introduced and expanded the scheme "because it acknowledged both the desire among Singaporeans for alternative voices and the need for an opposition to represent the diverse views in society". He noted that NCMPs were free to debate issues in Parliament, and that the scheme provided opposition politicians with an opportunity to "establish themselves and strengthen their positions in subsequent general elections".

Position of NCMP

A Non-constituency Member of Parliament ("NCMP") is a candidate of an opposition political party who, despite having lost in a general election, is declared elected as a Member of the Parliament of Singapore ("MP") by virtue of provisions in the Constitution and the Parliamentary Elections Act enabling the unsuccessful candidates who have performed the best to be accorded the status. The NCMP does not represent any constituency (or electoral division) in Parliament.

The NCMP scheme was introduced on 22 August 1984 by the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Act 1984 and the Parliamentary Elections (Amendment) Act 1984. Under Article 39(1)(b) of the Constitution which was introduced by the constitutional amendment Act, the maximum number of NCMPs was set at six. However, the actual number that could be declared elected at any general election was fixed at three, less the total number of Opposition MPs elected to Parliament. The President, acting on the advice of the Cabinet, could order that between four and six NCMPs be declared elected for the purpose of a particular general election. Such an order ceased to have effect at the next dissolution of Parliament. On 1 July 2010, the need for a presidential order to increase the number of NCMPs was removed. Instead, the maximum number of NCMPs in Parliament was increased from six to nine, and the actual number that would be declared elected following a general election would be nine sans the number of opposition MPs elected to Parliament.

On 9 November 2016, a bill to amend the Constitution was passed to increase the maximum number of NCMPs from nine to 12, and to confer upon NCMPs the same voting powers as elected MPs. NCMPs could exercise their enhanced voting powers with effect from 1 April 2017, while the procedure for electing up to 12 NCMPs after a general election was brought into effect on 2 January 2019.By the , s. 16, amending the PEA, s. 52(1); and the {{Singapore legislation|title=Parliamentary Elections (Amendment) Act 2018 (Commencement) Notification|url=https://sso.agc.gov.sg/SL-Supp/S2-2019/Published/20190102?DocDate=20190102|no=2|year=2019}}.

Becoming an NCMP

NCMPs have been called the "best losers" of each general election. As NCMPs are declared elected from candidates who fail to win at general elections, they are subject to the same qualifying criteria as elected MPs:

• They must be Singapore citizens aged 21 or above.
• Their names must appear in a current register of electors.
• They must have been residents of Singapore for at least ten years.
• They must be able to speak, read and write in at least one of the four official languages (English, Malay, Mandarin and Tamil).
• They must not be disqualified under Article 45 of the Constitution.

The Constitution and the Parliamentary Elections Act However, this is subject to several conditions. There must be fewer than 12 opposition members voted into Parliament, and the candidate must have garnered at least 15% of the total number of votes polled at the election in the contested electoral division. In addition, there can be no more than two NCMPs from one Group Representation Constituency ("GRC") and no more than one NCMP from an electoral division that is not a GRC (that is, a Single Member Constituency or SMC).

If the number of opposition candidates elected is fewer than 12, losing opposition candidates who have the highest percentage of votes during the election will be declared elected as NCMPs to make up the minimum number of opposition MPs. Hence, the number of NCMP seats offered is 12 minus the number of elected opposition MPs.

In the event that a group of candidates contesting in a GRC is offered an NCMP seat, the group must decide within seven days the person or persons to be declared elected as NCMPs and notify the returning officer. Elected NCMP must take an oath of allegiance to Singapore and to "preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore". If this is not done at the first or second sitting of Parliament during its first session after the general election, Parliament may by resolution declare that the NCMP's seat has become vacant and that it will be filled by the next succeeding eligible candidate at the general elections, the candidates having priority based on the percentage of votes polled by them.

Opposition members who qualify to become NCMPs are allowed to reject their seats in Parliament, as it was the case first seen since 2011 general election, several opposition leaders stated that they would not want to accept NCMP seats, such as Low Thia Khiang, then the Secretary-General of the Workers' Party, and former PAP MP and Progress Singapore Party founder Tan Cheng Bock. Low was re-elected in Aljunied GRC in the ensuing 2011 election; Tan lost the election by a narrow margin in West Coast GRC in the 2020 election and subsequently selected two of their fellow team members, Leong Mun Wai and Hazel Poa, as their NCMPs.

There are two such situations to date where the offer was rejected, one after the 1984 election, and former Punggol East SMC MP Lee Li Lian after the 2015 election.

