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1981 Philippine presidential election and referendum

10th election of Philippine president


10th election of Philippine president

FieldValue
election_name1981 Philippine presidential election
countryPhilippines
flag_year1936
typepresidential
ongoingno
previous_election1969 Philippine presidential election
previous_year1969
next_election1986 Philippine presidential election
next_year1986
turnout80.9% (1.3pp)
election_dateJune 16, 1981
image1Ferdinand Marcos second inauguration (cropped).jpg
candidate1**Ferdinand Marcos**
party1Kilusang Bagong Lipunan
popular_vote1**18,309,360**
percentage1**88.02%**
image2Rep. Alejo S. Santos (2nd Congress).jpg
candidate2Alejo Santos
party2Nacionalista Party
popular_vote21,716,449
percentage28.25%
map_image1981 Philippine presidential election result per province.png
map_size300px
map_captionElection result per province. Marcos won in every province, city, and municipality.
titlePresident
before_electionFerdinand Marcos
after_electionFerdinand Marcos
before_partyKilusang Bagong Lipunan
after_partyKilusang Bagong Lipunan
module{{Infobox referendum
embedyes
nameJune 1981 Philippine referendum
questionShould there be barangay elections right after the presidential elections?
locationPhilippines
dateJune 16, 1981
no3793322
yes16268523
total21843829
outcomeProposal carried

The 1981 Philippine presidential election and national referendum was held on June 16, 1981. It was the first time an election was held in the Philippines, 12 years after the 1969 Philippine presidential election, the declaration of martial law on September 21, 1972 and under the 1973 constitution. Incumbent President Ferdinand E. Marcos of the Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL) defeated retired general and World War II veteran Alejo Santos of the Nacionalista Party in a landslide victory. Most opposition parties boycotted the election as a sign of protest over the 1978 election for the Interim Batasang Pambansa (National Assembly), which they condemned as fraudulent. At the same time, a national referendum was held on the question in holding elections for barangay elections in 1982.

Marcos' 80% margin of victory is the most lopsided Philippine presidential election ever, beating out Manuel L. Quezon's landslide victory of 64% in 1941. Marcos getting 88% of the vote is also the largest in Philippine presidential election history, also beating Quezon's 1941 record of 82%. This is also the most votes received by a person in the Philippines for a single-winner election until 2022 when Sara Duterte won 32 million votes; for multiple-winner elections, it was beaten by Mar Roxas in 2004 with 19 million votes. This was also the presidential election with the most number of candidates, with 13, although nine candidates with the fewest votes collectively just got 0.13% of the vote.

Marcos would have served another six-year term ending in 1987, but it was cut short by the 1986 snap election that eventually resulted in his ouster in the People Power Revolution. This was the most recent presidential election where an incumbent President won re-election.

Lifting of martial law

On January 17, 1981, President Marcos announced the lifting of martial law via Proclamation No. 2045; in his address, he also inaugurated the "New Republic." Although martial law has ended, Marcos retained all presidential decrees, legislative powers and the suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus. The lifting of martial law was speculated to be due to the election of U.S. President Ronald Reagan, with whom Marcos wanted to have close relationship with and who was to be inaugurated only three days later, and the arrival of Pope John Paul II in the country. In February, the Interim Batasang Pambansa (parliament) passed a constitutional amendment that changed the parliamentary system of government to a semi-presidential modeled on that of France. The electorate approved the amendment in a plebiscite held in April. Marcos then called for a presidential election to be scheduled in June.

Campaign

The opposition, as early as April, had decided to boycott the election. The United Nationalist Democratic Organization (UNIDO), the main opposition umbrella group, wanted to clean the voters' list, a revamping of the Commission on Elections, a campaign to be held nationwide and that UNIDO accredited as a minority party. Marcos did not accept the demands which led UNIDO to call for a boycott. This caused for Marcos to be reportedly dismayed as he could not legitimize the election without a viable opposition candidate. UNIDO also refused to participate as Benigno Aquino Jr. (who was in exile in Massachusetts) was not allowed to participate since only people fifty years old or older were allowed to participate (Aquino was 48 years old at the time).

Marcos instructed Nacionalista Party president Jose Roy to find a token candidate to oppose him. The Nacionalista Party was then a moribund political entity because Marcos, who was elected twice before under its banner, had alternately lured and coerced the vast majority its members to his new Kilusang Bagong Lipunan. The Nacionalista Party chose former Defense Secretary and Bulacan governor Alejo Santos as their standard bearer. Santos, who was appointed by Marcos as chairman of the board of the Philippine Veterans Bank, had Francisco Tatad, Marcos' former information minister, as his campaign manager. The other main candidate was Bartolome Cabangbang of the Federal Party, whose platform was for the Philippines to become the 51st state of the United States.

