1975 in science

Astronomy and space exploration

• April 19 – Aryabhata, India's first satellite, is launched using Soviet boosters.
• July 17 – Apollo–Soyuz Test Project: An American Apollo and a Soviet Soyuz spacecraft dock with each other in orbit marking the first such link-up between spacecraft from the two nations.
• August 20 – Viking program: NASA launches the Viking 1 planetary probe toward Mars.

Biology

• August 7 – César Milstein and Georges Köhler report their discovery of how to use hybridoma cells to isolate monoclonal antibodies, effectively beginning the history of monoclonal antibody use in science.
• Living specimens of the Chacoan Peccary (Catagonus wagneri), previously known only from fossils, are identified in Paraguay.

Climatology

• August 8 – The term global warming is probably first used in its modern sense by Wallace Smith Broecker.

Computer science

• January – Altair 8800 is released, sparking the era of the microcomputer.
• March 5 – Hackers in Silicon Valley hold the first meeting of the Homebrew Computer Club.
• April 4 – Bill Gates and Paul Allen form a company at this time called Micro-Soft in Albuquerque, New Mexico, to develop and sell their Altair BASIC interpreter software for the Altair 8800.
• The MOS Technology 6502 is introduced. An 8-bit microprocessor designed by a small team led by Chuck Peddle for MOS Technology, it is, by a considerable margin, the least expensive full-featured microprocessor on the market.

Mathematics

• Benoit Mandelbrot coins the term fractal.
• The Harada–Norton group is discovered.
• John N. Mather and Richard McGehee prove that for the Newtonian collinear four-body problem there exist solutions which become unbounded in a finite time interval.
• The Monty Hall problem in probability is first posed, by Steve Selvin.

Medicine

• October 16 – The last naturally occurring case of smallpox is diagnosed and treated, the victim being two-year-old Rahima Banu in Bangladesh.
• Lyme disease first recognised at Lyme, Connecticut.
• Mini–mental state examination (MMSE) or Folstein test introduced to screen for dementia or other cognitive dysfunction.

Technology

• Steven Sasson of Eastman Kodak in the United States produces the first self-contained (portable) digital camera.

Awards

• Nobel Prizes
  • Physics – Aage Bohr, Ben Roy Mottelson, James Rainwater
  • Chemistry – John Warcup Cornforth, Vladimir Prelog
  • Medicine – David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco, Howard Martin Temin
• Turing Award – Allen Newell, Herbert A. Simon

Births

• July 11 – Naomi McClure-Griffiths, American-born astrophysicist.
• July 17 – Terence Tao, Australian-born mathematician.
• November 14 – Martin Hairer, Swiss-born Austrian-British mathematician.
• Catherine A. Lozupone, American microbiologist.

Deaths

• February 8 – Sir Robert Robinson b. 1886), British chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
• February 10 – Elizabeth Kozlova (b. 1892), Russian ornithologist
• February 14 – Sir Julian Huxley (b. 1887), English biologist and author.
• April 19 – Percy Lavon Julian (b. 1899), African American research chemist.
• May 14 – Ernst Alexanderson (b. 1878), Swedish American television pioneer.
• May 18 – Christopher Strachey (b. 1916), English computer scientist.
• June 8 – Douglas Guthrie (b. 1885), Scottish otolaryngologist and medical historian.
• June 27 – Sir Geoffrey Taylor (b. 1886), English physicist.
• September 5 – Alice Catherine Evans (b. 1881), American microbiologist.
• October 10 – August Dvorak (b. 1894), American educational psychologist.
• October 23 – Gordon Hamilton Fairley (b. 1930), British oncologist.
• November – Priscilla Fairfield Bok (b. 1896), American astronomer.
• November 19 – Tokushichi Mishima (b. 1893), Japanese inventor and metallurgist.
• December 13 – Mary Locke Petermann (b. 1908), American cellular biochemist.
• December 28 – Frances McConnell-Mills (b. 1900), American toxicologist.

References

References

1. (1975). "Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity". [[Nature (journal).
2. Waldman, Thomas A.. (2003). "Immunotherapy: past, present and future". Nature Medicine.
3. Naish, Darren. (2008-11-24). "New, obscure, and nearly extinct rodents of South America, and... when fossils come alive". Tetrapod Zoology.
4. Broecker, Wallace S.. (1975-08-08). "Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?". [[Science (journal).
5. Stefan. (2010-07-28). "Happy 35th birthday, global warming!". [[RealClimate]].
6. Johnson, Brad. (2010-08-03). "Wally's World". [[Foreign Policy (magazine).
7. Alfred, Randy. "April 4, 1975: Bill Gates, Paul Allen Form a Little Partnership". Wired.com.
8. Harada, Koichiro. (1976). "Proceedings of the Conference on Finite Groups (Univ. Utah, Park City, Utah, 1975)". [[Academic Press]].
9. Norton, Simon P.. (1975). "F and other simple groups". PhD Thesis.
10. (1975). "Dynamical Systems, Theory and Applications".
11. Saari, Donald G.. (1995). "Off to infinity in finite time". [[Notices of the American Mathematical Society]].
12. Chenciner, Alain. (2007). "The three body problem". Scholarpedia.
13. Selvin, Steve. (February 1975). "A problem in probability (letter to the editor)". [[The American Statistician]].
14. Selvin, Steve. (August 1975). "On the Monty Hall problem (letter to the editor)". American Statistician.
15. Image caption of U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control]] [http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp Public Health Image Library image number 7762].
16. (1975). ""Mini-mental state": A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician". Journal of Psychiatric Research.