Parliamentary role

Before 1 April 2017, NCMPs could engage in debate in Parliament and were allowed to vote on all bills except the following:

• Amendments to the Constitution.
• Any motion pertaining to a bill to amend a supply bill, supplementary supply bill or final supply bill. (These are bills authorizing the Government to expend public money.)
• Any motion pertaining to a Bill to amend a money bill.
• A motion of no confidence in the Government.
• Removal of the President from office.

With effect from that date, they were conferred the same voting rights as elected MPs.

Allocation

In the 1984 general election, the first held after the NCMP scheme was introduced, as the opposition MPs J. B. Jeyaretnam of the WP and Chiam See Tong of the Singapore Democratic Party were elected to Parliament, the single NCMP seat available was allocated to the WP's M. P. D. Nair. However, the WP decided that its defeated candidates should not take up NCMP seats. Jeyaretnam, the WP's Secretary-General, said that the "real object" behind the scheme was to persuade the electorate to return the PAP to all the seats in Parliament, which was "the antithesis of what Parliament is". The NCMP seat was then allocated to Tan Chee Kien of the Singapore United Front, but his party also decided to reject the seat. This was regarded as a "resignation", and the NCMP seat was thus not filled.

The first NCMP to take up a seat in Parliament, Lee Siew Choh of the WP, did so following the 1988 general election at which Chiam See Tong was the only opposition MP elected. The WP's Lee and Francis Seow were declared elected as NCMPs on 16 September 1988.. However, on 9 January 1989 the Speaker of Parliament Tan Soo Khoon announced that Seow had lost his seat with effect from 17 December 1988 under Article 45 of the Constitution after he was convicted and fined for tax evasion. In the general election that followed in 1991, a special provision was made for four instead of three NCMP seats, but none were offered because four opposition members were successful in their respective electoral divisions.

In the 1997 general election, number of NCMP seats reverted to three. After two opposition members were elected, one NCMP seat was offered to, and accepted by, J. B. Jeyaratnam. He was declared elected with effect from 14 January 1997. Subsequently, with effect from 23 July 2001, Jeyaretnam fell into bankruptcy due to an unpaid debt and thus lost his seat in Parliament.

In the 2001 general election, only one NCMP seat was offered to Chua Chu Kang SMC's candidate Steve Chia of the Singapore Democratic Alliance, who won 34.66% of the votes as the best performing defeated candidate for the election. In the 2006 general election, WP won 43.91% of the votes in Aljunied GRC, the best performing defeated team for the election. Sylvia Lim was subsequently declared elected as the next NCMP in Parliament on 12 May 2006.

Following an increase in the number of NCMP seats in Parliament to nine in 2010, after the WP garnered six seats at the 2011 general election, three NCMP seats were offered. They were taken up by Lina Loh from the Singapore People's Party, who contested Potong Pasir SMC, and Yee Jenn Jong and Gerald Giam of the WP, who contested Joo Chiat SMC and East Coast GRC, respectively.

In the 2015 general election, WP again won six seats, so three NCMP seats were offered. They were offered to Lee Li Lian (Punggol East SMC), Dennis Tan (Fengshan SMC) and one of the candidates of the East Coast GRC team. Tan and Leon Perera (of the East Coast GRC team) accepted with Lee declining the seat. WP filled a motion in Parliament to allow Daniel Goh to take Lee's place as NCMP and the motion was passed by the legislature. Goh was later sworn-in as a NCMP. The amendments in 2016 saw the number of NCMPs seats being increased to 12; in the 2020 general election, after WP won ten seats at that election, two NCMP seats were offered. The Progress Singapore Party team contesting West Coast GRC garnered 48.32% of the votes, was the best-performing defeated team for the election. They were taken up by Leong Mun Wai and Hazel Poa, and were subsequently declared elected as the NCMPs in Parliament on 16 July 2020.

In the 2025 general election, WP won ten seats again, resulting in two NCMPs seats being offered, one to Andre Low (Jalan Kayu SMC), and one of the candidates from Tampines GRC team. It was announced on 19 May 2025 that Low and Eileen Chong (of the Tampines GRC team) would accept the seats.

List of NCMPs

Notable issues raised by NCMPs

NCMPs have raised and debated in Parliament a wide range of issues. What follows are some of the more notable issues mentioned.

