2010 Philippine presidential election

Electoral system

The election is held every six years after 1992, on the second Monday of May. The incumbent president is term limited. The incumbent vice president may run for two consecutive terms. As Joseph Estrada, who was elected in 1998, was able to run in 2010, it is undetermined if the term limit is for life, or is only limited to the incumbent.

The plurality voting system is used to determine the winner: the candidate with the highest number of votes, whether or not one has a majority, wins the presidency. The vice presidential election is a separate election, is held on the same rules, and voters may split their ticket. Both winners will serve six-year terms commencing on the noon of June 30, 2010, and ending on the same day six years later.

The candidates are determined via political conventions of the different political parties. As most political parties in the Philippines are loosely structured, with most politicians switching parties from time to time, a person not nominated by a party may either run as an independent, get drafted by another party, or form their own party. The candidacy process is supervised by the Commission on Elections (usually referred by its abbreviation "COMELEC") which also regulates and holds the elections. It is not uncommon for the commission to disqualify certain candidates as "nuisance candidates" or those candidates who have no capacity to mount a nationwide campaign. This usually limits the candidates to a small number. The campaign will run for three months, beginning in early February 2010 and ending on the eve of the election.

The counting of votes is initially held in the individual voting precincts, which are all then tabulated for the different municipalities and cities, then to the provinces, and finally to Congress, which is the final canvasser of the votes. Election protests are handled by the Supreme Court, when it sits as the Presidential Electoral Tribunal.

Timeline

The COMELEC-mandated election period for this election was from January 10 to June 9

2008

• August 26 - Then-Metro Manila Development Authority Chairman Bayani Fernando announces bid for presidency.
• September 4 - Senator Manny Villar announces bid for presidency.
• November 11 - Makati Mayor Jejomar Binay announces bid for presidency.
• November 26 - Senator Mar Roxas is elected as party president of the Liberal Party and is nominated to be the standard-bearer.

2009

• March 12 - Former Defense Secretary Gilbert Teodoro Jr. announces bid for presidency.
• April 25 - Senator Richard Gordon announces bid for presidency.
• May 12 - Senator Panfilo Lacson announces bid for presidency.
• June 6 - Senator Lacson withdraws from presidential race.
• June 17 - Environmentalist Nicanor Perlas announces bid for presidency.
• July 14 - Senator Loren Legarda announces bid for presidency.
• July 31 - Senator Jamby Madrigal announces bid for presidency.
• August 1 - Former Philippine President Corazon Aquino dies from colorectal cancer. The country descends into a five-day period of mourning and grief for the late President.
• August 21 - Evangelist Eddie Villanueva announces bid for presidency.
• August 30 - Ang Kapatiran names Olongapo City councilor John Carlos de los Reyes as its standard-bearer.
• September 1 - Senator Roxas withdraws and supports fellow Senator Benigno Aquino III.; Jejomar Binay withdraws and supports Former President Joseph Estrada.
• September 4 - Pampanga Governor Ed Panlilio and Isabela Governor Grace Padaca withdraws and supports Aquino.
• September 9 - Senator Benigno Aquino III announces bid for presidency.
• September 21 - Liberal completes tandem: Roxas accepts vice presidential offer of Aquino.
• September 26 - Ousted President Joseph Estrada announces bid for presidency
• October 23 - Interior and Local Government Secretary Ronaldo Puno withdraws vice presidential bid.
• October 24 - Legarda slides to vice president.
• October 28 - Amid pressures to run for president, Senator Francis Joseph G. Escudero leaves NPC
• November 13 - Lakas–Kampi completes tandem: TV personality Edu Manzano runs for vice president with Teodoro.
• November 16 - Nacionalista Party completes tandem: Villar picks Legarda for Vice President.
• November 19 - Lakas–Kampi National Convention nominates Teodoro and Manzano.
• November 23 - De los Reyes and Dominador Chipeco, Jr. (Ang Kapatiran) file certificates of candidacy for president and VP, respectively.
• November 24 - Senator Escudero withdraws from the presidential race
• November 26 - Supreme Court allows "early campaigning".
• November 28 - Aquino and Roxas (Liberal) file Certificates of Candidacy.
• November 29 - Nicanor Perlas (Independent) files certificate of candidacy for president.
• November 30 - Villar and Legarda (Nacionalista) and ; Estrada and Binay (PMP).; Villanueva and Perfecto Yasay, Jr. (Bangon Pilipinas) file Certificates of Candidacy for Pres and VP, respectively file certificates of candidacy. Hermogenes Ebdane withdraws presidential bid
• December 1–2 Teodoro and Manzano (Lakas–Kampi) file Certificates of Candidacy for President and Vce President, respectively. file; Jamby Madrigal (Independent) files for president alone ; Gordon and Fernando (Bagumbayan); Jose Sonza (KBL) files for vice president.
• December 2 - ANC Presidential Forum: Analysts and viewers say Aquino gave "strong performance" and sounded "credible" (42%). Teodoro close second (37%); flip-flops on Reproductive Health Bill position. Villar was absent.
• December 11 - Outgoing Vice President Noli De Castro endorses Roxas for vice president.
• December 15 - Commission on Elections releases list of 16 approved candidates for president and vice-president.
• December 21 - Perlas protests disqualification at COMELEC.
• December 28 - COMELEC hears appeal and petition of disqualified candidates.
• December 21–22 - Pulse Asia Dec 2009 polls: Aquino solidifies lead in(45%) and BW-SWS (46%) presidential surveys. Legarda (37%) and Roxas (39%) are statistically tied in first place for the Pulse Asia vice-presidency survey.

