18th United States Congress

Major events

Main article: 1823 in the United States, 1824 in the United States, 1825 in the United States

• August 1823: Arikara War fought between the Arikara nation and the United States, the first American military conflict with the Plains Indians.
• December 2, 1823: Monroe Doctrine: President James Monroe delivered a speech to the Congress, announcing a new policy of forbidding European interference in the Americas and establishing American neutrality in future European conflicts.
• February 9, 1825: John Quincy Adams elected as President of the United States by the House of Representatives in accordance with the contingent election provision of the Twelfth Amendment, as no candidate had received a majority of the electoral votes cast in the 1824 presidential election. The House was required to choose between Adams, Andrew Jackson, and William Crawford (the top three presidential electoral-vote recipients), with the delegation from each of the 24 states having one vote. Adams was elected on the first ballot by 13 to 7 to 4.

:{| class="wikitable" ! | States for Adams ! | States for Jackson ! | States for Crawford |-style="vertical-align:top" |

• Connecticut
• Illinois
• Kentucky
• Louisiana
• Maine
• Maryland
• Massachusetts
• Missouri
• New Hampshire
• New York
• Ohio
• Rhode Island
• Vermont |
• Alabama
• Indiana
• Mississippi
• New Jersey
• Pennsylvania
• South Carolina
• Tennessee |
• Delaware
• Georgia
• North Carolina
• Virginia |- | |Total: 13 (54%) | |Total: 7 (29%) | |Total: 4 (17%) |}

Major legislation

Main article: List of United States federal legislation#18th United States Congress

• January 7, 1824: Tariff of 1824, Sess. 1, ch. 4,
• March 3, 1825: Crimes Act of 1825, Sess. 2, ch. 65,

Party summary

The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this Congress, and includes members from vacancies and newly admitted states, when they were first seated. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the "Changes in membership" section. The 18th Congress was the final one in which members sat who are identified with the First Party System and the Federalist Party.

Senate

House of Representatives

Leadership

Senate

• President: Daniel D. Tompkins (DR)
• President pro tempore: John Gaillard (DR)

House of Representatives

• Speaker: Henry Clay (DR)

Members

This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class, and representatives are listed by district. :Skip to House of Representatives, below

Senate

Main article: List of United States senators in the 18th Congress

Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring re-election in 1826; Class 2 meant their term began with this Congress, requiring re-election in 1828; and Class 3 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring re-election in 1824.

[[List of United States senators from Alabama|Alabama]]

: 2. William R. King (DR) : 3. William Kelly (DR)

[[List of United States senators from Connecticut|Connecticut]]

: 1. Elijah Boardman (DR), until August 18, 1823 :: Henry W. Edwards (DR), from October 8, 1823 : 3. James Lanman (DR)

[[List of United States senators from Delaware|Delaware]]

: 1. Thomas Clayton (F), from January 8, 1824 : 2. Nicholas Van Dyke (F), from January 7, 1824

[[List of United States senators from Georgia|Georgia]]

: 2. Nicholas Ware (DR), until September 7, 1824 :: Thomas W. Cobb (DR), from December 6, 1824 : 3. John Elliott (DR)

[[List of United States senators from Illinois|Illinois]]

: 2. Jesse B. Thomas (DR) : 3. Ninian Edwards (DR), until March 4, 1824 :: John McLean (DR), from November 23, 1824

[[List of United States senators from Indiana|Indiana]]

: 1. James Noble (DR) : 3. Waller Taylor (DR)

[[List of United States senators from Kentucky|Kentucky]]

: 2. Richard M. Johnson (DR) : 3. Isham Talbot (DR)

[[List of United States senators from Louisiana|Louisiana]]

: 2. Henry Johnson (DR), until May 27, 1824 :: Dominique J. Bouligny (DR), from November 19, 1824 : 3. James Brown (DR), until December 10, 1823 :: Josiah S. Johnston (DR), from January 15, 1824

[[List of United States senators from Maine|Maine]]

: 1. John Holmes (DR) : 2. John Chandler (DR)

[[List of United States senators from Maryland|Maryland]]

: 1. Samuel Smith (DR) : 3. Edward Lloyd (DR)

[[List of United States senators from Massachusetts|Massachusetts]]

