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1988 Singaporean general election

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Field	Value
country	Singapore
type	parliamentary
previous_election	1984 Singaporean general election
previous_year	1984
outgoing_members	6th Parliament of Singapore
next_election	1991 Singaporean general election
next_year	1991
elected_members	7th Parliament of Singapore
election_date	3 September 1988
registered	1,669,013
turnout	94.70% ( 0.95pp)
seats_for_election	All 81 directly elected seats in Parliament (and up to 3 NCMPs)
image_size	130x130px
image1	Lee_Kuan_Yew_1985.jpg
leader1	Lee Kuan Yew
party1	People's Action Party
last_election1	64.83%, 77 seats
seats1	80
seat_change1	3
popular_vote1	848,029
percentage1	63.17%
swing1	1.66pp
image2	JoshuaBenjaminJeyaretnam-Singapore-20051107-cropped.jpg
leader2	J. B. Jeyaretnam
party2	Workers' Party (Singapore)
last_election2	12.65%, 1 seat
seats2	1
seat_change2
popular_vote2	224,473
percentage2	16.72%
swing2	4.07pp
image3	ChiamSeeTong-SDARally-20060502.jpg
leader3	Chiam See Tong
party3	Singapore Democratic Party
last_election3	3.66%, 1 seat
seats3	1
seat_change3
popular_vote3	158,341
percentage3	11.80%
swing3	8.14pp
title	Prime Minister
posttitle	Prime Minister after election
before_election	Lee Kuan Yew
after_election	Lee Kuan Yew
before_party	People's Action Party
after_party	People's Action Party
leaders_seat1	Tanjong Pagar SMC
leaders_seat2	Did not contest
leaders_seat3	Potong Pasir SMC
map_image	Map_of_the_results_of_the_1988_Singaporean_general_election.svg
map_caption	Results by constituency

General elections were held in Singapore on 3 September 1988 to elect members of Parliament. They were the eighth general elections since the introduction of self-government in 1959 and the sixth since independence in 1965. This election was Lee Kuan Yew's final general election as Prime Minister before he passed the leadership to Deputy Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong in 1990.

This election was notable for the debut of Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs), a new electoral arrangement introduced by the government. GRCs required candidates to contest in teams, with the inclusion of at least one member from a minority ethnic community. The scheme began with constituencies represented by teams of three Members of Parliament. While presented as a safeguard for multiracialism, the system was heavily criticised by opposition politicians and parties for increasing the barriers to entry for smaller parties, who found it difficult to field sufficiently strong teams to contest effectively in GRCs.

The People's Action Party (PAP), which had governed since independence, secured a landslide victory winning all but one of the 81 parliamentary seats. The only opposition candidate elected was Chiam See Tong of the Singapore Democratic Party (SDP), who retained his seat in Potong Pasir SMC. In addition, a single Non-constituency Member of Parliament (NCMP) seat was awarded to Lee Siew Choh from the Workers' Party (WP), who had contested in Eunos GRC. He became the first opposition politician to accept an NCMP seat, following previous rejections of such offers in 1984. In addition, while the total number of eligible voters had exceeded one million in 1976, this election marked the first occasion where over one million voters were able to cast their ballots in contested constituencies.

Background

In 1986 the PAP government introduced Town Councils (TC). Unlike the former City Council, which was abolished in 1959 and held separate local elections, Town Councils do not operate through distinct electoral mandates. Instead, local administrative responsibilities are delegated to elected Members of Parliament through general elections. This move coincided with the establishment of Group Representation Constituencies (GRC), a system based on the plurality general ticket method. GRCs were introduced with the stated aim of guaranteeing ethnic minority representation in Parliament. However, the scheme was heavily criticised by opposition politicians and parties, who argued that it created significant barriers to electoral competition. GRCs were initially formed as constituencies represented by teams of three members. Additionally, this election marked a procedural change in the handling of electoral boundaries. For the first time, alterations to electoral divisions were approved directly by the Prime Minister's Office, rather than being debated and passed in Parliament through a formal bill.