2010

Election period

• January 10 - Social Weather Stations December 2009 Survey (Zamora commissioned): Villar (33%) cuts Aquino (44%) lead.
• January 14 - Perlas reinstated by COMELEC. Relatively unknown Vetellano Acosta (KBL) is also reinstated as a candidate.
• January 14 - GMA Network Vice-Presidential Forum.
• January 20 - Estrada is allowed to run after the COMELEC threw out all three disqualification cases against him.
• January 29 - De La Salle University and ANC 2010 Presidential Youth Forum Youth 2010: Audience members say Aquino, Gordon, Teodoro "made a favorable impression". Madrigal attends for the first time. Estrada absent.
• February 8 - The Inquirer 1st Edition Presidential Debate with all candidates attending except Acosta and Estrada, with the latter citing "bias" against him.
• **February 9 - Official election campaign starts **
• February 9 - Campaign kickoff rallies occur at Antipolo (Lakas–Kampi), Calamba (Nacionalista), Imus (Bagumbayan), Olongapo (Ang Kapatiran), Quiapo (PMP), Rizal Park (Bangon Pilipinas), and Tarlac (Liberal).
• March 4 - COMELEC disqualifies Vetellano Acosta. His name, however, would remain in the ballot although votes that would be cast for him will be considered invalid.
• March 21 - ABS-CBN and ANC Vice-Presidential Debate: Analysts and viewers say that Roxas is seen as "most credible candidate" (54%) with Binay, Fernando tie in second (13%) and Yasay (11%); Legarda fared poorly (4%). Absent was Chipeco and Manzano whose absence drew comments on social-networking sites. Analysts point out also not "to belittle" the underdogs and praised Binay, Yasay and Sonza.
• March 28 - A number of Lakas–Kampi stalwarts leave party to support Villar. The Liberals says these defections are "completing the Villarroyo [Villar-Arroyo] puzzle". Malacañang downplays defections and denies alliance with Villar.
• March 30 - Teodoro resigns as Lakas–Kampi Chairman to focus on campaign. This fuels further speculation that President Arroyo is dropping her financial support for her party in exchange of new support in Villar due to "winnability". Sarangani Governor and party president Miguel Dominguez and secretary-general Francis Manglapus follows in less than 24 hours. Malacañang denies speculations that the resignations have something to do with rumors that Pres. Arroyo has decided to support another presidential candidate.
• April 6 - Pulse Asia March 2010 survey: Villar (25%) falls 4 points as Aquino (37%) widens lead. According to Pulse Asia, this was mainly due to the Villarroyo issue. This came at the heels of talks that Villar is the "secret candidate" of Pres. Arroyo, a charge that he denies.
• April 10 – May 10 – Overseas absentee voting continuing until May 10 (Election day). Two polling precincts encountered technical problems in Hong Kong, raising concerns on the automation system.
• April 28–30 – Local absentee voting for government officials, teachers performing election duties outside of their precincts, members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) and operatives of the Philippine National Police (PNP) starts.
• April 29 – COMELEC rejects proposals of a parallel manual count aside from the official tabulation.
• First Week of May - Smartmatic-TIM recalls the Compact Flash Cards (CFC) of all Precinct Count Optical Scanner (PCOS) Machines due to the machines not counting the votes correctly due to the spacing of the ballot. These were found out after testing. By Election Day, 99% of all CF Cards were already delivered. The remaining 1% was due to some inaccessible precincts.
• May 2 – Kingdom of Jesus Christ leader pastor Apollo Quiboloy finally endorses Gilbert Teodoro for president. and Mar Roxas for vice president
• May 3 - Manila Standard Today Presidential Survey: Aquino leads with Estrada overtaking Villar.
• May 5 - Iglesia ni Cristo endorses the tandem of Benigno Aquino III and Mar Roxas (Liberal). Voting as a block, the INC has an estimated command votes of 5 to 8 million.
• May 8 – The Supreme Court junks petitions to postpone the elections due to the technical difficulties found with the issue of the CF Cards
• May 10 — Election Day
• May 10 – COMELEC extends the voting hours until 7 pm.
• May 11 – After initial election results, De los Reyes, Gordon, Teodoro, Villar and Villanueva conceded defeat to Aquino in the presidential race while Estrada says he won't concede and will wait for the congressional canvass. Chipeco, Legarda, Manzano and Yasay conceded defeat in the vice presidential race.
• May 25 – Congress approves the rules for the canvassing of the Certificates of Canvass for the presidential and vice-presidential positions.
• May 26 – The National Board of Canvassers through the Joint Canvassing Committee composed of evenly of both the Senate and the House of Representatives convene.
• May 28 – Canvassing finally starts with the first certificate of canvass (COC) from Laos to be opened.
• May 31 – June 4 - The issue of null votes i.e. overvotes, undervotes, abstentions, were raised by the Aquino-Roxas Bantay Balota (Aquino and Roxas Ballot Watch). COMELEC, however, stated that the rule on null votes is equivalent on the rule on stray votes before automation, thus the rules on stray or null votes would apply even if votes were manually counted in an electoral protest.
• June 4 - Several municipalities which declared failure of Elections on May 10 hold rescheduled elections. These were mostly in Lanao del Sur.
• June 8 – Canvassing ends with Aquino (15,208,678) and Binay (14,645,574) winning the presidential and vice presidential elections.
• June 9 – In a speedy deliberation in a public session, the Congress approves the report of the Joint Committee officially proclaiming Aquino and Binay the winners. Through a speech read by his son Senator Jinggoy Estrada, Estrada concedes and promises to support Aquino.
• June 9 - Congress proclaims Senator Benigno Aquino III as president-elect and Makati Mayor Jejomar Binay as vice president-elect of the Republic of the Philippines.

