1813 in Canada

Incumbents

• Monarch: George III

Federal government

• Parliament of Lower Canada: 7th
• Parliament of Upper Canada: 6th

Governors

• Governor of the Canadas: Robert Milnes
• Governor of New Brunswick: George Prévost
• Governor of Nova Scotia: John Coape Sherbrooke
• Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Richard Goodwin Keats
• Governor of Prince Edward Island: Joseph Frederick Wallet DesBarres then Charles Douglass Smith

Events

• January 22 – General Henry Proctor's 1,300 British and natives capture 495 U.S. troops, under General Winchester.
• February 7 – Raid on Elizabethtown.
• March 30 – Engagement at Lacolle.
• April 27 – Battle of York: The Americans, under Henry Dearborn, take York, but the explosion of a magazine kills many of them. Americans burn York.
• May 5 – Battle of Fort George.
• June 1 – The English frigate "Shannon" takes the "Chesapeake," in 15 minutes, off Boston.
• June 3 – The "Growler" and the "Eagle," which left Plattsburg, yesterday, are taken by the British gun-boats they pursued
• June 6 – Capture of Generals Chandler and Winder and 120 U.S. troops, at Stoney Creek, by Sgt. Alexander Fraser. The Battle of Stoney Creek is a Canadian victory.
• June 23 or June 24 – Battle of Beaver Dams is a Canadian victory, in part due to Laura Secord's famous 32 km. walk to warn Lieutenant James Fitzgibbon, who had already been warned by Natives.
• July 30 – The British destroy Plattsburg's barracks, and fire at Burlington, but avoid the reply.
• September 10 – The Battle of Put-in-Bay, Lake Erie is an American victory.
• October 5 – The Battle of Moraviantown, also known as the Battle of the Thames, is an American victory. British supporter and Shawnee Indian Chief Tecumseh is killed.
• October 25 – The Battle of Chateauguay, with mostly French-Canadian soldiers is a Canadian victory over larger numbers of American troops.
• October 26 – General Hampton, commanding 7,000 U.S. troops, ignorant of Col. Charles de Salaberry's experience, and expecting French desertions, divides his force. Part lose their way; the rest spend their strength in a maze of obstructions. De Salaberry gains the thanks of the commander-in-chief and of both Houses, and decoration by then prince regent George IV .
• November 11 – The Battle of Crysler's Farm, with English-Canadian soldiers, is a Canadian victory over larger American troops.
• December 19 – Col. Murray takes Fort Niagara.
• Quebec City has a shipping year involving 198 vessels, of 46,514 tons.
• Angus Bethune witnessed the North West Company's purchase of Fort Astoria from the Pacific Fur Company.

Births

• March 5 – Casimir Gzowski, engineer (d.1898)
• June 5 – François Bourassa, farmer and politician (d.1898)
• August 4 – George Luther Hathaway, 3rd Premier of New Brunswick (d.1872)
• August 7 – John Ostell, architect, surveyor and manufacturer (d.1892)
• September 30 – John Rae, doctor and explorer (d.1893)

Full date unknown

• James Austin, businessman (d.1897)

Deaths

• February 5 – William Berczy, painter, architect, author, and colonizer (b.1744)
• April 27 – Zebulon Pike, American-born general and explorer (b.1779)
• October 5 – Tecumseh (b.c1768)
• November 26 – John Craigie, businessman and political figure (b.c1757)
• December 19 – James McGill, merchant, philanthropist (b.1744)

Historical documents

House of Representatives foreign relations committee acknowledges withdrawal of orders-in-council, but impressment remains cause for war

War policy in Washington not based on prudence, justice and patriotism, but desire to retain power by promoting old anti-British prejudices

"From Maine to Delaware we have one common interest[--]the preservation of commerce, which[...]southwards they are determined to destroy"

Even pro-U.S.A. British won't "surrender the maritime rights of" U.K., though Madison says "freedom of the seas must be conquered through Canada"

British government sets out its version of events and motivations that led to war with U.S.A.

People of British possessions are mere petitioners who should not assume right of people of Great Britain to criticize imperial government

Prince Regent, at meeting in London tavern to raise funds for "sufferers in British North America," notes his long residence in B.N.A. provinces

War of 1812

Map: Canada – U.S.A. frontier, including Upper and Lower Canada on main map and New Brunswick and Nova Scotia on inset

"In Upper Canada, the [enemy's] defeats, bad pay, bad clothing, bad feeding, bad lodging, sickness, disunion and insubordination [help us.]"