The opposition landscape also evolved significantly during this period. The Workers' Party (WP) absorbed both the Barisan Sosialis (BS) and the Singapore United Front, positioning itself as the dominant opposition party. However, WP's Secretary-General J. B. Jeyaretnam was ineligible to contest in this general election, having been barred for five years in 1986 after being convicted for falsely declaring the party's accounts. He had previously served as MP for Anson from 1981 until his seat was vacated in 1986. Under the Constitution of Singapore at the time, an MP must vacate their seat if fined S$2,000 or more or sentenced to 12 months or more in jail. The fine quantum was increased to S$10,000 in 2022. Jeyaretnam consistently maintained that his convictions were politically motivated. WP also formed a cooperative alliance with the Malay–based party Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Singapura (PKMS), creating a united faction ahead of the election. On 6 March 1987, the National Solidarity Party (NSP) was established by Kum Teng Hock, a former member of the ruling PAP, and Soon Kia Seng, a former chairman of the SDP. They became the party's founding President and Secretary-General respectively.

Timeline

Date	Event
14 June	Publication of Electoral Boundaries report
17 August	Dissolution of [6th Parliament](6th-parliament-of-singapore)
24 August	Nomination Day
3 September	Polling Day
16 September	Non-constituency Member of Parliament posts declared
9 January 1989	Opening of [7th Parliament](7th-parliament-of-singapore)

Electoral boundaries

In addition to the creation of the Group Representation Constituency (GRC) scheme, single member constituencies (SMC) were either formed from or absorbed to neighboring constituencies due to development and electorate.

Constituency	Changes	Formation of Group Representation Constituencies	New Single Member Constituencies	Defunct Constituencies
Aljunied GRC	Formed from Aljunied, Kampong Kembangan and Kampong Ubi Constituencies
Bedok GRC	Formed from Bedok, Kampong Chai Chee and Tanah Merah Constituencies
Brickworks GRC	Formed from Alexandra, Brickworks and Queenstown Constituencies
Cheng San GRC	Formed from Cheng San, Chong Boon and Jalan Kayu Constituencies
Eunos GRC	Formed from Eunos, Kaki Bukit and a portion of Tampines Constituencies (the latter was renamed to Tampines North SMC)
Hong Kah GRC	Formed from parts of Bukit Batok (Hong Kah North), Hong Kah (Hong Kah Central) and Yuhua Constituencies (Hong Kah South)
Jalan Besar GRC	Formed from Geylang West, Jalan Besar and Kolam Ayer Constituencies.
Marine Parade GRC	Formed from Geylang Serai, Joo Chiat and Marine Parade Constituencies.
Pasir Panjang GRC	Formed from Clementi, Pasir Panjang and West Coast Constituencies.
Sembawang GRC	Formed from parts of Nee Soon (Chong Pang and Nee Soon East) and most of Sembawang SMCs
Nee Soon Central and Nee Soon South were subsumed into its own SMCs
Tampines GRC	Formed from Changkat and Tampines Constituencies (the latter was divided into Tampines Changkat, Tampines East and Tampines West)
Tiong Bahru GRC	Formed from Delta, Henderson, Tiong Bahru and Radin Mas Constituencies; Delta was absorbed into Tiong Bahru division.
Toa Payoh GRC	Formed from Boon Teck, Khe Bong, Kuo Chuan and Toa Payoh Constituencies; Khe Bong was absorbed into Boon Teck division.
Bukit Gombak SMC	Carved out from Bukit Batok Constituency
Hougang SMC	Carved out from Punggol Constituency
Nee Soon Central SMC
Nee Soon East SMC	Carved out from Nee Soon Constituency
Anson Constituency	Absorbed into Tanjong Pagar SMC
Bo Wen Constituency	Absorbed into Ang Mo Kio SMC
River Valley Constituency	Absorbed into Cairnhill SMC
Rochore Constituency	Absorbed into Kampong Glam SMC
Telok Ayer Constituency	Absorbed into Kreta Ayer SMC

New and outgoing candidates

The election introduced certain prominent members such as George Yeo, K Shanmugam, Mah Bow Tan, as well as a future WP and opposition leader Low Thia Khiang, who made his debut in Tiong Bahru Group Representation Constituency. 13 MPs retired ahead of the election per the party's renewal, which include Deputy Prime Minister Toh Chin Chye and Senior Minister S. Rajaratnam. Before that, two other MPs had vacated but neither by-elections are called, which were J. B. Jeyaretnam (Anson) and Minister Teh Cheang Wan (Geylang West).