: 1. Elijah H. Mills (F) : 2. James Lloyd (F)

[[List of United States senators from Mississippi|Mississippi]]

: 1. David Holmes (DR) : 2. Thomas H. Williams (DR)

[[List of United States senators from Missouri|Missouri]]

: 1. Thomas H. Benton (DR) : 3. David Barton (DR)

[[List of United States senators from New Hampshire|New Hampshire]]

: 2. Samuel Bell (DR) : 3. John F. Parrott (DR)

[[List of United States senators from New Jersey|New Jersey]]

: 1. Joseph McIlvaine (DR), from November 12, 1823 : 2. Mahlon Dickerson (DR)

[[List of United States senators from New York|New York]]

: 1. Martin Van Buren (DR) : 3. Rufus King (F)

[[List of United States senators from North Carolina|North Carolina]]

: 2. John Branch (DR) : 3. Nathaniel Macon (DR)

[[List of United States senators from Ohio|Ohio]]

: 1. Benjamin Ruggles (DR) : 3. Ethan Allen Brown (DR)

[[List of United States senators from Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]]

: 1. William Findlay (DR) : 3. Walter Lowrie (DR)

[[List of United States senators from Rhode Island|Rhode Island]]

: 1. James DeWolf (DR) : 2. Nehemiah R. Knight (DR)

[[List of United States senators from South Carolina|South Carolina]]

: 2. Robert Y. Hayne (DR) : 3. John Gaillard (DR)

[[List of United States senators from Tennessee|Tennessee]]

: 1. John H. Eaton (DR) : 2. Andrew Jackson (DR)

[[List of United States senators from Vermont|Vermont]]

: 1. Horatio Seymour (DR) : 3. William A. Palmer (DR)

[[List of United States senators from Virginia|Virginia]]

: 1. James Barbour (DR) : 2. John Taylor (DR), until August 21, 1824 :: Littleton W. Tazewell (DR), from December 7, 1824

]]

House of Representatives

Main article: List of United States representatives in the 18th Congress

The names of representatives are preceded by their district numbers.

[[List of United States representatives from Alabama|Alabama]]

: . Gabriel Moore (DR-J) : . John McKee (DR-J) : . George W. Owen (DR-J)

[[List of United States representatives from Connecticut|Connecticut]]

All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket. : . Noyes Barber (DR-A) : . Samuel A. Foot (DR-A) : . Ansel Sterling (DR-A) : . Ebenezer Stoddard (DR-A) : . Gideon Tomlinson (DR-A) : . Lemuel Whitman (DR-A)

[[List of United States representatives from Delaware|Delaware]]

: . Louis McLane (F-C)

[[List of United States representatives from Georgia|Georgia]]

All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket. : . Joel Abbot (DR-C) : . George Cary (DR-C) : . Thomas W. Cobb (DR-C), until December 6, 1824 :: Richard Henry Wilde (DR-C), from February 7, 1825 : . Alfred Cuthbert (DR-C) : . John Forsyth (DR-C) : . Edward F. Tattnall (DR-C) : . Wiley Thompson (DR-C)

[[List of United States representatives from Illinois|Illinois]]

: . Daniel P. Cook (DR-A)

[[List of United States representatives from Indiana|Indiana]]

: . William Prince (DR-J), until September 8, 1824 :: Jacob Call (DR-J), from December 23, 1824 : . Jonathan Jennings (DR-J) : . John Test (DR-J)

[[List of United States representatives from Kentucky|Kentucky]]

: . David Trimble (DR-A) : . Thomas Metcalfe (DR-A) : . Henry Clay (DR-A) : . Robert P. Letcher (DR-A) : . John T. Johnson (DR-J) : . David White (DR-A) : . Thomas P. Moore (DR-J) : . Richard A. Buckner (DR-A) : . Charles A. Wickliffe (DR-J) : . Francis Johnson (DR-A) : . Philip Thompson (DR-A) : . Robert P. Henry (DR-J)

[[List of United States representatives from Louisiana|Louisiana]]

: . Edward Livingston (DR-J) : . Henry H. Gurley (DR-A) : . William L. Brent (DR-A)

[[List of United States representatives from Maine|Maine]]