Post-election period

• June 30 - Aquino and Binay inaugurated as president and vice president of the Philippines.
• July 10 – Roxas files an electoral protest against Binay at the Presidential Electoral Tribunal (PET). Binay's camp shrugged off the protest and says that tribunal will "uphold his victory".
• July 12 – The Presidential Electoral Tribunal (PET) declares the electoral protest of Roxas "sufficient in form and substance". The PET issues summons to Binay to respond to the protest within ten days.

Candidates

In the Philippines, the multi-party system is implemented. Sometimes a coalition of different parties are made. Notable this year is the Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino–PDP–Laban and Nacionalista–NPC coalitions. Each party hosts candidates who go through a process to determine the presidential nominee for that party.

The Commission on Elections released its list of 16 approved candidates for president and vice-president on December 15. One disqualified candidate, Perlas, was reinstated.

This is arranged by the presidential candidates' surname.

Opinion polls

Main article: Opinion polling for the 2010 Philippine presidential election

The Philippines has two primary opinion polling companies: Social Weather Stations (SWS) and Pulse Asia.

For president

Plotted as a 3-period moving average of the surveys.

For vice president

Plotted as a 3-period moving average of the surveys.

Exit poll

SWS conducted an exit poll. SWS's 2004 exit poll missed by a large margin the result.

According to the SWS exit poll, 45% of Muslims voted for Binay, while only 17% chose Roxas and 28% for Legarda. About 75% of the members of the Iglesia ni Cristo voted for Roxas. Despite having the endorsement of several Catholic bishops, de los Reyes only got 0.2% of the Catholic vote, while Aquino, despite being branded by some Catholic organizations as not pro-life, got 44%.

President

Vice President

Results

The candidate in each position with the highest number of votes is declared the winner; there is no runoff. Congress shall canvass the votes in joint public session.

When there are two or more candidates who have the highest and an equal number of votes, Congress, voting separately via majority vote will choose from these candidates, who have the highest and equal number of votes, who is to be the president.

The Supreme Court shall "be the sole judge of all contests relating to the election, returns, and qualifications of the President or Vice President".