New PAP candidates	Notable opposition candidates	Outgoing candidates

Results

For the first time since independence, voter turnout experienced a decline, with 94.70 percent of voters in the contested constituencies casting their ballots. This represented a decrease of 0.95 percent from the previous general election. The PAP also recorded a fall in its popular vote share for the second consecutive election, dropping by 1.66 percentage points to 63.17 percent. Lee Kuan Yew's Tanjong Pagar once again emerged as the PAP's strongest-performing constituency, achieving 81.60 percent of the vote. It was the only constituency to secure more than 80 percent of votes, making it the top-performing ward for the fifth time in six elections.

With SDP leader Chiam See Tong winning the sole opposition seat in Potong Pasir, two Non-constituency MP seats were offered to former solicitor-general and Law Society president Francis Seow, and veteran politician Lee Siew Choh. Both stood under the banner of the Workers' Party (WP) in Eunos GRC. Their campaign drew attention for openly criticising the PAP over alleged irregularities in financial matters, prompting Minister of State Tay Eng Soon to head the PAP team contesting Eunos.

Ultimately, the PAP won the constituency with 50.89 percent of the vote, making it the election's most marginal victory with a winning margin of only 1.78 percent. As the best-performing opposition team to have lost, the WP team in Eunos qualified for the NCMP scheme. Seow, however, fled Singapore on 17 December to avoid arrest and was disqualified from taking up the seat. He had earlier been detained for 72 days without trial under the Internal Security Act (ISA), following accusations of receiving political campaign funding from the United States and facing charges of tax evasion. Lee Siew Choh accepted the NCMP offer, becoming Singapore's first NCMP and marking his return to Parliament after a 25-year absence having previously served as a legislator for both the PAP and later the Barisan Sosialis (BS).

The opposition's overall popular vote share set several new records in this election. The WP secured 16.72 percent of the vote, the highest post-independence performance by any opposition party at the time. Conversely, Angkatan Islam recorded a vote share of just 1.50 percent, the lowest in post-independence history until it was surpassed in the 2025 election by the National Solidarity Party with 1.19 percent of the contested vote. Nonetheless, Angkatan Islam's overall national vote share of 0.02 percent remained the lowest ever recorded. A total of five candidates forfeited their $4,000 election deposits.

