1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries

Background

1972 election

In 1972, Senator George McGovern seized the Democratic nomination through an early campaign and superior organization, aided by his inside knowledge of the reforms under a commission he chaired. McGovern, widely seen as an extremely liberal candidate, lost the general election in a historic landslide to incumbent Richard Nixon, carrying only the state of Massachusetts.

Watergate scandal

During the 1972 campaign, several men were arrested for a break-in at the Watergate complex, home of the Democratic National Committee headquarters. As the investigation continued, it became clear that the break-in was one of several tactics utilized by the Nixon campaign against their political opponents. The scandal and the subsequent attempt to cover it up eventually forced President Nixon to resign from office under political pressure and the threat of impeachment. Nixon was succeeded by Gerald Ford, whom he had appointed to the Vice Presidency after Spiro Agnew himself resigned under investigation for bribery.

As a result of the Watergate scandal and other scandals, the American withdrawal from Vietnam, and an ongoing economic recession, the Democratic Party won a major landslide in the 1974 midterm elections. The post-Watergate political environment also led to a tightening of campaign finance regulations, the creation of the Church Committee to investigate abuses by federal intelligence agencies, and a general opposition to Washington and establishment politicians.

Pre-campaign maneuvering

Much of the speculation for the 1976 nomination surrounded Senator Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota, formerly Vice President of the United States and the party's nominee in 1968. Humphrey had won the largest number of votes in the 1972 primaries but lost in a bitter fight with McGovern. Though Humphrey ultimately declined to seek the nomination again, many early votes went to uncommitted delegates who supporters hoped would commit to Humphrey by the time of the convention.

Senator Henry “Scoop” Jackson raised his national profile by speaking out on Soviet Union–United States relations and Middle East policy regularly, and was considered a front-runner for the nomination when he announced the start of his campaign in February 1975. Jackson received substantial financial support from Jewish-Americans who admired his pro-Israel views, but Jackson's support of the Vietnam War resulted in hostility from the left wing of the Democratic Party.

Jackson chose to run on social issues, emphasizing law and order and his opposition to busing. Jackson was also hoping for support from labor, but the possibility that Hubert Humphrey might enter the race caused unions to offer only lukewarm support.{{cite news |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051127164324/http://www.washington.historylink.org/output.cfm?file_id=5611 |archive-date = 2005-11-27 | author-link = Reihan Salam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013161806/http://cgi.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/analysis/back.time/9605/10/|archive-date=2014-10-13

The 1976 campaign was the first presidential campaign in which the primary system was dominant. However, most of the Democratic candidates failed to realize the significance of the increased number of primaries, or the importance of creating momentum by winning the early contests. Jimmy Carter, who was virtually unknown at the national level, leveraged his obscurity to run as an "outsider" to Washington. Carter's plan was to run in all of the primaries and caucuses, beginning with the Iowa caucuses, and build up momentum by winning "somewhere" each time primary elections were held.

Schedule and results

Tablemaker's Note:

Candidates

Nominee

Eliminated at convention

Withdrew before convention

Favorite son candidates

The following candidates ran only in their home state or district's delegate elections for the purpose of controlling those delegates at the national convention:

• Senator Robert C. Byrd of West Virginia
• Mayor Walter Washington of the District of Columbia
• Delegate Walter Fauntroy of the District of Columbia

Declined to run

• Former Governor John J. Gilligan of Ohio

• Former Vice President Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota At multiple times during the primaries, Humphrey hinted at a campaign for the nomination and expressed his willingness to be drafted, but ultimately declined to actively seek the nomination on April 29, after Carter's victory in Pennsylvania. Several unsuccessful draft movements were formed and many uncommitted delegates expressed their preference for Humphrey.

• Senator Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts

• Mayor of New York City John Lindsay

• Senator George McGovern of South Dakota

• Senator Walter Mondale of Minnesota (formed exploratory committee)

• Senator Edmund Muskie of Maine

• Senator Adlai Stevenson III of Illinois

• Senator John Tunney of California

Polling

National polling

Before August 1974

August 1974–January 1976

1976

Head-to-head polling

Kennedy v. Wallace

Kennedy v. Muskie

Kennedy v. Jackson

Timeline

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January 19: Iowa caucuses

With no clear front-runner for the nomination and a political climate that seemed tilted heavily in their party's favor, a record number of Democrats competed for their party's presidential nomination.