With UNIDO pressing for a boycott, the government issued a statement that abstention was a mortal sin; the Archbishop of Manila, Cardinal Jaime Sin responded that the people "were free to exercise their moral judgment whether to vote or not." Those who did not vote on the April plebiscite were issued summons to force them to vote.

Results

Presidential election

Marcos won in every province and city canvassed by the Batasang Pambansa. Marcos' vote totals won't be surpassed until 2022, when his son Bongbong won the presidency.

Marcos won overwhelmingly, but with people remembering the American colonial era and wanting a change from the martial law conditions, Cabangbang surprisingly got 4% of the vote.

Results by province and city

Province/CityMarcosSantosCabangbangManapazDajaoValdezRimandoHingpitMorelosIgrobayDel RosarioEnageTipanaoKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}"Nacionalista Party}}"Independent}}"Independent}}"Independent}}"Independent}}"Independent}}"Independent}}"Independent}}"Independent}}"Independent}}"Independent}}"Independent}}"Votes%Votes%Votes%Votes%Votes%Votes%Votes%Votes%Votes%Votes%Votes%Votes%Votes%
AbraKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**85,633**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**99.58**3020.35530.0600.0010.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0010.0000.0000.00
Agusan del NorteKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**48,920**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**62.08**28,26435.871,4491.84300.04180.02220.0380.01680.0970.0100.0010.0050.0140.01
Agusan del SurKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**115,080**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**88.86**12,1799.402,0741.60210.02250.02100.0150.00790.0660.0030.0040.00110.0130.00
AklanKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**152,479**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**98.59**1,8551.203010.1980.0100.00100.0100.0000.0000.0000.0020.0000.0000.00
AlbayKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**182,609**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**78.44**46,49119.973,1221.34880.04920.041300.06350.02740.03370.02440.02430.02290.01110.00
Angeles CityKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**49,429**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**80.32**8,57413.933,3685.47270.04750.12120.02130.0260.01140.0230.0070.0160.0130.00
AntiqueKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**169,359**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**99.40**6820.403300.1920.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00140.0100.0000.0000.00
Aurora
BacolodKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**161,855**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**99.41**4520.285040.3100.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
BagoKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**44,845**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**99.50**1690.37580.1300.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
BaguioKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**59,339**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**86.59**5,8368.523,0484.45310.05570.08380.061220.1890.01130.0280.01130.0250.0170.01
BaisKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**16,357**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**85.80**7914.151,8959.9460.0350.0300.0000.0010.0130.0220.0120.0110.0100.00
BasilanKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**51,544**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**86.60**5,8209.782,0813.50100.02150.03160.0350.0120.0070.0110.0070.0140.0190.02
BataanKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**115,133**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**86.62**14,55910.951,6461.241,3761.04300.02820.06190.01100.01210.02160.01170.0160.0040.00
Batanes
BatangasKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**323,158**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**86.89**43,81111.784,4561.201260.03860.02840.02440.01320.01300.01310.01290.01120.0090.00
Batangas CityKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**50,576**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**89.46**4,8638.601,0161.80130.02120.02120.0260.0160.0170.01100.0280.0130.0140.01
BenguetKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**83,277**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**83.19**15,46415.451,1071.11300.03730.07480.05310.03100.01290.0390.0190.01150.0170.01
BoholKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**276,407**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**84.09**18,6395.6733,51710.20390.01180.01330.0120.00110.00150.0040.0040.0070.0040.00
BukidnonKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**165,234**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**81.95**15,9107.8919,8969.87750.041270.061530.08410.02340.02620.03100.00250.01370.02200.01
BulacanKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**351,042**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**75.37**110,60723.753,8230.82870.02650.01170.00290.01100.00240.01270.0190.0080.00100.00
ButuanKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**39,317**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**59.02**25,31538.001,4552.18270.04250.04180.0340.014130.62290.0400.0020.0070.0110.00
CabanatuanKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**58,547**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**90.24**5,7128.806120.9430.0020.0000.0020.0000.0000.0010.0000.0000.0010.00
CadizKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**59,488**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**99.62**1570.26720.1200.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
CagayanKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**311,783**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**97.27**8,1662.554670.15180.01360.01350.01150.0060.00110.0010.0040.0030.0020.00
Cagayan de OroKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**70,172**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**82.06**6,5937.718,4539.88410.05640.07790.09130.02310.04150.02110.01160.02150.02120.01
CalbayogKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**38,485**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**93.77**2,1295.193990.9760.0120.0000.0000.0000.0000.00210.0500.0020.0000.00
CaloocanKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**256,048**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**93.99**10,8133.975,4061.98420.02220.01210.01160.0120.00170.01160.01100.0040.0080.00
Camarines NorteKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**40,293**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**57.18**28,13639.931,7162.44960.14550.08650.09150.02140.02180.03120.02280.04130.02100.01
Camarines SurKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**226,582**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**72.24**85,00227.101,7220.55550.021110.04530.02310.01130.00330.01130.00260.01170.01130.00
CamiguinKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**21,308**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**90.95**1,3965.967012.9940.0220.0120.0100.0060.0320.0110.0000.0020.0130.01
CanlaonKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**10,246**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**91.78**5284.733843.4440.0410.0100.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0010.0100.00
CapizKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**230,033**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**96.15**6,9002.882,3000.9600.0000.0020.0000.0000.0040.0000.0010.00120.0100.00
CatanduanesKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**46,485**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**63.33**26,87736.62280.0420.0010.0050.0100.0000.0010.0000.0000.0010.0000.00
CaviteKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**303,187**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**99.16**2,1130.693860.1330.0080.0070.00100.0060.00160.0140.0040.0060.0040.00
Cavite CityKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**38,822**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**84.80**5,56712.161,3232.89110.02130.0370.02110.0200.0050.01100.0270.0220.0010.00
CebuKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**503,905**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**90.91**23,9984.3326,1114.71960.02490.01390.01140.00230.00270.0080.00160.00120.0060.00
Cebu CityKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**248,385**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**86.39**20,1907.0218,7746.5320.00940.03720.0300.0020.0000.0040.0000.0000.0010.00
Cotabato CityKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**25,795**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**83.37**4,20113.588002.5950.021090.35160.0560.0210.0020.0130.0110.0030.0100.00
DagupanKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**36,729**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**85.99**5,26212.326711.5750.0150.01280.0720.0000.0000.0030.0140.0110.0010.00
DanaoKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**51,408**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**99.71**950.18530.1000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
DapitanKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**19,528**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**88.67**1,8288.306542.9750.0240.0200.0010.0000.0000.0010.0010.0000.0000.00
Davao CityKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**112,838**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**51.51**6,9703.1898,83545.12550.03940.04830.04450.02410.02260.01160.01240.01160.0190.00
Davao del NorteKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**158,528**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**57.98**8,2343.01106,15138.83580.021240.05850.03610.02410.01450.02110.00340.01240.01100.00
Davao del SurKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**103,437**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**62.80**4,9092.9856,13534.08250.02590.04480.03160.01190.01210.0170.00240.0180.0080.00
Davao OrientalKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**87,293**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**66.73**4,9783.8138,44429.39140.01310.02200.02100.0150.0060.0040.00110.0140.0010.00
DipologKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**22,068**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**82.81**2,82510.601,6946.3690.03110.04290.1130.0110.0020.0110.0020.0110.0030.01
DumagueteKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**21,123**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**77.14**2,5329.253,62613.2490.03370.14200.0730.0170.0370.0350.0270.0320.0130.01
Eastern SamarKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**137,958**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**96.03**4,2412.951,4591.0200.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
General SantosKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**49,425**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**81.50**3,9376.497,15811.80130.02270.04100.0280.01100.02150.02230.04100.0240.0140.01
GingoogKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**23,931**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**82.02**3,20010.971,9646.73310.11110.04110.0440.0180.0340.0150.0260.0210.0020.01
IfugaoKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**40,950**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**93.47**2,6005.932330.5340.01100.0250.0130.0120.0020.0010.0020.0000.0010.00
IliganKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**39,742**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**72.17**11,19120.323,8757.04380.07670.12570.10120.02140.03220.04110.02190.03160.0370.01
Ilocos NorteKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**174,932**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**100.00**00.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
Ilocos SurKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**225,761**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**98.71**2,5331.114010.1810.0020.0000.0000.0020.0000.0000.0000.0020.0000.00
IloiloKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**547,040**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**96.80**11,9072.116,1841.0900.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
Iloilo CityKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**156,407**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**90.84**11,0476.424,7342.7500.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
IrigaKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**17,004**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**62.09**10,21137.281560.5730.0150.0220.0100.0020.0110.0000.0010.0010.0010.00
IsabelaKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**423,367**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**99.21**3,0890.722590.0600.0060.0010.0040.0010.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
Kalinga-ApayaoKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**87,196**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**95.86**3,4343.782480.27110.01200.02140.02100.0190.0130.0010.0030.00120.0130.00
La CarlotaKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**31,874**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**100.00**00.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
La UnionKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**227,319**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**98.02**3,6961.598900.3800.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
LagunaKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**317,699**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**86.92**42,83311.724,9451.3530.0080.0070.0030.0020.0000.0030.0010.0040.0010.00
Lanao del NorteKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**103,905**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**86.94**11,7219.813,6173.03360.03540.05980.0860.01100.01250.0220.00120.01150.0190.01
Lanao del SurKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**208,092**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**97.62**4,7502.233130.1500.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
LaoagKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**39,149**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**99.87**300.08190.0500.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
Lapu-Lapu CityKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**43,081**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**94.93**9982.201,2792.8230.0180.0210.0010.0020.0020.0020.0010.0010.0010.00
Las PiñasKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**71,045**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**92.18**5,6497.332860.37220.0310.00110.01150.0220.00250.0360.0170.0110.0010.00
LegazpiKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**36,289**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**87.09**4,93211.843850.9280.02120.03160.0420.0020.0030.0140.01100.0220.0030.01
LeyteKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**516,241**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**98.45**5,7681.102,3810.4500.0000.0000.0000.0020.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
LipaKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**45,509**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**88.36**4,8419.401,0842.10150.0390.02160.0380.0240.0130.0150.0140.0160.0120.00
LucenaKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**35,666**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**81.63**7,02416.089422.16110.03150.0390.0230.0130.0130.0190.0240.0130.0110.00
MaguindanaoKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**229,992**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**95.45**9,6193.999060.38370.02530.02950.04320.01370.02580.02310.01320.01320.01240.01
MakatiKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**282,765**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**93.35**12,6544.186,6522.201660.051950.06570.02650.02810.03500.02800.03400.011000.03100.00
MalabonKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**123,392**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**97.83**1,7661.409700.7700.0000.0000.0000.0010.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
MandaluyongKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**114,719**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**88.69**10,4118.054,1713.22120.0160.0070.0180.0100.0050.0000.0040.0030.0020.00
MandaueKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**40,845**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**84.56**2,2004.555,20710.78110.02110.0280.0240.01110.0220.0020.0020.0010.0000.00
ManilaKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**687,024**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**86.15**78,1969.8129,2113.661,1160.145060.063720.052190.031260.021340.022490.031020.011160.01580.01
MarawiKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**25,082**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**88.00**3,22511.311830.6420.0100.0010.0010.0000.0060.0210.0000.0010.0000.00
MarikinaKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**74,107**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**73.21**13,35713.1913,68813.52220.02240.0240.00130.0120.0000.0070.0120.0030.0000.00
MarinduqueKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**69,078**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**91.49**5,7157.575000.66260.031020.14280.0490.0120.00290.0430.0080.0140.0120.00
MasbateKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**182,234**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**90.80**16,3188.131,9500.97910.05230.01230.01130.0130.00190.0120.00100.0090.0010.00
Misamis OccidentalKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**66,338**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**81.59**8,85910.905,8207.16740.09850.10540.07120.01100.01210.0350.01140.0290.0130.00
Misamis OrientalKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**118,102**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**85.08**12,0608.698,2875.97950.07910.07650.05250.02450.03130.0160.00120.01120.0180.01
Mountain ProvinceKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**33,413**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**91.14**2,8227.703120.85230.06190.0530.01160.04200.0560.0270.02100.0360.0230.01
MuntinlupaKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**76,927**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**95.76**2,6573.317340.9150.0160.0100.0000.0010.0000.0050.0100.0020.0000.00
NagaKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**28,622**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**80.70**6,37817.983851.0990.03280.08100.0360.0240.0120.0160.0260.0220.0170.02
NavotasKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**71,071**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**94.83**3,5004.673090.41270.0400.0040.0130.0050.01100.0120.00100.0120.0000.00
Negros OccidentalKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**527,330**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**99.52**1,2990.251,2390.2300.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
Negros OrientalKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**202,622**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**83.61**15,2706.3024,1669.97810.03670.03470.02120.00120.00290.0150.00190.01110.0020.00
North CotabatoKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**127,700**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**72.34**41,33923.427,0904.02440.02590.031200.07390.02290.02500.0390.01240.01170.01190.01
Northern SamarKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**148,552**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**91.33**12,8517.901,1760.72150.01100.01200.0140.0090.01100.0120.0040.0050.0000.00
Nueva EcijaKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**328,440**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**91.55**28,8128.031,3750.38280.01260.01370.0130.0020.0050.0070.0070.0060.0010.00
Nueva VizcayaKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**97,222**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**88.83**11,07410.129190.84430.04330.03860.08270.0240.0090.0160.0150.00140.0120.00
Occidental MindoroKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**72,325**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**90.15**7,2819.085330.66170.02130.02200.02130.0210.00150.0270.0120.0010.0010.00
OlongapoKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**67,072**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**89.26**6,4358.561,5642.08160.02100.0190.0160.0140.0170.01130.0230.0020.0010.00
Oriental MindoroKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**154,295**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**91.54**13,1897.831,0530.6210.0060.0010.0000.0010.0000.0000.0000.0010.0000.00
OrmocKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**48,455**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**98.04**7001.422690.5400.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
OroquietaKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**11,457**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**69.69**2,52215.342,33714.21180.11550.33170.1060.0460.04100.0610.0130.0250.0340.02
OzamizKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**21,080**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**81.75**2,76710.731,8367.12160.06290.11180.0780.03100.0460.0210.0090.0350.0210.00
PagadianKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**20,564**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**82.10**3,35613.401,0594.23100.04180.07210.0810.0040.0250.0230.0150.0220.0110.00
PalawanKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**83,646**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**85.93**12,79013.147660.79230.02230.02400.0470.0130.00150.0260.0170.01100.0110.00
PalayanKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**9,685**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**97.06**2562.57340.3400.0000.0000.0030.0300.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
PampangaKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**340,493**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**90.68**28,4727.586,1731.641360.04480.01400.01260.01120.00260.01300.01100.00160.0060.00
PangasinanKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**574,285**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**89.62**61,9659.674,0670.63650.01440.012630.04310.0050.00200.00190.00350.0150.0050.00
ParañaqueKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**124,782**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**93.23**8,4496.316090.4600.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
PasayKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**134,856**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**90.35**9,3186.244,8603.26670.04450.03200.01200.0180.01140.01230.0250.00110.0180.01
PasigKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**159,577**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**91.55**11,7676.752,7051.55580.03580.03300.02310.0260.00220.01240.01160.0150.0060.00
PaterosKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**22,877**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**93.06**1,3425.463351.3660.0250.0200.00130.0500.0010.0010.0000.0000.0020.01