: . William Burleigh (DR-A) : . Stephen Longfellow (F-A) : . Ebenezer Herrick (DR-A) : . Joshua Cushman (DR-A) : . Enoch Lincoln (DR-A) : . Jeremiah O'Brien (DR-A) : . David Kidder (DR-A)

[[List of United States representatives from Maryland|Maryland]]

The 5th district was a plural district with two representatives. : . Raphael Neale (F-A) : . Joseph Kent (DR-A) : . Henry R. Warfield (F-A) : . John Lee (F-J) : . Peter Little (DR-J) : . Isaac McKim (DR-J) : . George E. Mitchell (DR-A) : . William Hayward Jr. (DR-C) : . John S. Spence (DR-A)

[[List of United States representatives from Massachusetts|Massachusetts]]

: . Daniel Webster (F-A) : . Benjamin W. Crowninshield (DR-A) : . Jeremiah Nelson (F-A) : . Timothy Fuller (DR-A) : . Jonas Sibley (DR-A) : . John Locke (DR-A) : . Samuel C. Allen (F-A) : . Samuel Lathrop (F-A) : . Henry W. Dwight (F-A) : . John Bailey (DR-A), from December 13, 1824 : . Aaron Hobart (DR-A) : . Francis Baylies (F-J) : . John Reed Jr. (F-A)

[[List of United States representatives from Mississippi|Mississippi]]

: . Christopher Rankin (DR-J)

[[List of United States representatives from Missouri|Missouri]]

: . John Scott (DR-A)

[[List of United States representatives from New Hampshire|New Hampshire]]

All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket. : . Ichabod Bartlett (DR-A) : . Matthew Harvey (DR-A) : . Arthur Livermore (DR-A) : . Aaron Matson (DR-A) : . William Plumer Jr. (DR-A) : . Thomas Whipple Jr. (DR-A)

[[List of United States representatives from New Jersey|New Jersey]]

All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket.

: . George Cassedy (DR-J) : . Lewis Condict (DR-J) : . Daniel Garrison (DR-J) : . George Holcombe (DR-J) : . James Matlack (DR-A) : . Samuel Swan (DR-J)

[[List of United States representatives from New York|New York]]

There were three plural districts: the 20th & 26th had two representatives each, the 3rd had three representatives. : . Silas Wood (DR-A) : . Jacob Tyson (DR-C) : . Churchill C. Cambreleng (DR-C) : . John J. Morgan (DR-J) : . Peter Sharpe (DR-A) : . Joel Frost (DR-C) : . William W. Van Wyck (DR-A) : . Hector Craig (DR-J) : . Lemuel Jenkins (DR-C) : . James Strong (F-A) : . James L. Hogeboom (DR-C) : . Stephen Van Rensselaer (F-A) : . Charles A. Foote (DR-C) : . Lewis Eaton (DR-C) : . Isaac Williams Jr. (DR-A) : . Henry R. Storrs (F-A) : . John Herkimer (DR-A) : . John W. Cady (DR-A) : . John W. Taylor (DR-A) : . Henry C. Martindale (F-A) : . John Richards (DR-C) : . Ela Collins (DR-C) : . Egbert Ten Eyck (DR-C) : . Lot Clark (DR-C) : . Justin Dwinell (DR-C) : . Elisha Litchfield (DR-C) : . Rowland Day (DR-C) : . Samuel Lawrence (DR-A) : . Dudley Marvin (DR-A) : . Robert S. Rose (DR-A) : . Moses Hayden (DR-A) : . William B. Rochester (DR-A), until April 23, 1823 :: William Woods (DR-A), from November 3, 1823 : . Isaac Wilson (DR-A), until January 7, 1824 :: Parmenio Adams (DR-A), from January 7, 1824 : . Albert H. Tracy (DR-A)

[[List of United States representatives from North Carolina|North Carolina]]

: . Alfred M. Gatlin (DR-C) : . Hutchins G. Burton (DR-C), until March 23, 1824 :: George Outlaw (DR-C), from January 19, 1825 : . Thomas H. Hall (DR-C) : . Richard D. Spaight Jr. (DR-C) : . Charles Hooks (DR-C) : . Weldon N. Edwards (DR-C) : . John Culpepper (F-A) : . Willie P. Mangum (DR-C) : . Romulus M. Saunders (DR-C) : . John Long (DR-C) : . Henry W. Connor (DR-J) : . Robert B. Vance (DR-J) : . Lewis Williams (DR-C)