Jimmy Carter startled many political experts by finishing second in the Iowa caucuses, behind only "uncommitted" delegates largely elected on the backs of minor candidates and Humphrey supporters. Arizona Congressman Morris Udall, who had been leading in the polls at one point, came in fifth behind former Oklahoma Senator Fred R. Harris, leading Harris to coin the term "winnowed in", referring to his surprisingly strong showing.

February 24: New Hampshire primary

The New Hampshire primary was another victory for Carter, albeit one in which he was the lone moderate or conservative candidate in the field, both Jackson and Wallace choosing to bypass New Hampshire in favor of neighboring Massachusetts. Thus, with the liberal vote split, Carter won. The New Hampshire primary nevertheless had symbolic value for the Carter campaign, showing that a Southerner could appeal in New England in advance of the Massachusetts primary. Among the liberal candidates in New Hampshire, Udall emerged as the leader.

March 2: Massachusetts primary

One week after the New Hampshire primary, Carter's campaign was dealt a serious blow in Massachusetts. With Jackson and Wallace joining the field to split moderate and conservative voters, Carter finished fourth, behind Jackson, Wallace, and Udall. None of the candidates campaigned heavily in the state, preferring to advertise on television. Jackson won the race by relying on experienced political activists, especially in Boston, and support from organized labor.

March 9: Florida primary

The week after Massachusetts, Carter righted the ship by defeating Wallace and Jackson in Florida. The liberal candidates, with the exception of Milton Shapp, were not on the ballot and largely stayed out of the state; Jackson finished third. Jackson sought to capitalize on momentum from his victory in Massachusetts, but set expectations low given his poor polling in the state. The campaign was acrimonious; Carter sought to maintain his status as the frontrunner by accusing Washington insiders of coordinating against him and accused Jackson of exploiting desegregation busing as an issue. Jackson countered with attacks on Carter's civil rights record as Governor. Wallace, who had won Florida in 1972, staked his campaign on the state. Carter ultimately defeated Wallace narrowly with around a third of the vote; in his victory speech, Carter declared that the result represented "not only a New South, but a new America."

March 16: Illinois primary

Carter then proceeded to slowly but steadily accumulate delegates in primaries around the nation. In Illinois, the Democratic presidential candidates were overshadowed by a power struggle between Chicago mayor Richard J. Daley and Governor Dan Walker. Daley won control of the delegation through a slate of delegates pledged to Senator Adlai Stevenson III, but among the declared candidates for the presidency, Carter won a convincing victory over Wallace in both the presidential preference primary and the separate delegate selection races.

April: New York, Wisconsin, and Pennsylvania

He also knocked his key rivals out of the race one by one. He won a more dominant victory over Wallace in the North Carolina primary on March 23, winning his first majority in any state and thus neutralizing his main rival in the South. On April 6, Carter won a narrow come-from-behind victory in Wisconsin over Mo Udall, although Udall won the most delegates. Jackson won a convincing victory over Udall in the New York primaries, but when Carter defeated Jackson in Pennsylvania on April 27, Jackson quit the race, citing a lack of funds.

As Carter continued to gain momentum, a "Stop Carter" movement formed behind the late-starting campaigns of California Governor Jerry Brown and Senator Frank Church of Idaho. Though neither candidate could secure the nomination themselves, they stood in the hopes of deadlocking the convention and denying Carter the nomination. Now facing an organized opposition, Carter dropped several key Western primaries in May and June.

Total popular vote in primaries

• Jimmy Carter - 6,235,609 (39.19%)
• Jerry Brown - 2,449,374 (15.39%)
• George Wallace - 1,955,388 (12.29%)
• Mo Udall - 1,611,754 (10.13%)
• Henry M. Jackson - 1,134,375 (7.13%)
• Frank Church - 830,818 (5.22%)
• Robert Byrd - 340,309 (2.14%)
• Sargent Shriver - 304,399 (1.91%)
• Ellen McCormack - 238,027 (1.50%)
• Fred R. Harris - 234,568 (1.47%)
• Milton Shapp - 88,254 (0.56%)
• Birch Bayh - 86,438 (0.54%)
• Walter Fauntroy - 10,149 (0.05%)
• Arthur O. Blessitt – 8,717 (0.06%)
• Walter Washington - 5,161 (0.03%)
• Lloyd Bentsen - 4,046 (0.03%)
• Terry Sanford - 404 (0.00%)

Democratic National Convention

The 1976 Democratic National Convention was held in New York City. By the time the convention opened Carter already had more than enough delegates to win the nomination, and so the major emphasis at the convention was to create an appearance of party unity, which had been lacking in the 1968 and 1972 Democratic Conventions. Carter easily won the nomination on the first ballot; he then chose Senator Walter Mondale of Minnesota, a liberal and a protege of Hubert Humphrey, as his running mate.