Puerto PrincesaKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**22,556**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**89.49**2,4819.841570.6240.0230.0110.0000.0010.0010.0000.0010.0000.0000.00
QuezonKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**231,831**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**68.01**104,76630.733,7121.091140.031080.031160.03420.01300.01540.02310.01390.01370.01140.00
Quezon CityKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**580,821**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**89.33**48,1677.4119,3582.984600.073670.062160.032340.04740.01640.011950.03640.01970.01640.01
QuirinoKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**37,005**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**94.96**1,9184.92380.1030.0110.0030.0100.0000.0020.0100.0000.0010.0000.00
RizalKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**201,694**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**86.47**26,81411.504,3291.86930.04640.03420.02380.021130.05140.01270.01140.01120.0170.00
RomblonKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**67,721**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**94.44**3,4634.834730.6680.01220.0340.0110.0030.0030.0030.0020.0040.0110.00
Roxas CityKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**42,020**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**90.84**2,9746.431,2632.7300.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
SamarKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**164,566**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**98.59**1,6110.977360.4400.0010.0000.0000.0020.0010.0030.0010.0010.0000.00
San Carlos, Negros OccidentalKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**25,470**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**84.80**2,6368.781,8446.14130.04100.03520.1700.0010.0010.0010.0040.0110.0020.01
San Carlos, PangasinanKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**35,887**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**91.17**3,2618.281660.42120.0320.01130.0300.0040.0180.0230.0150.0100.0020.01
San JoseKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**26,145**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**88.24**3,24610.962250.7620.0130.0140.0100.0010.0000.0010.0010.0000.0000.00
San JuanKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**63,189**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**86.65**6,4768.883,0574.19730.10480.07150.02190.0360.0160.01140.02100.0180.0170.01
San PabloKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**47,568**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**82.05**8,95015.441,3412.31200.03340.06210.0460.0150.0190.0250.0160.0130.0140.01
SilayKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**37,895**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**99.52**1440.38370.1000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
SiquijorKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**27,935**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**89.51**2,0066.431,2474.0070.0240.0120.0110.0010.0010.0010.0010.0030.0100.00
SorsogonKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**129,830**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**73.42**45,43225.691,1940.68400.02800.05560.03190.01140.01450.03110.01150.01870.0540.00
South CotabatoKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**153,454**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**75.46**39,54919.4510,1424.99260.01460.02220.01280.0150.00330.0260.00220.01160.0180.00
Southern LeyteKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**142,989**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**96.38**3,1752.142,2001.4800.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
Sultan KudaratKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**89,564**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**85.70**13,68013.091,1471.10160.02170.02500.0530.0040.00120.0160.0160.0120.0020.00
SuluKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**125,976**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**96.69**3,7482.883820.29190.01300.02220.02120.01170.01240.02100.01150.01180.01130.01
Surigao CityKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**26,388**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**84.62**2,7678.871,9656.30170.05120.0480.0330.01110.0470.0220.0130.0110.0000.00
Surigao del NorteKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**104,644**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**87.28**9,5107.935,6324.70280.02300.0350.0090.0180.0170.0150.0050.00110.0120.00
Surigao del SurKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**92,663**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**73.55**20,77116.4912,1089.61840.07670.05690.05330.03360.03620.05150.01380.03320.03100.01
TaclobanKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**58,614**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**98.27**7031.183300.5500.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
TagaytayKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**8,181**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**98.16**1381.66150.1800.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
Tagbilaran CityKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**15,300**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**80.62**8224.332,81814.8590.05120.0630.0230.0260.0310.0120.0110.0110.0110.01
TaguigKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**45,037**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**86.90**5,70511.011,0171.96200.0490.02190.0450.0120.0030.0150.0140.0110.0010.00
TangubKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**13,973**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**96.81**3102.151441.0010.0120.0120.0100.0000.0000.0000.0020.0100.0000.00
TarlacKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**294,750**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**97.12**7,4272.451,2360.41280.01180.0170.0040.0020.0050.0020.0010.0050.0000.00
Tawi-TawiKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**33,331**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**100.00**00.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
ToledoKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**31,354**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**84.80**2,1215.743,4559.34180.0520.0180.0200.0050.0110.0000.0020.0180.0200.00
Trece MartiresKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**5,236**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**100.00**00.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.00
ValenzuelaKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**73,320**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**83.52**12,45814.191,8602.12510.06230.03180.02150.0270.01100.01120.01100.0150.0120.00
ZambalesKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**124,609**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**96.62**3,7592.915150.4030.0060.0050.0040.0020.0030.00630.0510.0000.0000.00
Zamboanga CityKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**78,495**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**83.31**13,26414.082,1912.33360.04670.07560.06170.02110.01360.04110.01140.01110.0180.01
Zamboanga del NorteKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**97,141**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**88.74**8,3677.643,8883.55160.01140.01100.0120.0060.0180.0140.0070.0130.0020.00
Zamboanga del SurKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**207,311**Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;**80.79**36,15314.0912,2584.781490.062420.091960.08630.02460.02500.02140.01510.02260.01320.01
TotalKilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;18,309,360Kilusang Bagong Lipunan}}; color:white;88.021,716,4498.25749,8453.606,4990.034,9550.024,2240.021,9540.011,9450.011,7400.011,4210.011,2340.011,1850.015920.00
Source: Commission on Elections