By constituency

Constituency	Seats	Electorate	Party	Candidates	Votes	%
Aljunied GRC	3	65,351	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	**Chin Harn Tong
Wan Hussin B H Zoohri
George Yeo**	34,020
Singapore Democratic Party}}"		Singapore Democratic Party	Jufrie Mahmood
Neo Choon Aik
Ashleigh Seow Chuan-Hock	26,375	43.67
Ang Mo Kio SMC	1	14,633	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	Yeo Toon Chia	13,365
National Solidarity Party (Singapore)}}"		National Solidarity Party	Ong Kah Seng	7,044	27.25
Ayer Rajah SMC	1	22,532	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	Tan Cheng Bock	14,824
Workers' Party (Singapore)}}"		Workers' Party	Tan Song Gek	6,489	30.45
Bedok GRC	3	54,969	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	**Hong Hai
Ibrahim Othman
S. Jayakumar**	28,266
Workers' Party (Singapore)}}"		Workers' Party	Gertrude De Gracias
Saraswathy Murugason
Seow Khee Leng	23,203	45.08
Boon Lay SMC	1	16,646	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	Goh Chee Wee	11,317
Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Singapura}}"		Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Singapura	Salleh Mohd Bawthan	4,408	28.03
Braddell Heights SMC	1	27,019	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	Goh Choon Kang	14,862
Singapore Democratic Party}}"		Singapore Democratic Party	Sin Kek Tong	10,412	41.20
Brickworks GRC	3	43,117	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	**Ahmad Mattar
Chay Wai Chuen
Tan Soo Khoon**	26,870
Workers' Party (Singapore)}}"		Workers' Party	J C Corera
Goh Teng Hoon
Ismail Yaacob	12,977	32.57
Bukit Batok SMC	1	24,138	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	Ong Chit Chung	12,873
Singapore Democratic Party}}"		Singapore Democratic Party	Kwan Yue Keng	10,139	44.06
Bukit Gombak SMC	1	25,221	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	Seet Ai Mee	12,661
Singapore Democratic Party}}"		Singapore Democratic Party	Ling How Doong	11,024	46.54
Bukit Merah SMC	1	14,723	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	Lim Chee Onn	9,414
Workers' Party (Singapore)}}"		Workers' Party	Pok Lee Chuen	4,077	30.22
Bukit Panjang SMC	1	33,824	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	Lee Yiok Seng	18,314
Singapore Democratic Party}}"		Singapore Democratic Party	Kwek Guan Kwee	9,864	30.86
Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Singapura}}"		Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Singapura	Ibrahim Ariff	3,790	11.86
Bukit Timah SMC	1	20,222	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	Wang Kai Yuen	Uncontested
Buona Vista SMC	1	15,850	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	Peter Sung	8,859
Singapore Democratic Party}}"		Singapore Democratic Party	Low Yong Nguan	5,037	35.11
Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Singapura}}"		Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Singapura	Abdul Karim B Abdul Sattar	449	3.13
Cairnhill SMC	1	23,197	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	Wong Kwei Cheong	12,779
Singapore Democratic Party}}"		Singapore Democratic Party	Jimmy Tan Tiang Hoe	7,194	36.02
Changi SMC	1	17,145	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	Teo Chong Tee	9,398
Workers' Party (Singapore)}}"		Workers' Party	Chiam Yeow Juan	6,431	40.63
Cheng San GRC	3	56,352	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	**Lee Yock Suan
Chandra Das S
Heng Chiang Meng**	Uncontested
Chua Chu Kang SMC	1	19,628	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	Low Seow Chay	11,058
Workers' Party (Singapore)}}"		Workers' Party	Goh Seng Soon	7,597	40.72
Eunos GRC	3	75,723	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	**Tay Eng Soon
Chew Heng Ching
Zulkifli Mohammed**	36,500
Workers' Party (Singapore)}}"		Workers' Party	Lee Siew Choh
Mohd Khalit B Md Baboo
Francis Seow	35,221	49.11
Fengshan SMC	1	17,389	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	Arthur Beng Kian Lam	9,507
Workers' Party (Singapore)}}"		Workers' Party	Chng Chin Siah	6,907	42.08
Hong Kah GRC	3	67,431	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	**A Nasser Kamaruddin
John Chen Seow Phun
Yeo Cheow Tong**	Uncontested
Hougang SMC	1	21,703	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	Tang Guan Seng	11,983
Workers' Party (Singapore)}}"		Workers' Party	Lim Chiu Liang	8,342	41.04
Jalan Besar GRC	3	54,941	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	**Lee Boon Yang
Peh Chin Hua
Sidek Saniff**	31,604
Workers' Party (Singapore)}}"		Workers' Party	Edmund Richard Marsh
Mohamed Bin Idris
Toh Keng Thong	18,814	37.32
Jurong SMC	1	21,420	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	Ho Kah Leong	14,769
Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Singapura}}"		Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Singapura	Mohamed Awang	4,879	24.83
Kallang SMC	1	21,245	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	S. Dhanabalan	13,097
Workers' Party (Singapore)}}"		Workers' Party	A L Sundram	6,707	33.87
Kampong Glam SMC	1	21,773	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	Loh Meng See	12,525
Workers' Party (Singapore)}}"		Workers' Party	Frederick De Wind	5,800	31.87
	Angkatan Islam	M Sani Jan	280	1.51
Kebun Baru SMC	1	22,515	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	Lim Boon Heng	15,734
National Solidarity Party (Singapore)}}"		National Solidarity Party	Mohamed Affendy Bin Abdul Rahim	5,145	24.64