The tally at the convention was:

• Jimmy Carter - 2,239 (74.48%)
• Mo Udall - 330 (10.98%)
• Jerry Brown - 301 (10.01%)
• George Wallace - 57 (1.90%)
• Ellen McCormack - 22 (0.73%)
• Frank Church - 19 (0.63%)
• Hubert Humphrey - 10 (0.33%)
• Henry M. Jackson - 10 (0.33%)
• Fred R. Harris - 9 (0.30%)
• Milton Shapp - 2 (0.07%)
• Robert Byrd, Cesar Chavez, Leon Jaworski, Barbara Jordan, Ted Kennedy, Jennings Randolph, Fred Stover - each 1 vote (0.03%)

Vice presidential nomination

File:WalterFMondale.png|Senator Walter F. Mondale of Minnesota File:Edmund Muskie.jpg|Senator Edmund S. Muskie of Maine File:FrankChurch.jpg|Senator Frank Church of Idaho File:John Glenn 97th Congress 1981 (cropped).jpg|Senator John Glenn of Ohio File:AdlaistevensonIII.jpg|Senator Adlai Stevenson III of Illinois File:HenryJackson.jpg|Senator Henry M. Jackson of Washington File:Peter W. Rodino.jpg|Congressman Peter W. Rodino of New Jersey File:Rondellums105th.jpg|Congressman Ron Dellums of California File:Rep. Barbara Jordan - Restoration.jpg|Congresswoman Barbara Jordan of Texas

By June, Carter had the nomination sufficiently locked up and could take time to interview potential vice-presidential candidates.

The pundits predicted that Frank Church would be tapped to provide balance as an experienced senator with strong liberal credentials. Church promoted himself, persuading friends to intervene with Carter in his behalf. If a quick choice had been required as in past conventions, Carter later recalled, he would probably have chosen Church. But the longer period for deliberation gave Carter time to worry about his compatibility with the publicity-seeking Church, who had a tendency to be long-winded. Instead, Carter invited Senators Edmund Muskie, John Glenn and Walter Mondale, and Congressman Peter W. Rodino to visit his home in Plains, Georgia, for personal interviews, while Church, Henry M. Jackson, and Adlai Stevenson III would be interviewed at the convention in New York. Rodino revealed he had no interest in the position, and of all the other potential candidates, Carter found Mondale the most compatible. As a result, Carter selected Mondale as his running mate.

African American leadership within the Democratic Party had sought to potentially place Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley, Congressman Ron Dellums, or Congresswoman Barbara Jordan on the ticket with Carter. However, Jordan took herself out of consideration, and Carter did not have any interest in the other candidates put forward.

The vice presidential tally, in part, was:

• Walter Mondale 2837
• House Speaker Carl Albert 36
• Ronald Dellums 20
• Fritz Efaw 12
• Barbara Jordan 17
• Others 53

