1945 Canadian federal election

Background

In the 1935 election, the Liberal Party led by William Lyon Mackenzie King returned to power (King's Liberals had previously governed Canada from 1921 to 1930) with a landslide majority government. The King government's success in combatting the Great Depression led to their second landslide majority victory in the 1940 election. From 1939 to 1945, the King government's main priority was aiding the Allies in World War II.

In the period leading up to the election, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation was rising in popularity. A Gallup poll from September 1943 showed the CCF with a one-point lead over both the Liberals and Progressive Conservatives. Many predicted a major breakthrough for the CCF nationally and the party was expected to win 70 to 100 seats, possibly even enough to form a minority government. In the Saskatchewan provincial election, the CCF won a landslide victory, forming a provincial government for the first time.

In 1942, members of the Conservative Party held the Port Hope Conference, which established several Conservative goals including support for free enterprise and conscription, and more radical policies such as full-employment, low-cost housing, trade union rights, as well as a whole range of social security measures, including a government financed medicare system. Progressive Party Premier of Manitoba John Bracken became the Conservative Party's leader that same year, and changed the party's name to the Progressive Conservative Party as a result of this policy shift.

Campaign

Liberals

A key issue in this election seems to have been electing a stable government. The Liberals urged voters to "Return the Mackenzie King Government", and argued that only the Liberal Party had a "preponderance of members in all nine provinces". Mackenzie King threatened to call a new election if he was not given a majority: "We would have confusion to deal with at a time when the world will be in a very disturbed situation. The war in Europe is over, but unrest in the east is not over."

Social welfare programs were also an issue in the campaign. Another Liberal slogan encouraged voters to "Build a New Social Order" by endorsing the Liberal platform, which included

• $750 million to provide land, jobs and business support for veterans;
• $400 million of public spending to build housing;
• $250 million for family allowances;
• establishing an Industrial development Bank;
• loans to farmers, floor prices for agricultural products;
• tax reductions.

Progressive Conservatives

The Progressive Conservatives tried to capitalize on the massive mid-campaign victory by the Ontario Progressive Conservative Party in the 1945 Ontario provincial election. PC campaign ads exhorted voters to rally behind their party: "Ontario shows! Only Bracken can win!", and suggesting that it would be impossible to form a majority government in the country without a plurality of seats in Ontario, which only the Tories could win.

Operation Downfall, the invasion of Japan, was scheduled for late 1945-early 1946. Bracken had promised conscription for the invasion of Japan whereas King had promised to commit one division of volunteers to the planned invasion of Japan. Based on the way that the Japanese had fought the battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa it was widely expected that the invasion of the Japanese home islands would be a bloody campaign, and Bracken's promise of conscription for the planned invasion of Japan did much to turn voters against his party.

Despite the party's performance ultimately being their best since R.B. Bennett's government was ousted in a landslide a decade previously, Bracken was widely held responsible for their failure to make a better showing – aside from the conscription issue, many believed that his western populism was a futile approach, and that the Tories could not hope to compete with the CCF and Socreds in the west – and the party grandees immediately began pressuring him to resign in favour of George A. Drew, who had led the Ontario Progressive Conservatives to their provincial election victory; Bracken would eventually do so in 1948.

Co-operative Commonwealth Federation

Campaigning under the slogan, "Work, Security, and Freedom for All – with the CCF", the CCF promised to retain war-time taxes on high incomes and excess profits in order to fund social services, and to abolish the Senate of Canada. The CCF fought hard to prevent the support of labour from going to the Labor-Progressive Party (i.e., the Communist Party of Canada).

The LPP, for its part, pointed out that the CCF's refusal to enter into an electoral pact with the LPP had cost the CCF 100,000 votes in the Ontario election, and had given victory to the Ontario PCs. It urged voters to "Make Labour a Partner in Government."

Social Credit

The Social Credit Party of Canada tried, with modest success, to capitalize on the positive image of the Alberta Socred government of Ernest Manning (who had succeeded the party's founding leader, William Aberhart on his death two years earlier), asking voters, "Good Government in Alberta -- Why Not at Ottawa?". Referring to social credit monetary theories, the party encouraged voters to "Vote for the National Dividend".

While the party's presence outside of Alberta was minimal, its strongest showing elsewhere was in Quebec, where it collaborated with the provincial Union des electeurs under future Socred leader Réal Caouette. The Union would subsequently contest the next federal election as an independent party before disappearing, but it foreshadowed Social Credit's emergence to the Liberals as the main competition in Quebec throughout the 1960s and 1970s.

Opinion polling

National results

Notes:

• The party did not nominate candidates in the previous election.

x - less than 0.005% of the popular vote.

1 1945 Progressive Conservative vote compared to 1940 National Government + Conservative vote.

2 1945 Social Credit vote compared to 1940 New Democracy + Social Credit vote.

3 1945 Labor-Progressive vote compared to 1940 Communist vote.

4 The successful "Independent CCF" candidate ran as a People's Co-operative Commonwealth Federation candidate.

5 One Progressive Conservative candidate ran under the "National Government" label that the party had used in the 1940 election.

6 MP Dorise Nielsen was elected in 1940 as a Unity candidate in North Battleford. She joined the Labor-Progressive Party in 1943 and ran for re-election in 1945 as an LPP MP and lost. Fred Rose was elected to parliament for Cartier as a Labor-Progressive MP in a 1943 by-election. He was re-elected in 1945.

Vote and seat summaries

|File:Ternary CA1940.svg |1940 |File:Ternary CA1945.svg |1945

Results by province

xx - less than 0.05% of the popular vote.

Notes

References

References

1. Neatby, H. Blair. "King, William Lyon Mackenzie".
2. Neatby, H. Blair. "King, William Lyon Mackenzie".
3. [https://books.google.com/books?id=0pFYBSaxB_wC&pg=PA57&dq=Port+Hope+Conference&lr=&ei=diPpSKHlzDIyuyASxy-jIAw&sig=ACfU3U0m3aUj8UUlwB-xQVcVRqykru486Q#PPA57,M1 The Essentials of Canadian History: Pre-colonization to 1867-the Beginning ... – Terence Allan Crowley, Rae Murphy – Google Boeken]. Books.google.com. Retrieved on April 12, 2014.
4. Morton, Desmond A Military History of Canada, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1999 page 223-224.
5. (March 1, 1947). "No Notable Shift in Party Support". The Evening Citizen.
6. The Quarter's Polls. (1945). Public Opinion Quarterly, 9(4), 510. doi:10.1086/265765
7. Public Opinions Polls. (1944). Public Opinion Quarterly, 8(4), 580
8. Public Opinions Polls. (Spring 1944). Public Opinion Quarterly, 8(1), 142 doi:10.1086/265676
9. Public Opinions Polls. (1943). Public Opinion Quarterly, 7(4), 492 doi:10.1086/265660