Steve Chia

In November 2002, NCMP Steve Chia supported a motion by the Minister for Education stating that "this House ... (1) supports the new JC [junior college] curriculum which will better develop thinking, communication and other process skills and engage students in greater breadth of learning; and (2) endorses greater diversity and opening of new pathways in JC/Upper Secondary education to cater to the different strengths and interests of students." He suggested that there should be a focus on "creative spontaneity", expressing the view that the education system in 2002 was one that focused on churning out a production line of workers, managers and instruction takers. Given that Singapore had reached the standards of a First World economy, Singapore should focus on instilling an inquisitive spirit within students, to encourage students to ask questions. He placed most emphasis on the importance of ensuring that the focus of education should be character building, stating: "It will be failure of our education system if we are to train our best and brightest with our best resources only to be told that they are going to be the quitters of our society; or that they lack the compassion for the weak and the down; or that they behave in a snobbish class of their own; or behave condescendingly to their peers and followers; or that the elites only care about their own self-interests."

In 2003, Chia mooted the idea that Singaporeans should be able to borrow from their own Central Provident Fund (CPF) savings to tide over periods of financial difficulty. His rationale was that if individuals could borrow from their own CPF accounts to buy depreciating property and money-losing stocks, there was no reason why they should not be allowed to do so to pay for bills. Ong Seh Hong, MP for Aljunied GRC, opposed the view, stating that it was important and for the good of Singapore that Singaporeans were independent individuals who could assume the risks and successes of their investments and be self-sufficient.

With the advent of the Integrated Resorts, which are casino-based vacation resorts, in 2005 Chia expressed concern in Parliament over whether the Government had systems and institutions in place to lessen their negative impact such as problem gambling and the spectre of people gambling away family assets.

Sylvia Lim

Sylvia Lim was an NCMP from 2006 till Parliament was dissolved in 2011 for the general election held that year, at which she was elected as one of the MPs for Aljunied GRC. While she was an NCMP, Parliament debated the Human Organ Transplant (Amendment) Bill 2009 which would permit an organ donor to receive a reasonable amount of payment as a reimbursement for medical checks, insurance and other medical expenses, and loss of income. Lim spoke of her worry that the bill might lead to a backdoor organ trading and profiteering.

In 2010, Lim mooted the idea that the proportion of each Primary 1 cohort that would be seeking a university education should be increased beyond the 30% by 2015 that the Government was planning. She noted that in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries in 2006 about 37% of each age cohort received a degree-level education, and that a sizeable number of Singaporean students who failed to gain entry into local universities had done well in reputable universities overseas. She also suggested giving concessionary fares to disabled individuals who make up 2% of the adult population under 60 years.

Lim expressed concerns about a proposed constitutional amendment introduced in April 2010 that would allow magistrates to hear what are called "first mentions" through video conferencing. A first mention is a hearing that must be held within 48 hours of a person's arrest. She felt it failed to adequately assure accused people that they were allowed to complain to magistrates about injuries they had sustained or acts of misfeasance against them by the authorities. In response, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Home Affairs Wong Kan Seng assured MPs that processes would be in place to ensure that accused people are treated fairly. For example, during a video conference, an accused person will be alone in a room with no police officer, and will be able to see what is happening in the entire courtroom. Secondly, the screen that will be used is large enough for the judge to clearly see whether the accused is under duress. Finally, accused people who have been mistreated can either complain to the police or to the judge when they are later present in court.

The following month, during parliamentary debates on major revisions to the Criminal Procedure Code, Lim suggested there was a need to improve pre-trial disclosure procedures and to ensure that victims of crimes received redress. Further, she expressed concerns over the leniency of community-based sentencing. The bill eventually incorporated several of her suggestions.

In 2011, Lim noted that the Compulsory Education Act ensures that all children have the opportunity to receive an education. However, she expressed concern that processes for entry to schools for children with special needs were cumbersome. Furthermore, education for children with special needs was not subject to the same subsidies that students in mainstream schools had. She thus brought to the House's attention the fact that special needs children might have been unintentionally marginalised. These concerns were supported by Penny Low, MP for Pasir Ris–Punggol GRC.

Notes

References

Bibliography

• ("PEA")