References

References

1. (January 26, 1976). "WALLACE BEATS CARTER, 3-1, IN MISSISSIPPI'S CAUCUSES". The New York Times.
2. (February 15, 1976). "EX-GEORGIA GOVERNOR HOLDS EDGE IN DEMOCRAT BALLOTING". The Lawton Constitution.
3. (February 15, 1976). "DEMOCRATS TO CAUCUS SATURDAY". The Clarion-Ledger.
4. (February 22, 1976). "WALLACE WINS 9 MISSISSIPPI DELEGATES". The New York Times.
5. (February 25, 1976). "DFL FOR HHH ONE MORE TIME". The Minneapolis Star.
6. (March 2, 1976). "FORD WON 18 OF 21 DELEGATES IN PRIMARY IN NEW HAMPSHIRE". The New York Times.
7. (March 4, 1976). "FINAL TALLIES IN 2 RACES". The New York Times.
8. (March 10, 1976). "VERMONT'S NEW PRIMARY DREW SOME 27% OF ELIGIBLE VOTERS". The Bennington Banner.
9. (March 3, 1976). "FORD APPARENT WINNER IN WASHINGTON CAUCUSES". The Columbian.
10. (March 11, 1976). "FINAL TOTALS IN FLORIDA PRIMARY". The New York Times.
11. (March 18, 1976). "LATE VOTE TOTALS IN ILLINOIS RACES". The New York Times.
12. (March 18, 1976). "FORD AND CARTER AMASSING DELEGATES". The New York Times.
13. (March 20, 1976). "OKLAHOMA PARTY SPLITS ON CARTER". The New York Times.
14. (March 21, 1976). "FINAL TOTALS IN N. CAROLINA". The New York Times.
15. (April 1, 1976). "SOUTH CAROLINA DEMOCRATS GIVE CARTER 9 OF THEIR 31 DELEGATES". The New York Times.
16. (April 1, 1976). "CARTER TAKES THE LEAD IN DELEGATE SELECTIONS IN KANSAS COUNTIES". The New York Times.
17. (April 4, 1976). "TULSAN PULLS UPSET FOR KEY DEMO POST". The Tulsa World.
18. (April 1, 1976). "CARTER IS VICTOR IN 2 STATE RACES". The New York Times.
19. (April 5, 1976). "JACKSON LIKELY TO SWEEP PUERTO RICAN DELEGATES". The News Tribune.
20. (June 30, 1976). "2 BLACKS NAMED TO PA. DELEGATION". The State.
21. (8 April 1976). "State's Delegates to the Conventions". The New York Times.
22. (8 April 1976). "Jackson Won in New York By Narrowly Based Voting; Did Best in Queens and Brooklyn and With Jews and Moderates – Crangle Hails 'Draft Humphrey' Success". The New York Times.
23. (April 7, 1976). "FORD EASY VICTOR". The New York Times.
24. (April 8, 1976). "CARTER... HOW, WHY". The Wisconsin State Journal.
25. (April 7, 1976). "CARTER AND UDALL LEAD AS DELEGATES PICKED IN IOWA". The New York Times.
26. (April 11, 1976). "CARTER WINS 17 OF IOWA'S 47 DELEGATES". The Des Moines Register.
27. (April 22, 1976). "DEMOCRATS IN MISSOURI AVOIDING CHOICES". The New York Times.
28. (April 22, 1976). "DEMOCRATS ELECT 547 OF 839 DELEGATES AS UNCOMMITTED". The St. Louis Post-Dispatch.
29. (May 30, 1976). "GRAVEL 'THINK TANK' PROPOSAL OPENS DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION". The Fairbanks Daily News-Miner.
30. (April 26, 1976). "FORD, HHH BIG WINNERS AT STATE DISTRICT MEETINGS". The St. Cloud Times.
31. (April 26, 1976). "ARIZONA PRIMARY IS WON BY UDALL". The New York Times.
32. (March 29, 1976). "TUESDAY'S VOTING EFFECTS". The New York Times.
33. (March 29, 1976). "SIZE OF CARTER WIN PRESSURES NEUTRAL DELEGATES". The Philadelphia Inquirer.
34. (May 4, 1976). "RESULTS OF DELEGATE ELECTION SAID OFFICIAL". The Times.
35. (May 9, 1976). "PANEL OKAYS STATE DEMOCRATIC DELEGATION". The Times.
36. (May 3, 1976). "DEMOCRATIC VOTE PROPELS REAGAN TO TEXAS SWEEP". The New York Times.
37. (May 3, 1976). "FORD, HHH BIG WINNERS AT STATE DISTRICT MEETINGS". The Winona Daily News.
38. (May 6, 1976). "RESULTS IN ALABAMA SHOW WALLACE STRENGTH FADING". The New York Times.
39. (May 5, 1976). "GEORGIANS BACK CARTER, REAGAN". The New York Times.
40. (May 5, 1976). "REAGAN LEADS FORD, CARTER WINS". The Indianapolis Star.
41. (May 6, 1976). "INVALID VOTES MAR CAPITAL PRIMARY". The New York Times.
42. (June 25, 1976). "CARTER LOSES TWO DELEGATES IN FEDERAL COURT RULING". The New York Times.
43. (May 9, 1976). "NATIONAL DELEGATES PICKED BY DEMS". The Casper Star-Tribune.
44. (May 10, 1976). "UDALL SLOWS CARTER IN MAIN". The Bangor Daily News.