Referendum on holding barangay elections

Like the presidential election, the measure was carried by overwhelming margins, but notably a large majority in Muntinlupa and a smaller majority in Marawi rejected the measure; it was otherwise carried other places canvassed by the Batasang Pambansa.

Summary

By province/city

Province/CityYes%No%Total**Total**
Abra**75,348**88.40%9,88911.60%85,237
Agusan del Norte**71,803**83.74%13,94616.26%85,749
Agusan del Sur**75,720**82.04%16,57117.96%92,291
Aklan**104,436**78.24%29,03821.76%133,474
Albay**209,958**82.85%43,45217.15%253,410
Angeles City**54,054**85.70%9,01614.30%63,070
Antique**113,333**71.22%45,79628.78%159,129
Aurora**27,961**74.78%9,42825.22%37,389
Bacolod City**103,869**82.06%22,70817.94%126,577
Bago**29,835**74.49%10,21825.51%40,053
Baguio**49,448**85.40%8,45514.60%57,903
Bais**15,819**81.47%3,59918.53%19,418
Basilan**45,758**77.82%13,04222.18%58,800
Bataan**115,717**85.37%19,82414.63%135,541
Batanes**3,660**87.60%51812.40%4,178
Batangas**307,990**75.73%98,69524.27%406,685
Batangas City**46,368**79.37%12,05220.63%58,420
Benguet**78,242**77.45%22,78722.55%101,029
Bohol**284,571**84.05%53,98415.95%338,555
Bukidnon**162,054**81.27%37,33918.73%199,393
Bulacan**385,518**84.68%69,76615.32%455,284
Butuan**57,128**86.41%8,98313.59%66,111
Cabanatuan**49,215**89.44%5,81010.56%55,025
Cadiz**51,271**85.92%8,40014.08%59,671
Cagayan**241,410**74.10%84,36625.90%325,776
Cagayan de Oro**79,992**84.71%14,43315.29%94,425
Calbayog**35,527**86.16%5,70913.84%41,236
Caloocan**173,165**84.54%31,66015.46%204,825
Camarines Norte**66,338**79.00%17,63221.00%83,970
Camarines Sur**258,506**76.90%77,63223.10%336,138
Camiguin**21,548**87.64%3,03912.36%24,587
Canlaon**9,332**83.66%1,82316.34%11,155
Capiz**112,714**69.95%48,41830.05%161,132
Catanduanes**61,973**85.76%10,28714.24%72,260
Cavite**181,276**64.31%100,60235.69%281,878
Cavite City**39,334**86.58%6,09913.42%45,433
Cebu**451,192**80.68%108,04919.32%559,241
Cebu City**270,575**94.23%16,5535.77%287,128
Cotabato City**23,476**84.27%4,38315.73%27,859
Dagupan**38,443**89.60%4,46410.40%42,907
Danao**49,356**96.26%1,9163.74%51,272
Dapitan**18,297**82.06%3,99917.94%22,296
Davao City**128,028**79.34%33,33520.66%161,363
Davao del Norte**211,333**76.55%64,75423.45%276,087
Davao del Sur**126,691**79.49%32,69620.51%159,387
Davao Oriental**100,175**82.27%21,58417.73%121,759
Dipolog**20,040**71.35%8,04828.65%28,088
Dumaguete**23,860**81.56%5,39518.44%29,255
Eastern Samar**142,199**98.98%1,4591.02%143,658
General Santos**48,544**77.55%14,05222.45%62,596
Gingoog**26,025**83.29%5,22316.71%31,248
Ifugao**26,405**69.69%11,48230.31%37,887
Iligan City**51,067**84.64%9,26415.36%60,331
Ilocos Norte**155,515**89.64%17,98010.36%173,495
Ilocos Sur**196,979**85.92%32,27614.08%229,255
Iloilo**406,918**76.04%128,21323.96%535,131
Iloilo City**118,397**72.28%45,41227.72%163,809
Iriga City**23,765**86.49%3,71113.51%27,476
Isabela**341,115**88.91%42,56911.09%383,684
Kalinga-Apayao**63,301**69.58%27,67330.42%90,974
La Carlota City**27,267**87.84%3,77612.16%31,043
La Union**230,516**84.17%43,34915.83%273,865
Laguna**227,928**78.84%61,18021.16%289,108
Lanao del Norte**85,853**77.32%25,17622.68%111,029
Lanao del Sur**134,466**65.12%72,03934.88%206,505
Laoag City**35,160**90.63%3,6339.37%38,793
Lapu-Lapu City**38,394**84.70%6,93815.30%45,332
Las Piñas**46,098**84.20%8,64915.80%54,747
Legazpi City**36,156**82.61%7,61017.39%43,766
Leyte**484,538**93.11%35,8536.89%520,391
Lipa City**44,226**84.84%7,90015.16%52,126
Lucena City**37,427**83.35%7,47516.65%44,902