References

1. (19 May 2025). "Andre Low, Eileen Chong dari WP dipilih sebagai NCMP".
2. (19 May 2025). "工人党刘宇扬蒋佩姗 出任非选区议员".
3. (19 May 2025). "தொகுதியில்லா நாடாளுமன்ற உறுப்பினர்கள்:ஆண்ட்ரே லோ, ஐலீன் சோங்".
4. (2020-06-03). "Here's How Much Our Members of Parliament (MPs) Are Paid".
5. (30 June 1984). "3 Opposition seats assured". The Straits Times.
6. (25 July 1984). "3 reasons for Opposition MPs". The Straits Times.
7. {{Singapore Hansard. Prime Minister]]. link. (24 July 1984)
8. Lee, speech during the Second Reading of the Constitution of Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Bill, ''Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report'' (24 July 1984), col. 1726.
9. (24 December 1984). "Lee warns voters against swing to the opposition". [[Financial Times]].
10. (7 June 2012). "1968 parliamentary election results". [[Elections Department]].
11. (7 June 2012). "1972 parliamentary election results". Elections Department.
12. (7 June 2012). "1976 parliamentary election results". Elections Department.
13. (7 June 2012). "1980 parliamentary election results". Elections Department.
14. (30 June 1984). "Most people don't want 'second-class MPs'". The Straits Times.
15. (15 May 1985). "Tan Chee Kien 'resigns'". The Straits Times.
16. (15 May 1985). "Non-elected MP seat not taken up". The Straits Times.
17. (5 January 1985). "WP says no to non-elected seat offer". The Straits Times.
18. (27 December 1984). "'Reject non-constituency MP seat' call by SUF". The Straits Times.
19. (18 September 1988). "Francis Seow and Siew Choh made non-constituency MPs". The Straits Times.
20. {{Singapore Hansard. Hong Kah GRC]]. link. (26 April 2010). ff.]]''
21. (27 April 2010). "NMP vs Minister, NCMP". The Straits Times (reproduced on the AsiaOne website).
22. {{Singapore Hansard. link. (24 July 1989)
23. Thio Li-ann. (1993). "The Post-colonial Constitutional Evolution of the Singapore Legislature: A Case Study". Singapore Journal of Legal Studies.
24. Tey Tsun Hang, p. 615.
25. Thio, "The Post-colonial Constitutional Evolution of the Singapore Legislature", p. 98.
26. {{Singapore Hansard. link. (26 April 2010)
27. Saad. (26 April 2010). "Parliament amends Constitution to change NCMP & NMP schemes". [[CNA (TV network).
28. Elgin Teo. (13 April 2011). "NCMPs add to voices in Parliament, says PM". The Straits Times.
29. "Constitution".
30. "Parliamentary Elections Act".
31. Kevin Y[ew] L[ee] Tan. (2010). "Constitutional Law in Malaysia and Singapore". [[LexisNexis]].
32. Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Act 1984 (No. 16 of 1984), in force on 10 August 1984.
33. Parliamentary Elections (Amendment) Act 1984 (No. 22 of 1984), in force on 22 August 1984.
34. "Parliamentary Elections Act".
35. Pang Gek Choo. (4 January 1997). "Non-constituency MP scheme – mere trickery or genuine offer". [[The Straits Times]].
36. (2010). "Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Act".
37. Chua Lee Hoong. (22 April 2011). "Some ministers had 'qualms' about more NCMPs". The Straits Times (reproduced on the website of the [[Prime Minister's Office (Singapore).
38. PEA, s. 52(1).
39. (2016). "Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Act".
40. Lee Min Kok. (27 January 2016). "PM Lee Hsien Loong: NCMPs to get equal voting rights as MPs; opposition MPs to increase from 9 to 12 next GE". [[The Straits Times]].
41. (2017). "Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Act 2016 (Commencement) Notification".
42. Tey Tsun Hang. (December 2008). "Singapore's Electoral System: Government by the People?". [[Legal Studies (law journal).
43. Singapore Constitution, Art. 44.
44. For the disqualifications set out in Art. 45 of the Constitution, see "[[Parliament of Singapore#Qualifications. Parliament of Singapore – Qualifications]]".
45. provide for a maximum of 12 NCMPs in Parliament. After the polling results for a general election have been released, the opposition candidates receiving the highest percentage of votes in their [[constituencies of Singapore. electoral divisions]] but not elected into Parliament will be offered NCMP seats.PEA, s. 52(3).
46. PEA, s. 52(3A)(a).
47. PEA, s. 52(3A)(c).
48. PEA, s. 52(3B)(a).
49. Singapore Constitution, Art. 61 and the 1st Schedule, Form 3.
50. PEA, ss. 53(1) and (2).
51. Zakir Hussain. (12 April 2011). "NCMP seats: Opposition candidates divided on issue". The Straits Times.
52. Teo Xuanwei. (24 March 2011). "Low Thia Kiang: No NCMP seat for me". [[Today (Singapore newspaper).
53. (11 July 2020). "GE2020: PSP's credible maiden showing a 'head start' for the future, says Tan Cheng Bock".