45. (May 13, 1976). "GOV. GRASSO SAYS THE DEMOCRATIC RACE IS NOT OVER YET". The New York Times.
46. (May 13, 1976). "{{sic". The New York Times.
47. (May 13, 1976). "CHURCH VICTORY GIVES NEW HOPE TO CARTER'S FOES". The New York Times.
48. (May 16, 1976). "CITY WOMAN EARNS DEMOCRATIC VICTORY". The Albuquerque Journal.
49. (June 8, 1976). "HALF OF UTAH DELEGATES UNCOMMITTED, PRIMARY REVEALS". The Daily Herald.
50. (May 19, 1976). "BROWN SCORES UPSET OVER CARTER; PAUL SARBANES STOPS JOE TYDINGS". The Daily Times.
51. (May 30, 1976). "CARTER GETS HALF OF STATE DELEGATES". The Detroit Free Press.
52. (May 23, 1976). "DELEGATES RAP CARTER, SALMON; UDALL, BROWN PICK UP SUPPORT". The Rutland Daily Herald.
53. (May 24, 1976). "AFTER A BRAWL, CARTER WINS 10 OF STATE'S 12". The World News.
54. (May 23, 1976). "FORD APPARENT WINNER IN WASHINGTON CAUCUSES". The Spokesman-Review.
55. (May 27, 1976). "35TH ALABAMA DELEGATE MAY SPARK DEMO SQUABBLE". The Birmingham Post-Herald.
56. (May 27, 1976). "RESULTS OF NEW VOTING". The New York Times.
57. (May 27, 1976). "MISSOURI GAIN LESS THAN CARTER GOAL". The New York Times.
58. (May 30, 1976). "CARTER WINS BIG DELEGATE VOTE IN STATE". The Des Moines Register.
59. (May 30, 1976). "HAWAII DEMOCRATS PICK 17 DELEGATES". The New York Times.
60. (June 3, 1976). "RESULTS OF NEW VOTING". The New York Times.
61. (June 7, 1976). "7 STATES COMPLETE SELECTION OF DELEGATES". The New York Times.
62. (June 10, 1976). "RESULTS OF NEW VOTING". The New York Times.
63. (June 13, 1976). "AFTER A BRAWL, CARTER WINS 10 OF STATE'S 12". The Morning News.
64. (June 13, 1976). "CARTER GETS 19, UDALL 16 IN STATE". The Bridgeport Post.
65. (June 14, 1976). "DIANE OBERQUELL AMONG DEMO DELEGATES". The Olympian.
66. (June 27, 1976). "NORTH DAKOTA DEMO PICKS ARE LISTED". The Colorado Springs Gazette-Telegraph.
67. (June 26, 1976). "NORTH DAKOTA DEMO PICKS ARE LISTED". The Bismarck Tribune.
68. (7 September 2015). "17 Democrats Ran for President in 1976. Can Today's GOP Learn Anything from What Happened?".
69. Broder, David. (18 Jan 1974). "Mondale Will Test Bid for Presidency". The New York Times.
70. (15 July 1973). "Gallup Poll Shows Kennedy Is Leading For '76 Nomination". The New York Times.
71. Gallup, George. (27 Sep 1974). "Wallace Leading Party's '76 Field". The Hartford Courant.
72. (5 Dec 1974). "Gallup Poll: Democratic leader in '76 fails to emerge". The Baltimore Sun.
73. (31 Mar 1975). "Wallace leads Democratic hopefuls for 1976 race, Gallup poll reports". The Baltimore Sun.
74. (25 May 1975). "Kennedy Is First in Gallup Survey: Gets 36% to Wallace's 15% Among Democratic Voters". The New York Times.
75. Gallup, George. (7 Aug 1975). "Wallace, Humphrey Run Close". The New York Times.
76. Gallup, George. (26 Oct 1975). "Humphrey Moves Ahead of Wallace in Voter Survey". Los Angeles Times.
77. Gallup, George. (26 Oct 1975). "Without Kennedy, Humphrey Top Choice". The Hartford Courant.
78. Lydon, Christopher. (14 Dec 1975). "Humphrey, at 30% in Poll, Widens Democratic Lead". The New York Times.
79. Gallup, George. (22 Jan 1976). "29% of Democrats Shown for HHH". The Hartford Courant.
80. Gallup, George. (29 May 1975). "Democrats favor Kennedy over Jackson, Muskie, Wallace". The Boston Globe.
81. Jules Witcover, No Way to Pick A President: How Money and Hired Guns Have Debased American Elections, 2001, p.166
82. George C. Edwards, John Howard Kessel, Bert A. Rockman, Researching the presidency: vital questions, new approaches, 1993, p.60
83. "Winnowed In!... But For Just How Long? ... Looking forward to the second month of Primary/Caucus season 2004".
84. "Serious Winnowing ... both on and after 'Super Duper' Tuesday".
85. "Our Campaigns - US President - D Primaries Race - Feb 01, 1976".
86. "Our Campaigns - DC US President - D Primary Race - May 04, 1976".
87. "Our Campaigns - US President - D Convention Race - Jul 12, 1976".