[[List of United States representatives from Ohio|Ohio]]

: . James W. Gazlay (DR-J) : . Thomas R. Ross (DR-C) : . William McLean (DR-A) : . Joseph Vance (DR-A) : . John W. Campbell (DR-J) : . Duncan McArthur (DR-A) : . Samuel F. Vinton (DR-A) : . William Wilson (DR-C) : . Philemon Beecher (DR-A) : . John Patterson (DR-A) : . John C. Wright (DR-A) : . John Sloane (DR-A) : . Elisha Whittlesey (DR-A) : . Mordecai Bartley (DR-A)

[[List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]]

There were six plural districts: the 7th, 8th, 11th, and 16th had two representatives each, the 4th and 9th had three representatives each. : . Samuel Breck (F-A) : . Joseph Hemphill (F-J) : . Daniel H. Miller (DR-J) : . James Buchanan (F-J) : . Samuel Edwards (F-J) : . Isaac Wayne (F-J) : . Philip S. Markley (DR-J) : . Robert Harris (DR-J) : . Daniel Udree (DR-J) : . Henry Wilson (DR-J) : . Samuel D. Ingham (DR-J) : . Thomas J. Rogers (DR-J), until April 20, 1824 :: George Wolf (DR-J), from December 9, 1824 : . William Cox Ellis (F-J) : . George Kremer (DR-J) : . Samuel McKean (DR-J) : . James S. Mitchell (DR-J) : . John Findlay (DR-J) : . James Wilson (DR-J) : . John Brown (DR-J) : . John Tod (DR-J), until ????, 1824 :: Alexander Thomson (DR-J), from December 6, 1824 : . Andrew Stewart (DR-J) : . Thomas Patterson (DR-J) : . James Allison Jr. (DR-J) : . Walter Forward (DR-J) : . George Plumer (DR-J) : . Patrick Farrelly (DR-J)

[[List of United States representatives from Rhode Island|Rhode Island]]

All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket.

: . Job Durfee (DR-A) : . Samuel Eddy (DR-A)

[[List of United States representatives from South Carolina|South Carolina]]

: . Joel R. Poinsett (DR-J) : . James Hamilton Jr. (DR-J) : . Robert B. Campbell (DR-J) : . Andrew R. Govan (DR-J) : . George McDuffie (DR-J) : . John Wilson (DR-J) : . Joseph Gist (DR-J) : . John Carter (DR-J) : . Starling Tucker (DR-J)

[[List of United States representatives from Tennessee|Tennessee]]

: . John Blair (DR-J) : . John Cocke (DR-J) : . James I. Standifer (DR-J) : . Jacob C. Isacks (DR-J) : . Robert Allen (DR-J) : . James T. Sandford (DR-J) : . Samuel Houston (DR-J) : . James B. Reynolds (DR-J) : . Adam R. Alexander (DR-J)

[[List of United States representatives from Vermont|Vermont]]

All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket. : . Rollin C. Mallary (DR-A) : . William C. Bradley (DR-A) : . Charles Rich (DR-A), until October 15, 1824 :: Henry Olin (DR-A), from December 13, 1824 : . Daniel A. A. Buck (DR-A) : . Samuel C. Crafts (DR-A)

[[List of United States representatives from Virginia|Virginia]]

: . Thomas Newton Jr. (DR-A) : . Arthur Smith (DR-C) : . William S. Archer (DR-C) : . Mark Alexander (DR-C) : . John Randolph (DR-C) : . George Tucker (DR-C) : . Jabez Leftwich (DR-C) : . Burwell Bassett (DR-C) : . Andrew Stevenson (DR-C) : . William C. Rives (DR-C) : . Philip P. Barbour (DR-C) : . Robert S. Garnett (DR-C) : . William Lee Ball (DR-C), until February 29, 1824 :: John Taliaferro (DR-C), from March 24, 1824 : . Charles F. Mercer (DR-C) : . John S. Barbour (DR-C) : . James Stephenson (F-C) : . Jared Williams (DR-C) : . Joseph Johnson (DR-J) : . William McCoy (DR-C) : . John Floyd (DR-C) : . William Smith (DR-C) : . Alexander Smyth (DR-C)

Non-voting members

: . Henry W. Conway : . Richard K. Call : . Gabriel Richard

Changes in membership

The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.