There are several parallel tallies, with the congressional canvass the official tally. The COMELEC used the election returns from the polling precincts; the Congress as the national board of canvassers will base their official tally from the certificates of canvass from the provinces and cities, which were derived from the election returns. The accredited citizen's arm, the Parish Pastoral Council for Responsible Voting (PPCRV) also used the election returns from the polling precincts. In theory, all tallies must be identical.

For president

Main article: Congressional canvass for the 2010 Philippine presidential election

Congress in joint session as the National Board of Canvassers convened in the Batasang Pambansa Complex in Quezon City, the home of the House of Representatives. Only a committee canvassed the votes, with the same number of members from both the Senate and the House of Representatives.

On June 8, Congress finished canvassing all of the votes, with the final canvass showing that Aquino and Binay had won. Aquino and Binay were proclaimed as president-elect and vice president-elect in a joint session on June 9. The president-elect and vice president-elect were inaugurated on June 30, 2010. Aquino, son of the 11th president Corazon Aquino, became the second child of a former president to become president themselves after his immediate predecessor Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, whose father was the 9th president Diosdado Macapagal.

In case a president has not been determined by June 30, the vice president-elect shall act as president until a president has been determined. If both positions have not yet been determined, the President of the Senate, or the Speaker of the House of Representatives if the former is unable to do so, shall act as president. Congress shall enact a law on who acts as president if neither of the officials already stated are unable to do so.

By region

For vice president

The candidate with the highest number of votes wins the vice presidency. In case when two or more candidates have the highest number of votes, one of them shall be chosen by the vote of a majority of all the members of both Houses of the Congress, voting separately.

By region

Close provinces/cities

Margin of victory is less than 5% for the presidential election:

• Guimaras: 0.08% (Nacionalista win)
• Lanao del Norte: 0.31% (Liberal win)
• Nueva Vizcaya: 1.20% (PMP win)
• San Juan: 1.53% (Liberal win)
• Abra: 1.99% (PMP win)
• Sulu: 3.33% (Liberal win)
• Palawan: 3.35% (PMP win)
• Cagayan: 3.78% (PMP win)
• Agusan del Sur: 4.85% (Liberal win)

Margin of victory is less than 5% for the vice presidential election:

• Ilocos Sur: 0.48% (Liberal win)
• Absentee voters: 0.64% (Liberal win)
• Marinduque: 2.07% (Liberal win)
• Palawan: 2:30% (PDP-Laban)
• South Cotabato: 3.36% (PDP-Laban win)
• Zamboanga del Norte: 3.82% (Liberal win)
• Albay: 4.07% (Liberal win)
• Agusan del Norte: 4.44% (Liberal win)
• Quezon: 4.54% (PDP-Laban win)
• Zamboanga City: 4.62% (PDP-Laban win)
• Camarines Norte: 4.72% (PDP-Laban win)

Unofficial tallies

COMELEC

The COMELEC originally released results for president and vice president based from election returns but stopped in order not to preempt Congress. The COMELEC held their tally at the Philippine International Convention Center in Pasay.

PPCRV

The PPCRV held their tally at the Pope Pius Center in Manila.

Voter demographics

President

Source: Exit polls conducted by Pulse Asia

Vice President

Source: Exit polls conducted by Pulse Asia

Campaign expenses

According to the Fair Elections Act, the COMELEC's cap on spending is 10 pesos per voter for each candidate and another 5 pesos per voter for one's political party; since there are about 50 million voters, a candidate can spend up to 500 million pesos and a party can spend an additional 250 million pesos.

The following is a list of published campaign expenses; the COMELEC has no ability to confirm if these were true.