Maguindanao**163,076**72.99%60,34227.01%223,418
Makati**84,150**70.23%35,67429.77%119,824
Malabon**94,277**84.71%17,01415.29%111,291
Mandaluyong**72,826**68.39%33,65731.61%106,483
Mandaue City**43,300**85.38%7,41614.62%50,716
Manila**699,432**85.24%121,15814.76%820,590
Marawi City11,60046.90%**13,134**53.10%24,734
Marikina**74,569**86.13%12,00913.87%86,578
Marinduque**66,406**84.57%12,11715.43%78,523
Masbate**171,991**85.36%29,50314.64%201,494
Misamis Occidental**75,352**82.15%16,36917.85%91,721
Misamis Oriental**124,987**83.21%25,22316.79%150,210
Mountain Province**28,741**83.68%5,60616.32%34,347
Muntinlupa14,53218.55%**63,805**81.45%78,337
Naga City**32,039**85.12%5,60214.88%37,641
Navotas**45,637**90.08%5,0279.92%50,664
Negros Occidental**318,634**76.85%96,00823.15%414,642
Negros Oriental**207,909**83.56%40,90816.44%248,817
North Cotabato**195,220**81.38%44,66218.62%239,882
Northern Samar**110,531**84.60%20,11415.40%130,645
Nueva Ecija**269,078**80.77%64,07719.23%333,155
Nueva Vizcaya**91,965**78.84%24,68221.16%116,647
Occidental Mindoro**52,804**85.44%8,99514.56%61,799
Olongapo City**61,506**77.15%18,21722.85%79,723
Oriental Mindoro**145,221**85.92%23,79114.08%169,012
Ormoc City**48,330**98.45%7611.55%49,091
Oroquieta City**16,186**82.10%3,52917.90%19,715
Ozamiz City**25,355**78.45%6,96521.55%32,320
Pagadian City**22,538**80.91%5,31919.09%27,857
Palawan**82,003**83.90%15,73516.10%97,738
Palayan City**8,181**82.11%1,78217.89%9,963
Pampanga**280,741**80.34%68,71419.66%349,455
Pangasinan**569,883**88.90%71,13211.10%641,015
Parañaque**108,216**85.18%18,82514.82%127,041
Pasay City**116,428**77.37%34,06222.63%150,490
Pasig**85,510**84.65%15,50815.35%101,018
Pateros**16,704**81.48%3,79618.52%20,500
Puerto Princesa City**22,407**87.79%3,11512.21%25,522
Quezon**278,706**81.56%62,99618.44%341,702
Quezon City**468,821**73.93%165,34926.07%634,170
Quirino**30,772**79.93%7,72820.07%38,500
Rizal**198,945**88.60%25,59611.40%224,541
Romblon**62,993**85.01%11,10414.99%74,097
Roxas City**26,085**80.90%6,15919.10%32,244
Samar**98,334**82.55%20,79217.45%119,126
San Carlos City, Negros Occidental**25,415**86.75%3,88213.25%29,297
San Carlos City, Pangasinan**32,426**81.56%7,32918.44%39,755
San Jose City**27,464**90.88%2,7569.12%30,220
San Juan**59,500**80.27%14,62119.73%74,121
San Pablo City**49,879**81.98%10,96418.02%60,843
Silay City**28,473**77.17%8,42222.83%36,895
Siquijor**26,807**81.42%6,11818.58%32,925
Sorsogon**154,603**85.27%26,70814.73%181,311
South Cotabato**147,860**72.48%56,14827.52%204,008
Southern Leyte**145,189**97.86%3,1752.14%148,364
Sultan Kudarat**86,585**85.83%14,29014.17%100,875
Sulu**95,311**74.88%31,98025.12%127,291
Surigao City**28,015**87.67%3,94112.33%31,956
Surigao del Norte**110,183**88.29%14,60811.71%124,791
Surigao del Sur**104,787**81.39%23,96718.61%128,754
Tacloban City**58,945**99.01%5900.99%59,535
Tagaytay City**5,231**63.78%2,97036.22%8,201
Tagbilaran City**15,034**76.31%4,66623.69%19,700
Taguig**45,214**86.71%6,93013.29%52,144
Tangub City**10,433**71.00%4,26129.00%14,694
Tarlac**233,144**93.37%16,5486.63%249,692
Tawi-Tawi**45,610**77.01%13,61622.99%59,226
Toledo City**27,486**71.87%10,75928.13%38,245
Trece Martires City**3,218**61.42%2,02138.58%5,239
Valenzuela**53,337**83.95%10,19816.05%63,535
Zambales**111,470**87.07%16,54812.93%128,018
Zamboanga City**73,896**78.86%19,81221.14%93,708
Zamboanga del Norte**91,490**81.79%20,36518.21%111,855
Zamboanga del Sur**208,751**79.81%52,80420.19%261,555
**16,268,523****81.55%****3,793,322****18.45%****19,886,751**
Source: Commission on Elections