Kim Keat SMC	1	15,850	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	Ong Teng Cheong	10,644
Singapore Democratic Party}}"		Singapore Democratic Party	Md Shariff Bin Yahya	3,937	27.00
Kim Seng SMC	1	18,474	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	Yeo Ning Hong	11,460
Workers' Party (Singapore)}}"		Workers' Party	Chin Tian Choo	5,670	33.10
Kreta Ayer SMC	1	21,470	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	Richard Hu	13,158
Workers' Party (Singapore)}}"		Workers' Party	Loh Fook Cheong	5,507	29.50
Leng Kee SMC	1	21,964	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	Ow Chin Hock	13,334
Workers' Party (Singapore)}}"		Workers' Party	Chua Chwee Huat Peter	7,192	35.04
MacPherson SMC	1	17,063	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	Chua Sian Chin	10,453
National Solidarity Party (Singapore)}}"		National Solidarity Party	Kum Teng Hock	5,390	34.02
Marine Parade GRC	3	62,385	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	**Goh Chok Tong
Choo Wee Khiang
Othman Haron Eusofe**	41,325
Singapore Justice Party}}"		Singapore Justice Party	A R Suib
M Ramasamy
Theng Chin Eng	14,660	26.19
Moulmein SMC	1	19,229	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	Lawrence Sia	11,334
Workers' Party (Singapore)}}"		Workers' Party	A Balakrishnan	5,817	33.92
Mountbatten SMC	1	17,747	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	Eugene Yap Giau Cheng	12,712
Independent}}"		Independent	Chiam Pan Boon	3,554	21.85
Nee Soon Central SMC	1	24,403	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	Ng Pock Too	13,396
Singapore Democratic Party}}"		Singapore Democratic Party	Cheo Chai Chen	8,944	38.46
	United People's Front	Giam Lai Cheng	914	3.93
Nee Soon South SMC	1	22,542	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	Koh Lip Lin	13,793
Singapore Democratic Party}}"		Singapore Democratic Party	Yong Chu Leong	6,533	28.98
	United People's Front	Munjeet Singh	932	4.39
Pasir Panjang GRC	3	66,600	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	**Abbas Abu Amin
Bernard Chen Tien Lap
Wan Soon Bee**	38,545
Workers' Party (Singapore)}}"		Workers' Party	Gan Eng Guan
Mohd Taib Sattar
Wee Han Kim	24,059	38.43
Paya Lebar SMC	1	25,076	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	Philip Tan Tee Yong	12,352
Singapore Democratic Party}}"		Singapore Democratic Party	Chew David	11,240	47.64
Potong Pasir SMC	1	19,852	Singapore Democratic Party}}"		Singapore Democratic Party	Chiam See Tong	11,804
People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	Kenneth Chen Koon Lap	6,893	36.87
Punggol SMC	1	31,577	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	Ng Kah Ting	17,914
Singapore Democratic Party}}"		Singapore Democratic Party	Abdul Rasheed Y. Abdul Kuthus	12,017	40.15
Sembawang GRC	3	55,633	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	**Tony Tan
Charles Chong
K. Shanmugam**	36,154
	United People's Front	Ang Bee Lian
Kasim Bin Ibrahim
Harbans Singh	15,436	29.92
Serangoon Gardens SMC	1	24,831	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	Lau Teik Soon	16,234
Independent}}"		Independent	Harry Baptist	5,654	25.83
Siglap SMC	1	18,650	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	Abdullah Tarmugi	12,101
Workers' Party (Singapore)}}"		Workers' Party	Chong Tung Shang	4,311	26.27
Tampines GRC	3	65,148	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	**Mah Bow Tan
Aline Wong
Yatiman Yusof**	37,216
National Solidarity Party (Singapore)}}"		National Solidarity Party	Abdul Malik Bin Ali
Chan Yeng Cheong
Lim Ah Yong	23,796	39.00
Tanglin SMC	1	17,497	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	Lew Syn Pau	Uncontested
Tanjong Pagar SMC	1	19,041	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	Lee Kuan Yew	14,043
Independent}}"		Independent	M G Guru	3,167	18.40
Teck Ghee SMC	1	15,510	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	Lee Hsien Loong	11,512
Independent}}"		Independent	Patrick Leong S C	3,037	20.87
Telok Blangah SMC	1	18,609	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	Koh Lam Son	11,160
Workers' Party (Singapore)}}"		Workers' Party	Tan Soo Phuan	6,220	35.79
Thomson SMC	1	34,886	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	Leong Horn Kee	21,514
Singapore Democratic Party}}"		Singapore Democratic Party	Ng Teck Siong	10,590	32.99
Tiong Bahru GRC	3	58,898	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	**Chng Hee Kok
Ch'ng Jit Koon
S Vasoo**	31,732
Workers' Party (Singapore)}}"		Workers' Party	Low Thia Khiang
Lim Lye Soon
Gopalan Nair	23,132	42.16
Toa Payoh GRC	3	49,243	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	**Davinder Singh
Ho Tat Kin
Wong Kan Seng**	Uncontested
Ulu Pandan SMC	1	23,587	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	Dixie Tan	14,436
Singapore Democratic Party}}"		Singapore Democratic Party	George Sita	6,466	30.93
Whampoa SMC	1	13,819	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	Augustine Tan Hui Heng	7,522
National Solidarity Party (Singapore)}}"		National Solidarity Party	Ken Sunn	5,126	40.53
Yio Chu Kang SMC	1	15,991	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	Lau Ping Sum	10,996
National Solidarity Party (Singapore)}}"		National Solidarity Party	Rasiah Thiagarajah	3,931	26.33
Yuhua SMC	1	19,190	People's Action Party}}"		People's Action Party	Yu-Foo Yee Shoon	11,497
Singapore Democratic Party}}"		Singapore Democratic Party	Toh Kim Kiat	6,765	37.04
Source: [ELD](https://www.eld.gov.sg/elections_past_parliamentary1988.html)