Literature

References

References

1. Sarmiento, Rene. (August 10, 2009). "A moment in history: Understanding poll automation for the 2010 national and local elections". [[Business Mirror]].
2. Bordadora, Norman. (July 10, 2010). "'Automated mystery' case: Roxas files protest". [[Philippine Daily Inquirer]].
3. (August 26, 2008). "MMDA chief will run in 2010 to be next 'no-nonsense president'". [[GMA News and Public Affairs]].
4. "Philippine Senate head confirms joining 2010 presidential election". xinhuanet.com.
5. Fabella, Ferdinand. (November 12, 2008). "Binay likens self to Obama, seeks presidency". [[Manila Standard Today]].
6. (November 27, 2007). "Roxas is new LP President". [[Manila Bulletin]].
7. Pilapil, Jaime. (March 12, 2009). "Defense chief joining 2010 race". [[Manila Standard Today]].
8. Salaverria, Leila. (April 25, 2009). "Party formed to push for Gordon candidacy". [[Philippine Daily Inquirer]].
9. Lim Ubac, Michael. (May 13, 2009). "Lacson declares bid for presidency in 2010". [[Philippine Daily Inquirer]].
10. (June 6, 2009). "Lacson quits 2010 race". [[Philippine Daily Inquirer]].
11. (June 15, 2009). "Official Website | Philippines | Formal Announcement | 2010". Nicanor Perlas.
12. Avendaño, Christine. (July 14, 2009). "Legarda says she's ready to run for president". [[Philippine Daily Inquirer]].
13. "Jamby running for president in 2010". ABS-CBN News.com.
14. Maragay, Dino. (August 21, 2009). "Villanueva to join 2010 presidential derby". [[Philippine Star]].
15. (June 26, 2009). "Ang Kapatiran Party names youngest ever presidential candidate for 2010". Political Arena.
16. (September 1, 2009). "Mar Roxas withdraws from 2010 race". ABS-CBN News.
17. Clapano, Jose Rodel. (September 2, 2009). "Binay drops out of 2010 race, wants to be Erap's vice president". [[Philippine Star]].
18. (September 4, 2009). "Panlilio, Padaca offer full support for Noynoy in 2010". GMA News.
19. Legaspi, Amita. (September 9, 2009). "Noynoy Aquino announces bid for presidency". GMA News.
20. (September 21, 2009). "Mar to fight with Noynoy for decency in gov't, real change". Liberal Party.
21. (September 26, 2009). "Erap gives up on opposition unity, decides to run himself". [[Philippine Daily Inquirer]].
22. (October 23, 2009). "(UPDATE 3) Puno withdraws VP bid". [[ABS-CBN Corporation.
23. Legaspi, Amita. (October 23, 2009). "Legarda says she will run as veep under NPC in 2010". [[GMA News]].
24. (October 28, 2009). "(UPDATE 2) Escudero leaves NPC".
25. (November 13, 2009). "Lakas forges Gibo-Edu tandem". The Philippine Star.
26. Romero, Purple. (November 16, 2009). "Villar to announce tandem with Loren". ABS-CBN News.
27. (November 19, 2009). "Lakas-Kampi proclaims Gibo, Edu". ABS-CBN News.com.
28. "'JC,' Ang Kapatiran bets file COCs". ABS-CBN News.com.
29. Maila Ager. (November 24, 2009). "Escudero no longer running for president". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
30. "Supreme Court extends early campaigning". Inquirer.net.
31. "Noy-Mar ticket files COCs". ABS-CBN News.com.
32. "Perlas, 'authentic choice for 2010,' files COC". ABS-CBN News.com.
33. "Proud of diverse slate, Villar, NP file COCs". ABS-CBN News.com.
34. "Estrada files 2nd presidential bid". Inquirer.net.
35. "Magnificent 7". ABS-CBN News.com.
36. "Ebdane withdraws from presidential race". [[Manila Times]].
37. "(UPDATE) Gibo, Edu file COCs at Comelec". ABS-CBN News.com.
38. "(UPDATE) Jamby files COC for president, plans solo campaign". GMA News.tv.
39. "(UPDATE 2) Gordon, BF team up for 2010 polls". ABS-CBN News.com.
40. "Sonza, Papin file for VP and senatorial positions". Inquirer Entertainment.
41. "4 bets shine in ANC's Harapan: analysts". abs-cbnNEWS.com/Newsbreak.
42. (December 11, 2009). "Noli picks Mar Roxas over Edu". ABS-CBN News.
43. "Comelec approves 16 presidential, VP bets". abs-cbnNEWS.com.
44. (December 22, 2009). "Salamat mga KaPERLAS! Ibalik si Nick!". Kaperlas.com}}{{Dead link.