Amb. John Quincy Adams tells Russian count that U.S. troops "were all too raw and unskilled in War to make much progress in Canada"

Official report of British victory at Frenchtown, Michigan under command of Col. Henry Procter and Chief Round Head

"Tory feelings[,] newspapers & pamphlets supported by foreign[ers,] mercantile credit" - John Adams accounts for opposition in U.S.A. to war

"A force is now prepared or preparing that will compel [Americans] either to keep in port or subject them to be captured if they venture out"

Comparison of British and U.S. frigates finds former are crewed by fewer men and they are less skilled (about 6/7ths are landsmen)

Congress offers bounty to "burn, sink, or destroy" British warships with "torpedoes, submarine instruments, or any other destructive machine"

British American merchants in London warn that troops currently in Upper and Lower Canada would not be enough even to defend Quebec City

Letter writer on St. Lawrence River notes British military's mobility, saying one unit got from Plymouth, England to Prescott, U.C. in 6 weeks

Broadside describes combined U.S. Army and Navy forces' capture of York, Upper Canada

U.S. commander at Fort Erie invites Canadians "anxious to obtain special protection [to come in] that they may be distinguished from the enemy"

Outnumbered British Regulars use bayonets to push through "impetuous confusion" of night fight at U.S. camp near Stoney Creek, Upper Canada

After so many U.S. disasters, "we should think that 'the most enlightened people in the world' would begin to be sick[...]of the idea of 'taking Canada'"

Lengthy account of Beaver Dams victory centres on Lt. Fitzgibbon and includes actions by specific civilians (but not Laura Secord)

Witness to British raid on Black Rock, N.Y. is captured by men of 49th Regiment amid musketry, destruction of warehouses and sharing of liquor

Editor expects "successful defence of Canada[...]but what is that? - We may [take U.S. assets, but] have we a land force equal to the undertaking?"

"Liberal translation" of declaration of war by New York-based "Six Nations of Indians[...]against the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada"

U.S. naval commander describes Battle of Lake Erie and defeat of British squadron trying to prevent U.S. dominance of that lake

War operations "depend on the result of the contest on the Lakes [and losing them] would be far more prejudicial to us than to the Americans"

Pres. Madison decides to publicize imprisonment of some British POWs as hostages for naturalized U.S. POWs taken to Britain for trial as traitors

Lacking provisions following loss of Lake Erie supply line, British forces abandon Detroit and are defeated as they retreat up Thames River

Large U.S. invasion force on Chateauguay River is "foiled by a handful of men not amounting to a twentieth part of the force opposed to them"

After listing setbacks, New England newspaper asks what "has the least tendency towards the accomplishment of the professed object of the war"

Governor general's aide returns from Britain with assessment of "whether [ministers] consider Canada worth the expense of defending or not" "Postscript," The Montreal Herald, November 6, 1813 Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 28 March 2025

Halifax newspaper says "our affairs in Canada wear a more favorable aspect then [sic] we had a right to expect," Lake Erie defeat notwithstanding

"Cordial and able cooperation" - Headquarters report of British victory at Crysler's Farm, near Cornwall, Upper Canada

British retake Fort George, U.C. without opposition and find "the Works[...]have been restored to a respectable state of defence by the Enemy"

"This revolution in our domestic economy was well worth a war" - Thomas Jefferson says U.S. textiles are developed enough to exclude British imports

Lower Canada

Governor in Chief Prevost calls on L.C. gentry to keep resisting invaders and set inspiring example for "those who look up to and depend on them"

Defending its privilege from Assembly, Council says in history some "Representative Body" often tries to take power from "Aristocratical" body

Governor is enabled to direct Receiver General to reserve £25,000 for defence, £15,000 for militia equipment and £1,000 for militia hospital

Quebec Gazette editor says all editors print falsehoods because, "to gratify the craving appetites of[...]the public," priority outranks truth

Provincial commander praises militiamen who "would not accept of their discharge until after the [approaching] Enemy should have been repulsed"

"Cognawangha, Lake of the Two Mountains, and St. Regis Indians" are angry at not receiving support in their defeat of large U.S. force

With U.S. forces approaching, "the whole effective male population on the South side of the [St. Lawrence] River was in arms"

Grass in meadows around Quebec City is being displaced by "weed called Marguerite," with all attempts to destroy it failing

Across "the Province[...]the crops of Grain, Hay, Fruits and vegetables will be very abundant[, the weather being] uncommonly fine"

Map: Montreal and regional islands and road system, by John Melish

Molson's 140-foot-long steamboat Swiftsure has everything from automatic boiler safety valve to white Ladies' Cabin with "curtains, mirrors &c."