Senate

• Deaths: 3
• Resignations: 3
• Vacancy: 2
• Total seats with changes: 8

Sorted Chronologically by date of vacancy

|- | New Jersey (1) | Vacant | Samuel L. Southard resigned at end of previous Congress. Successor elected November 12, 1823. | | Joseph McIlvaine (DR) | November 12, 1823

|- | Delaware (2) | Vacant | Legislature had failed to elect. Incumbent was re-elected late January 7, 1824. | | Nicholas Van Dyke (F) | January 7, 1824

|- | Delaware (1) | Vacant | Caesar A. Rodney resigned in previous term. Successor elected January 8, 1824. | | Thomas Clayton (F) | January 8, 1824

|- | Connecticut (1) | | Elijah Boardman (DR) | Died August 18, 1823. Successor appointed October 8, 1823, and later elected May 5, 1824. | | Henry W. Edwards (DR) | October 8, 1823

|- | Louisiana (3) | | James Brown (DR) | Resigned December 10, 1823, after being appointed Minister to France. Successor appointed January 15, 1824. | | Josiah S. Johnston (DR) | January 15, 1824

|- | Illinois (3) | | Ninian Edwards (DR) | Resigned March 4, 1824, after being appointed Minister to Mexico. Successor elected November, 1824. | | John McLean (DR) | November 23, 1824

|- | Louisiana (2) | | Henry Johnson (DR) | Resigned May 27, 1824, to run for Governor of Louisiana. Successor elected November 19, 1824. | | Dominique J. Bouligny (DR) | November 19, 1824

|- | Virginia (2) | | John Taylor (DR) | Died August 21, 1824. Successor elected December 7, 1824. | | Littleton W. Tazewell (DR) | December 7, 1824

|- | Georgia (2) | | Nicholas Ware (DR) | Died September 7, 1824. Successor elected December 6, 1824. | | Thomas W. Cobb (DR) | December 6, 1824

House of Representatives

• Deaths: 3
• Resignations: 5
• Contested election: 2
• Total seats with changes: 10 Sorted Chronologically by date of vacancy --

|- | | Vacant | John Bailey was declared not entitled to seat in previous election. Bailey was then re-elected. | | John Bailey (A-DR) | Seated December 13, 1824.

|- | | | William B. Rochester (A-DR) | Resigned April 21, 1823. New member elected. | | William Woods (A-DR) | Seated November 3, 1823.

|- | | | John Tod (J-DR) | Resigned sometime in 1824. New member elected. | | Alexander Thomson (J-DR) | Seated December 6, 1824.

|- | | | Isaac Wilson (A-DR) | Lost contested election January 7, 1824. New member seated. | | Parmenio Adams (A-DR) | Seated January 7, 1824.

|- | | | William Lee Ball (C-DR) | Died February 29, 1824. New member elected. | | John Taliaferro (C-DR) | Seated March 24, 1824.

|- | | | Hutchins G. Burton (C-DR) | Resigned March 23, 1824, when elected Governor of North Carolina. New member elected. | | George Outlaw (C-DR) | Seated January 19, 1825.

|- | | | Thomas J. Rogers (J-DR) | Resigned April 20, 1824. New member elected. | | George Wolf (J-DR) | Seated December 9, 1824.

|- | | | William Prince (J-DR) | Died September 8, 1824. New member elected. | | Jacob Call (J-DR) | Seated December 23, 1824.

|- | | | Charles Rich (A-DR) | Died October 15, 1824. New member elected. | | Henry Olin (A-DR) | Seated December 13, 1824.

|- | | | Thomas W. Cobb (C-DR) | Resigned December 6, 1824, when elected U.S. Senator. New member elected. | | Richard H. Wilde (C-DR) | Seated February 7, 1825.

|}

Committees

Lists of committees and their party leaders.

