Isluga

Geography

Isluga lies in the commune of Colchane, Iquique Province of the Tarapaca Region, Chile. The volcano is part of the Volcán Isluga National Park, which was created in 1985. The volcano can be accessed through the International Route 55.

Isluga is part of the Andean Volcanic Belt, the volcanic zone on the western side of South America where the Nazca Plate is subducted beneath the South American Plate. Isluga is part of the segment named the Central Volcanic Zone. In the Tarapaca region other volcanoes have been active in the Holocene, such as Guallatiri, Parinacota and Taapaca.

There are several volcanic units in the Isluga area. A pre-Isluga unit containing Cabay volcano, northeastern Carcanchuni and southern Cerro Blanco are not stratigraphically controlled. The Enquelga unit is the first Isluga unit proper.

Being about 1200 m high over its base, Isluga has five craters, a main crater 400 m wide at the end of snowcovered summit ridge and underwent caldera collapse. The volcano itself is constructed from lava domes and flows on top of Miocene ignimbrites. Several stages of eruptive activity are recognized, some of them exposed through erosion. A northwestern debris avalanche has been found on Isluga, on top of which the recent volcano is constructed. Both the summit crater and the area below the crater on the southern flank are faintly fumarolically active, with yellow sulfur deposits observed. The fumaroles appear to produce water vapour.

Eruptive activity

Isluga erupted in February 1878 following the 1878 Tarapaca earthquake. Voluminous lava emissions destroyed the towns of Carima, Cariquima, Chiapa, Libiza and Sotoca, and the eruption was accompanied with strong earthquake activity in Cariquima. Other eruptions have been reported in August 1863, a major eruption in 1868 and August 1869, 1877 and 1878 and minor eruptions in 1863 and 1885.

Isluga last erupted in 1913, but ongoing volcanic earthquake activity has been observed. The volcano hosts some of the Andes' largest thermal anomalies in satellite images and increased fumarolic activity in 2002–2003 was reported. Some earthquake activity may be associated with neighbouring hydrothermal fields. A phreatic eruption was observed in 2005; whether it was related to the 2005 Tarapacá earthquake half a year earlier is unclear.

Petrology

Isluga's lavas are andesitic to trachyandesitic in composition with SiO2 contents between 56-61%. The andesites are porphyritic with more than half phenocrysts and high potassium content (2.7-3.6%), moderate aluminium and high magnesium, although some hornblendes have high Na/K ratios. The petrology of the Isluga lineament lavas indicates an origin either in 3-5% partial melting of the mantle, or by a 15% partial melting of a granite-containing mantle with subsequent fractionation of mafic components.

Climate

The climate of the region varies by altitude; between 2800 - lies a borderline desert area with temperatures ranging from below 0 C to 10 C, with most precipitation (50 -) falling in summer. A similar climate lies on the eastern part of the mountains between 3000 -, with 100 - precipitation. Above 4000 m lies a region of steppe vegetation with temperatures of -5 - and about 150 mm/year precipitation also during summer, and above 5200 m lies perennial snow.

Mythology and archeology

Also named Laram Qhawani, the volcano dominating the village of Enquelca is a sacred mountain, responsible for health, wealth and rain. It is considered a female spirit married to Cabarray. While no archeological remains have been found on its summit, a triangular stone structure resembles the patterns drawn when making offerings to spirits. One of the ends of the triangular structure points to Cerro Cariquima, another sacred mountain. Another archeological place was found at ca. 5,200 m (17,056') on the southern ridge, probably serving as protection against wind and with a niche in the walls that probably served ritual purposes.

Threats

Threats from future eruptions of Isluga consist primarily in the contamination of aquifers and destruction of agricultural areas by ash falls, both limiting factors in the desertic environment surrounding the volcano. Additionally, the cultural value of the region would be endangered, also given the relative lack of documentation thereof.

References

References

1. (August 2012). "Page 1 Geología, geoquímica y petrografía del Volcán Isluga (19°09'S), Altiplano de la I Región, Chile: resultados preliminares". XIII Congreso Geológico Chileno.
2. (1988). "Plan de manejo Parque Nacional Volcán Isluga". [[National Forest Corporation (Chile).
3. "Volcán Isluga". [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Chile).
4. (March 1993). "Volcanological and petrological evolution of Volcan Tata Sabaya, SW Bolivia". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research.
5. (2003). "Diagnostico preliminar de vulnerabilidad antes una erupción del volcán Isluga comuna de Colchane I Región de Tarapacá".
6. (1854). "Observations on the History of the Incas of Peru, on the Indians of South Peru, and on Some Indian Remains in the Province of Tarapaca". Journal of the Ethnological Society of London.
7. {{cite gvp. (6 August 2015)
8. (1991). "Andean Magmatism and Its Tectonic Setting".
9. (1994). "Tectonics of the Southern Central Andes".
10. (2013). "Volcanic hotspots of the central and southern Andes as seen from space by ASTER and MODVOLC between the years 2000 and 2010". Geological Society, London, Special Publications.
11. (1 March 1880). "Die vulcanischen Ereignisse des Jahres 1878". Mineralogische und petrographische Mitteilungen.
12. (1 December 1963). "General characteristics of active andean volcanoes and a summary of their activities during recent centuries". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America.
13. (June 2014). "Reconnaissance earthquake studies at nine volcanic areas of the central Andes with coincident satellite thermal and InSAR observations". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research.
14. (December 2012). "Megathrust asperities and clusters of slab dehydration identified by spatiotemporal characterization of seismicity below the Andean margin". Geophysical Journal International.
15. (January 2002). "A High Altitude Archaeological Survey in Northern Chile". Chungará (Arica).