Fashion plate: Empire style dresses

Five guineas reward for young pointer dog "supposed to have been thrown overboard by a sailor" on army transport and "may have swam ashore"

Upper Canada

"The Canadian spirit, though wanting exercise, is by no means sunk--an alarm will[...]rouse it to the requisite exertion for meeting the occasion"

"A very few indeed, who were always suspected" - Some Upper Canadians aid U.S. invaders

French and Dutch settlers ignorant; British merchants and U.S. settlers smart; there is "considerable desire to monopolize" knowledge, riches, power

As of April 1813, farm families are living off bountiful harvest, but begin to suffer as half of farm men are called away to militia duty

"In the present situation," it is illegal to sell, barter or give "Spirituous Liquors or Strong Waters or low wines" to Indigenous people

U.C. missionary says some local Indigenous people are refugees from U.S.A.; several men are drafted into army; war brings people "of various tribes"

Fairfield mission plundered and burned by U.S. Army soldiers; Gen. Harrison is unkind, but Com. Perry helps some get to Detroit and Sandwich

Widow and children of any militia member killed while on duty (in battle or not) will receive £25 payments until youngest child turns 16

Map: Upper Canada from Sault Ste. Marie to Montreal and Lake Timiskaming to Lake Erie, with towns, counties and townships

Nova Scotia

Some are surprised at failure of U.S. forces to successfully invade; they must never "forget that our enemy is greatly our superior in numbers"

Seamen entering N.S. from U.S.A. for next 3 months will be protected from impressment and allowed to go to England or any province

Seven men (age 22–30) escape slavery, most picked up by HMS Rifleman from open boat off Chesapeake Bay and taken to Halifax

HMS Shannon brings in USS Chesapeake, whose captain dies; with cannon salute, 6 Royal Navy captains act as pallbearers to his grave

"We admire [our naval mariners and] we deeply lament their being placed in situations where there was no choice but loss of life or character"

Sudden death of two men "ought to remind us of the necessity of living as we would wish to die, then we will always be prepared to meet death"

Because 2 children have been struck (leaving 1 dead and 1 not expected to live), attention is drawn to law against disorderly riding and driving

Newly formed Royal Acadian Institution resolves to provide education "conducted on Moral and Religious principles"

Proposals invited for supplying naval hospital with port wine of good quality, to be delivered on demand in quantities of no less than one hogshead

For sale to mechanics: "moulding and bench Planes[...]Saws both German and Cast-steel[...]Coopers, Ship-Carpenters and Shoemakers Tools [etc.]"

Fishing gear for sale includes "Superfine Trout Flies adapted to the season[...]Best Patent Silk and Hair[...]Superfine Salmon-Trout Hooks"

Dancing instructor teaches "Minuets, Cottillons, Contra-Dances, Hornpipes, jigs, Strathspeys, Reels, Medlies, Passe-pies [and] Ballet dances"

Music teacher advertising private vocal lessons assures ladies who lack confidence that it will be gained "with the most pleasing facility"

"Perspective Box [with two] magnifying Glass Sights" contains 90 coloured prints and specimens from more than 50 genera of animals and plants

Acadian Recorder says "our fashionable females[...]wearing a machine called a 'CORSET' [follow a] ridiculous and pernicious practice"

New Brunswick

White males (age 16–60) inhabiting or resident in N.B. are to enrol for service in militia (officials and certain occupations exempted)

Excerpt of journal by Lt. John LeCouteur, 104th Regiment of Foot as it marches from Fredericton through Saint John River valley to Lower Canada

"Many of the poor Ministers of Christ [are] laboring in the field to gather food for their families" but neglecting their ministry duties

Thomas Wetmore asks Ward Chipman if there can be some fund (government or private) for pork for group of "very poor" Indigenous people

Chief Andrew Julian and 4 brothers, Mi'kmaq of Northumberland County, sell lot and cove on Northwest Miramichi River for £30

Unmarried 26-year-old Black man of Sussex Parish, known for industry and sobriety, petitions for 200-acre lot for family he expects to have