Senate

• Amendments to the Constitution (Select)
• Audit and Control the Contingent Expenses of the Senate (Chairman: Horatio Seymour)
• Banks in Which Deposits Have Been Made (Select)
• Claims (Chairman: Benjamin Ruggles)
• Commerce and Manufactures (Chairman: Mahlon Dickerson)
• Debt Imprisonment Abolition (Select)
• District of Columbia (Chairman: Edward Lloyd)
• Engrossed Bills (Chairman: James Lanman)
• Finance (Chairman: Samuel Smith)
• Foreign Relations (Chairman: James Barbour)
• Indian Affairs (Chairman: Thomas Hart Benton)
• Judiciary (Chairman: Martin Van Buren)
• Marquis de La Fayette (Select)
• Memorial of the Legislature of Arkansas (Select)
• Military Affairs (Chairman: Andrew Jackson)
• Militia (Chairman: John Chandler)
• National Road from Cumberland to Wheeling (Select)
• Naval Affairs (Chairman: James Lloyd)
• Peale's Portrait of Washington (Select)
• Pensions (Chairman: James Noble)
• Post Office and Post Roads (Chairman: James Lanman)
• Public Lands (Chairman: David Barton)
• Roads and Canals (Select) (Chairman: James Brown then Ethan Allen Brown)
• Tariff Regulation (Select)
• Whole

House of Representatives

• Accounts (Chairman: Samuel C. Allen)
• Agriculture (Chairman: Stephen Van Rensselaer)
• Arms Contracts (Select)
• Banking Memorials (Select)
• Claims (Chairman: Lewis Williams)
• Commerce (Chairman: Thomas Newton Jr.)
• District of Columbia (Chairman: Joseph Kent)
• Elections (Chairman: John Sloane)
• Expenditures in the Navy Department (Chairman: Samuel Edwards)
• Expenditures in the Post Office Department (Chairman: William Van Wyck)
• Expenditures in the State Department (Chairman: Silas Wood)
• Expenditures in the Treasury Department (Chairman: Weldon N. Edwards)
• Expenditures in the War Department
• Expenditures on Public Buildings (Chairman: Jeremiah Nelson)
• Foreign Affairs (Chairman: John Forsyth)
• Indian Affairs (Chairman: John Cocke)
• Judiciary (Chairman: Daniel Webster)
• Manufactures (Chairman: John Tod then Walter Forward)
• Military Affairs (Chairman: James Hamilton Jr.)
• Naval Affairs (Chairman: Benjamin W. Crowninshield)
• Pensions and Revolutionary War Claims (Chairman: Peter Little)
• Post Office and Post Roads (Chairman: John T. Johnson)
• Public Expenditures (Chairman: Thomas W. Cobb then Duncan McArthur)
• Public Lands (Chairman: Christopher Rankin)
• Revisal and Unfinished Business (Chairman: Thomas C. Ross then Samuel Lathrop)
• Standards of Official Conduct
• Ways and Means (Chairman: Louis McLane)
• Whole

Joint committees

• Enrolled Bills
• The Library

Employees

[[List of federal agencies in the United States#United States Congress|Legislative branch agency]] directors

• Architect of the Capitol: Charles Bulfinch
• Librarian of Congress: George Watterston

Senate

• Chaplain: Charles P. McIlvaine (Episcopalian), until December 10, 1823
  • William Staughton (Baptist), elected December 10, 1823
  • Charles P. McIlvaine (Episcopalian), elected December 14, 1824
• Secretary: Charles Cutts
• Sergeant at Arms: Mountjoy Bayly

House of Representatives

• Chaplain: John Brackenridge (Presbyterian), until December 8, 1823
  • Henry B. Bascom (Methodist), elected December 8, 1823
  • Reuben Post (Presbyterian), elected December 9, 1824
• Clerk: Matthew St. Clair Clarke
• Doorkeeper: Benjamin Birch
• Reading Clerks:
• Sergeant at Arms: Thomas Dunn, elected December 1, 1823, died
  • John O. Dunn, elected December 6, 1824

Notes

References

;Notes ;Bibliography

References

1. "The House of Representatives Elected John Quincy Adams as President: February 09, 1825". Office of the Historian, U.S. House of Representatives.
2. Schwarz, Frederic D.. (February–March 2000). "1825 One Hundred And Seventy-five Years Ago". American Heritage Publishing.