45. (December 29, 2009). "The News Around Us: Nicanor Perlas Disqualification Hearing at COMELEC; Melo, No Show". Newzaroundus.com.
46. "Pulse Asia's December 2009 Pre-election Survey".
47. "BusinessWorld-SWS December 5–10, 2009 Pre-Election Survey".
48. "Villar cuts Noynoy's lead to 11%". abs-cbnNEWS.com.
49. "Comelec reinstates Perlas, Lim as 2010 candidates". abs-cbnNEWS.com.
50. "Perlas back in Palace race; Danny Lim also reinstated". [[Philippine Daily Inquirer]].
51. "Isang Tanong VP forum simulcast on DZBB Sunday night RP time". GMA News.
52. "Comelec allows Erap to run". [[Manila Bulletin]].
53. "8 presidential bets engage youth in ANC forum". abs-cbnNEWS.com.
54. "8 presidential bets show up for Inquirer debate". [[Philippine Daily Inquirer]].
55. "Comelec sets rules as campaign period starts". abs-cbnNEWS.com.
56. "Comelec disqualifies KBL presidential bet". abs-cbnNEWS.com.
57. "Acosta out but name stays on ballot but votes will be stray votes". [[Philippine Daily Inquirer]].
58. "VP bets renew rivalries in TV debate". abs-cbnNEWS.com.
59. "Analysts on VP debate: Don't belittle survey underdogs". abs-cbnNEWS.com.
60. "Villar-Arroyo alliance seen in Chavit's defection from Lakas". GMANews.TV.
61. "Gibo quits as Lakas-Kampi chair to focus on campaign". GMANews.TV.
62. "Lakas-Kampi-CMD in limbo as party president quits post". GMANews.TV.
63. "Pulse Asia's Ulat ng Bayan March 2010 Survey for National Elective Positions".
64. "Stop 'Villarroyo' talk, Arroyo orders party". Inquirer.net.
65. "Glitch mars absentee vote in 2 HK precincts". abs-cbnNEWS.com.
66. (August 2019). "Local absentee voting starts today". Sun Star}}{{Dead link.
67. "Local absentee voting starts today". [[Philippine Daily Inquirer]].
68. "Quiboloy endorses Gibo, says admin bet chosen by 'Father'". [[GMA News]].
69. "Estrada overtakes Villar; negative attacks take toll". [[Manila Standard Today]].
70. "Iglesia Ni Cristo endorses Noynoy Aquino, Mar Roxas". [[GMA News]].
71. Pazzibugan, Dona. (May 8, 2010). "SC: It's all systems go; Court junks petitions to postpone polls". [[Philippine Daily Inquirer]].
72. "Comelec extends voting hours until 7 p.m.". GMA News.
73. Fernandez, Lira D.. (May 11, 2010). "4 presidential bets concede defeat". [[Philippine Daily Inquirer]].
74. (May 11, 2010). "Bro. Eddie, Edu Manzano concede defeat". [[ABS-CBN Corporation.
75. (May 11, 2010). "Erap won't concede, waits for official canvass". [[ABS-CBN Corporation.
76. (May 11, 2010). "Ang Kapatiran's Chipeco concedes to Binay". [[GMA News]].
77. Dalangin-Fernandez, Lira. (May 25, 2010). "Congress okays canvassing rules". Inquirer.net.
78. (May 26, 2010). "Computer error, '2 sets' of CoCs bared". [[Philippine Daily Inquirer]].
79. Lopez, JP. "Canvass finally gets going". Malaya-Business Insight.
80. Dalangin-Fernandez, Lira. "Now it's final: Aquino, Binay win in May 10 polls". INQUIRER.net.
81. Sisante, Jam. "Congress proclaims Aquino as president, Binay as VP". GMAnews.tv.
82. Bordadora, Norman. (July 12, 2010). "Roxas poll protest sufficient in form and substance". [[Philippine Daily Inquirer]].
83. "Comelec approves 16 presidential, VP bets". abs-cbnNEWS.com.
84. "Comelec reinstates Perlas, Lim as 2010 candidates". abs-cbnNEWS.com.
85. Capino, Alvin. (April 30, 2010). "The time SWS missed by a mile". [[Manila Standard Today]].
86. (May 11, 2010). "Binay, Roxas dead heat in SWS exit poll". ABS-CBNNews.com.
87. "Only 0.4% separates the TV5-SWS Exit Poll from the final official tally".
88. Dalangin-Fernandez, Lira. "Now it's final: Aquino, Binay win in May 10 polls". INQUIRER.net.
89. "ABS-CBN Pulse Asia May 2010 Exit Polls".
90. Tan, Kimberly Jane. (June 9, 2010). "Noynoy spent P403M during campaign — Comelec data". GMANews.TV.
91. Chua, Ryan. (June 24, 2010). "MVP, Razon donated P15M each to Erap campaign". GMANews.TV.
92. Alave, Kristine. (June 23, 2010). "Businessmen, Arroyo allies bankrolled Estrada presidential bid". [[Philippine Daily Inquirer]].
93. Tan, Kimberly Jane. (June 10, 2010). "Roxas spent P279M for campaign — Comelec data". GMANews.TV.