Of 6 Miller family children, 4 are dead and 1 is dying; mother is "almost stupified with grief and [may not recover from] these repeated shocks"

Old "Mr. Ebenezer Spicer of Sussex Vale [drowned when] a whirlpool caught the oar with which he was steering and threw him out of the boat"

"A small privateer of 2 guns was ran [sic] on shore near Bailey's Mistake and destroyed by the boats of [H.M. sloop] Ratler

Newfoundland

Despite imposed restraints, Newfoundland's enterprising people have increased in numbers, commerce and wealth to point colonial government is needed

Call for kindness toward Indigenous people, drawing them "into habits of intercourse and trade," and £100 offered for "firm and settled" successes

Promising "abundance of fine Beef, Mutton, and every luxury which a lusty and loyal Soldier should enjoy," Royal Newfoundland Regiment enlists

Plague outbreak on Malta, which continues "with unabated violence," means all ships coming from Mediterranean ports to St. John's must quarantine

"Exhilarating" - Laying of "Foundation Stone" for Newfoundland hospital in St. John's, "[...]the first public Hospital in this Island"

"In the existing season of privation and suffering," Society of Merchants is forgoing their annual dinner to donate £29 to poor

Auctioneer's 21s lottery tickets give chance to win something worth at least 36s, such as watches, pianoforte, "sopha" and china set

Former Oxford scholar will take in "Six young Gentlemen from the age of six" to be prepared for "any of the great Schools in England"

St. John's Subscription Library is missing many books, including Vicar of Wakefield, Gil Blas, Tom Jones and Tristram Shandy

Elsewhere

British writer-editor discusses differences between U.S. and U.K. with Pres. Madison, including latter's vision of conquered Canada

John Jacob Astor asks that U.S. Navy frigate go to mouth of Columbia River to protect American Fur Company (described in detail) from British

John Jacob Astor worries about war's effect on Columbia River enterprise (with history of its founding)

Saint John ship, semi-submerged by hurricane on way to Jamaica, finds way (without compass) back to New Brunswick only to break up on rocks

Upper-class woman in Philadelphia wants to use New York – Montreal connection (through Boston merchant) to write to her daughters in Montreal

Captured U.S. seaman reveals herself as female and tells story of her shipwreck, disguise, and service on privateer (earning about $200)