Aftermath

Marcos was inaugurated on June 30, 1981, at the Quirino Grandstand, with then-United States Vice President George H. W. Bush in attendance. This is when Bush made the infamous praise for Marcos: "We love your adherence to democratic principles and to the democratic process."

Barangay elections were indeed held on May 17, 1982.

On August 21, 1983, Senator Aquino returned from exile in the United States, but was assassinated at Manila International Airport. Growing unrest followed, and Marcos was forced to call the snap election of 1986, where UNIDO and Partido Demokratiko Pilipino–Lakas ng Bayan (PDP–Laban) participated and nominated Aquino's widow Corazon Aquino as their presidential nominee. Marcos claimed victory over Aquino despite reports of massive cheating, but he was removed from power a few hours after his oath-taking on February 25, 1986.

References

References

  1. Celoza, Albert. (1997). "Ferdinand Marcos and the Philippines: The Political Economy of Authoritarianism". Praeger Publishers.
  2. Steinberg, David Joel. (2000). "The Philippines: A Singular and a Plural Place". Westview Press.
  3. (1981). "Report of the Commission on Elections to the President of the Philippines, the Prime Minister, and the Batasang Pambansa on the Manner the Election of President of the Philippines was Held on June 16, 1981". Bureau of Print.
  4. (1981). "Report of the Commission on Elections to the President of the Philippines, the Prime Minister, and the Batasang Pambansa on the Manner the Election of President of the Philippines was Held on June 16, 1981". Bureau of Print.
  5. Russell, George. (February 3, 1986). "A Test for Democracy".
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