List of missions to Mars

Missions

;Mission Type Legend:

Landing locations

In 1999, Mars Climate Orbiter accidentally entered Mars's atmosphere and either burnt up or left Mars's orbit on an unknown trajectory.

There are a number of derelict spacecraft orbiting Mars whose location is not known precisely. There is a proposal to use the Optical Navigation Camera on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter to search for small moons, dust rings and old orbiters. As of 2016, there were believed to be eight derelict spacecraft in orbit around Mars (barring unforeseen event). The Viking 1 orbiter was not expected to decay until at least 2019. Mariner 9, which entered Mars orbit in 1971, was expected to remain in orbit until approximately 2022, when it was projected to enter the Martian atmosphere and either burn up, or crash into the planet's surface.

Timeline

Missions to the moons of Mars

There have also been proposed missions dedicated to explore the two moons of Mars, Phobos and Deimos. Many missions to Mars have also included dedicated observations of the moons, while this section is about missions focused solely on them. There have been three unsuccessful dedicated missions and many proposals. Because of the proximity of the Mars moons to Mars, any mission to them may also be considered a mission to Mars from some perspectives.

; Past missions Three missions to land on Phobos have been launched; the Soviet Phobos program in the late 1980s saw the launch of Phobos 1 and Phobos 2, while the Russian Fobos-Grunt sample return mission was launched in 2011. None of these missions were successful: Phobos 1 failed en route to Mars, Phobos 2 failed shortly before landing, and Fobos-Grunt never left low Earth orbit.

; Planned missions In Japan, the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS) is developing a sample return mission to Phobos. This mission is called Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) and is a flagship Strategic Large Mission. MMX will build on the expertise the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) would gain through the Hayabusa2 and SLIM missions. As of December 2023, MMX is scheduled to launch in 2026.

; Past proposals There have been at least three proposals in NASA's Discovery Program, including PADME, PANDORA, and MERLIN.

Osiris-Rex 2 was a proposal to make OR a double mission, with the other one collecting samples from the two Mars moons. In 2012, it was considered the quickest and least expensive way to get samples from the moons.

The "Red Rocks Project", a part of Lockheed Martin's "Stepping Stones to Mars" program, proposed to explore Mars robotically from Deimos.

Statistics

Summary

Mission milestone by country

;Legend † First to achieve

Missions by organization/company

Future missions

Under development

Proposed missions

Unrealized concepts==

1970s

• Mars 4NM and Mars 5NM – projects intended by the Soviet Union for heavy Marsokhod (in 1973 according to initial plan of 1970) and Mars sample return (planned for 1975). The missions were to be launched on the failed N1 rocket.
• Mars 5M (Mars-79) – double-launching Soviet sample return mission planned to 1979 but cancelled due to complexity and technical problems
• Voyager-Mars – USA, 1970s – Two orbiters and two landers, launched by a single Saturn V rocket.

1990s

• Vesta – the multiaimed Soviet mission, developed in cooperation with European countries for realisation in 1991–1994 but canceled due to the Soviet Union disbanding, included the flyby of Mars with delivering the aerostat and small landers or penetrators followed by flybys of 1 Ceres or 4 Vesta and some other asteroids with impact of penetrator on the one of them.
• Mars Aerostat – Russian/French balloon part for cancelled Vesta mission and then for failed Mars 96 mission, originally planned for the 1992 launch window, postponed to 1994 and then to 1996 before being cancelled.
• Mars Together, combined U.S. and Russian mission study in the 1990s. To be launched by a Molniya with possible U.S. orbiter or lander.
• Mars Environmental Survey – set of 16 landers planned for 1999–2009
• Mars-98 – Russian mission including an orbiter, lander, and rover, planned for 1998 launch opportunity as repeat of failed Mars 96 mission; cancelled due to lack of funding.

2000s

• Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander – 2001 lander (refurbished, became Phoenix lander)
• Kitty Hawk – Mars airplane micromission, proposed in 2003, the centennial of the Wright brothers' first flight. Its funding was eventually given to the 2003 Mars Network project.
• NetLander – 2007 Mars landers
• Beagle 3 – 2009 British lander mission meant to search for life, past or present
• Mars Telecommunications Orbiter – 2009 orbiter for telecommunications

2010s–2020s

• Mars One – announced in 2012, planned to land a demo lander on Mars by 2016, with a crewed landing to follow by 2023. These dates were delayed multiple times, and the project was eventually cancelled, with the company going bankrupt in 2019
• Sky-Sailor – 2014 – Plane developed by Switzerland to take detailed pictures of Mars surface
• Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher – 2018 rover concept, cancelled due to budget cuts in 2011. Sample cache goal later moved to Mars 2020 rover.
• Red Dragon – Derivative of a Dragon 2 capsule by SpaceX, designed to land by aerobraking and retropropulsion. Planned for 2018, then 2020. Canceled in favor of the Starship system.
• Tumbleweed rover, wind-propelled sphere
• MELOS, Japanese rover and aircraft concept
• Icebreaker Life, astrobiology lander concept
• Next Mars Orbiter, orbiter, communication satellite
• Mars MetNet, atmospheric probes concept
• Mars Geyser Hopper, lander, mission to Mars geysers
• Mars Micro Orbiter, small satellites as part of SIMPLEx program
• Biological Oxidant and Life Detection, impactor
• SatRevolution, nanosatellite
• NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return

Notes

References

References

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