54. (14 July 2020). "GE2020: PSP's Hazel Poa and Leong Mun Wai will take up NCMP seats". CNA.
55. "Non-Constituency Member of Parliament (NCMP) scheme".
56. Chong, Zi Liang. (29 January 2016). "Parliament: House votes to fill NCMP seat vacated by WP Punggol East candidate Lee Li Lian". The Straits Times.
57. Chong, Zi Liang. (5 February 2016). "WP's Daniel Goh declared third NCMP". The Straits Times.
58. Singapore Constitution, Art. 39(2), before being amended by the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Act 2016 (No. 28 of 2016).
59. The term ''[[money bill]]'' is defined in Art. 68 of the Constitution, and in general refers to a bill containing only provisions dealing with financial matters such as regulating taxation and dealing with public money.
60. (25 December 1984). "Non-constituency MP: Nair elected". The Straits Times.
61. Osman, Ahmad. (5 January 1985). "WP says 'no' to non-elected seat offer: SUF and Barisan show interest". The Straits Times.
62. Low Mei Mei. (12 March 1985). "SUF chairman rejects offer of seat". The Straits Times.
63. (15 May 1985). "Non-elected MP seat not taken up". The Straits Times.
64. (9 January 1989). "Mr Francis Seow Tiang Siew (Disqualification as Non-Constituency Member) (Announcement by Mr Speaker)". [[The Straits Times.
65. (1 September 1991). "Some surprise faces among top losers in opposition camp". The Sunday Times.
66. (11 January 1997). "Jeyaretnam says 'yes' to offer of NCMP seat". The Straits Times.
67. (16 January 1997). "WP's leader Jeya declared NCMP". The Straits Times.
68. (25 July 2011). "Seat of Non-constituency Member of Parliament Mr J B Jeyaretnam (Announcement by Mr Speaker)". The Straits Times.
69. Sivakkumaran, G.. (6 November 2001). "Steve Chia ready to be NCMP". The Straits Times.
70. Loh, Dominique. (9 May 2006). "Singapore's Workers' Party names chairman Sylvia Lim as next NCMP". [[CNA (TV network).
71. Ramesh, S.. (17 May 2011}}; {{cite news). "Opposition trio named as NCMPs". The Straits Times.
72. (18 January 2016). "WP files motion to have NCMP seat offered to Lee Li Lian declared vacant; wants Daniel Goh to take it up".
73. (4 February 2016). "Workers' Party's East Coast GRC candidate Daniel Goh is 3rd NCMP".
74. Ng, Charmaine. (2020-07-11). "GE2020: Two PSP candidates from West Coast GRC team to be offered NCMP seats".
75. (14 July 2020). "GE2020: PSP chooses assistant secretary-general Leong Mun Wai and vice-chairman Hazel Poa as NCMPs".
76. "Workers' Party's Andre Low and Eileen Chong to enter parliament as Non-Constituency MPs".
77. (7 June 2012). "1984 parliamentary election results". [[Elections Department]].
78. (7 June 2012). "1988 parliamentary election results". [[Elections Department]].
79. (7 June 2012). "1991 parliamentary election results". [[Elections Department]].
80. (7 June 2012). "1997 parliamentary election results". [[Elections Department]].
81. (7 June 2012). "2001 parliamentary election results". [[Elections Department]].
82. (7 June 2012). "2006 parliamentary election results". [[Elections Department]].
83. (7 June 2012). "2011 parliamentary election results". Elections Department.
84. (7 June 2012). "2015 parliamentary election results". Elections Department.
85. "ELECTION OF NON-CONSTITUENCY MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT IN GENERAL ELECTION 2020".
86. "ELECTION OF NON-CONSTITUENCY MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT IN GENERAL ELECTION 2025".
87. (27 November 2002). "Junior College/Upper Secondary Education".
88. Chia, "Junior College/Upper Secondary education", ''Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report'' (27 November 2002), col. 1840.
89. (11 March 2003). "Annual Budget Statement".
90. (11 March 2003). "Annual Budget Statement".
91. (20 April 2005). "Proposal to Develop Integrated Resorts".
92. {{Singapore Hansard. link. (24 March 2009)
93. (10 March 2010). "Head K – Ministry of Education".
94. (11 March 2010). "Head W – Ministry of Transport".
95. (2010). "Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Act".
96. "Criminal Procedure Code".
97. {{Singapore Hansard. link. (26 April 2010)
98. {{Singapore Hansard. Minister for Home Affairs]]. link. (26 April 2010)
99. (2010}} (now {{Singapore legislation). "Criminal Procedure Code".
100. (18 May 2010). "Criminal Procedure Code".
101. {{Singapore Hansard. Minister for Law]]. link. (19 May 2010)
102. "Compulsory Education Act".
103. (7 March 2011). "Head K – Ministry of Education".
104. (7 March 2011). "Head K – Ministry of Education".