Aftermath

In a further development in the structure of Parliament, the government implemented the Nominated Member of Parliament (NMPs) scheme in November 1990, two years after the general election. The initiative was intended to provide a platform for non-partisan and expert voices in legislative discussions. Although the enabling law permitted up to six Nominated Members of Parliament (NMPs) to be appointed, only two were selected initially. These NMPs served for a one-year term before the end of that Parliament's session, laying the groundwork for broader inclusion of civil society and professional perspectives in subsequent terms.

Notes

References

(31 December 1989). "Southeast Asian Affairs 1989". [[ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute]].
Singapore Elections. "PARLIAMENTARY GENERAL ELECTION 1988".
"MPs fined at least S$10,000 to be disqualified after Parliament passes changes to raise quantum from S$2,000". [[CNA (TV network).
(25 March 2016). "Daylight mugging of the justice system".
Crossette, Barbara. (16 November 1986). "OPPOSITION LEADER IN SINGAPORE JAILED AND LOSES HIS SEAT". The New York Times.
(10 March 1987). "New name for a new political party". [[The Straits Times]].
National Library Board. "Francis Seow and Siew Choh made non-constituency MPs".
(15 June 1988). "New constituencies carved from housing estates". [[The Straits Times]].
(1994). "To Catch a Tartar: A Dissident in Lee Kuan Yew's Prison". [[MacMillan Center for International and Area Studies]].
(4 May 2025). "GE2025: PAP retains Tampines GRC in 4-way fight, wins Tampines Changkat SMC".
"Providing Independent and Non-Partisan Views: The Nominated Member of Parliament Scheme". [[National Library Board]].

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