References

References

1. (31 December 2015). "George III". Royal Household.
2. "Dictionary of Canadian Biography-GZOWSKI, Sir CASIMIR STANISLAUS". Dictionary of Canadian Biography.
3. "Report of the Committee of Foreign Relations" (January 29, 1813), Facts and Documents, Relative to the State of the Controversy, between America and Great Britain (Boston, 1813), [https://archive.org/details/cihm_56106/page/n23/mode/2up pgs. 21–5] Douglas Library, Queen's University. Accessed 7 March 2025
4. "Answer of the House of Representatives of Massachusetts, to the Governor's Speech," Public Documents of the Legislature of Massachusetts (1813), https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.61760/37 pg. 32] Accessed 7 March 2025
5. "Introductory Remarks," Perpetual War, the Policy of Mr. Madison (Boston, 1813), [https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.24918/8 pg. (3)] Accessed 7 March 2025
6. "Boston, January 29; England was never[....]" The (Saint John, N.B.) Royal Gazette and New Brunswick Advertiser (March 1, 1813), [https://newspapers.lib.unb.ca/serials/165/issues/34621/pages/247642 pg. 2] (4th column), University of New Brunswick Libraries. Accessed 17 March 2025
7. "London; Manifesto against America; From the London Gazette, Jan. 9, 1813," The Royal Gazette, and Newfoundland Advertiser [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=YFjsv_pBGBYC&dat=18130429&printsec=frontpage (April 29, 1813)] pg. 1 of 2 (righthand page). Accessed 5 March 2025
8. "The right of the People of Great Britain[....]," The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4269609 July 22, 1813] pg. 2 (3rd column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. See also [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4928639 editorial] (pg. 3, 2nd column) claiming "the people of British America have the unalienable rights of Britons." Accessed 25 March 2025
9. "London, June 30; Sufferers in British North-America," The Royal Gazette, and Newfoundland Advertiser [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=YFjsv_pBGBYC&dat=18131111&printsec=frontpage (November 11, 1813)] pg. 7 of 7. Accessed 6 March 2025
10. Charles Smith, [https://digitalarchiveontario.ca/objects/338116/a-map-exhibiting-the-frontiers-of-canada-and-the-united-stat?idx=52 "A Map Exhibiting the Frontiers of Canada and the United States, intended to Illustrate the Operations of the British and American Armies"] (1813), Toronto Public Library. Accessed 28 March 2025
11. "Quebec, January 12, 1813; In the Upper Province[....]," The Quebec Mercury, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/3660992 January 12, 1813] pg. 15 (right column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. See also [https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/03-06-02-0648 Pres. Madison's letter] of September 30, 1813 setting out initial war plans and subsequent problems. Accessed 24 March 2025
12. [https://www.primarysourcecoop.org/publications/jqa/document/jqadiaries-v28-1813-02-p449--entry1 "1 February 1813"] John Quincy Adams Digital Diary, Massachusetts Historical Society. See also [https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/99-03-02-2244 Adams letter] at this time to his mother in which he says U.S.A. is "the scorn and laughter of all Europe." Accessed 29 March 2025
13. "Adjutant General's Office, Quebec, 8th February, 1813," The Quebec Mercury, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/3660997 February 9, 1813] pg. 47 (centre column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 24 March 2025
14. [https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/99-02-02-5952 Letter of John Adams] (February 9, 1813), U.S. National Archives. See also [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4269608 U.S. officer's description] (pg. 1, centre column) of favour toward British in New England. Accessed 3 March 2025
15. "E.G. Lutwyche to Judge Edward Winslow" (March 1, 1813), [https://ia601305.us.archive.org/12/items/winslowpapersad100raymuoft/winslowpapersad100raymuoft.pdf ''Winslow Papers; A. D. 1776–1826''] (1901), pg. 677–8 (frame 699). Accessed 29 March 2025
16. "From a late Bermuda Paper; A Comparative View[....]," The Royal Gazette, and Newfoundland Advertiser [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=YFjsv_pBGBYC&dat=18130923&printsec=frontpage (September 23, 1813)] pg. 1 of 2 (lefthand page). Accessed 6 March 2025
17. [https://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/1812-04.asp An Act to Encourage the Destruction of the Armed Vessels of War of the Enemy] ("Approved March 3, 1813"), Lillian Goldman Law Library. See also [https://newspapers.lib.unb.ca/serials/165/issues/34617/pages/247627 short description] (4th column) of deployment of torpedoes and [https://newspapers.lib.unb.ca/serials/165/issues/34622/pages/247646 long description] (4th column) of torpedo attack. Accessed 3 March 2025
18. "To the Gentlemen composing the British American Committee" (March 18, 1813), Acadian Recorder (August 7, 1813), [https://archives.novascotia.ca/newspapers/archives/?ID=782 pg. 1] (3rd column), Nova Scotia Archives. See also letter of "the Committee of Merchants interested in the Trade and Fisheries of the British North American Colonies" in 4th column. Accessed 14 March 2025
19. "Boston, June 1," Acadian Recorder (June 12, 1813), [https://archives.novascotia.ca/newspapers/archives/?ID=774 pg. 1] (2nd column), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 13 March 2025
20. [https://digitalarchive.tpl.ca/objects/337900/victory-by-gen-dearborn?idx=1# "Victory by Gen. Dearborn"] (May 1, 1813), Toronto Public Library. See also [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=YFjsv_pBGBYC&dat=18130610&printsec=frontpage two official U.S. descriptions of York capture] (pg. 2 of 2, lefthand page) and [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4269617 British description] (pg. 2, 4th column) of action following York surrender and [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4269626 U.S. general quoted] (pg. 2, 3rd column) as saying attack on York was in disobedience of orders to take Kingston, which "had ruined the plan of the Campaign." Accessed 10 March 2025
21. "Address to the Canadians" (May 30, 1813), The (Saint John, N.B.) Royal Gazette and New Brunswick Advertiser (July 13, 1813), [https://newspapers.lib.unb.ca/serials/165/issues/34624/pages/247655 pg. 2] (2nd column), University of New Brunswick Libraries. Accessed 20 March 2025
22. [https://archive.org/details/JohnAskinPapersVolume2/page/n767/mode/2up "Battle of Stony Creek"] (June 8, 1813), The John Askin Papers; Volume II: 1796-1820 (1931), pgs. 757-9. See also British commander's [https://archives.novascotia.ca/newspapers/archives/?ID=778&Page=201113103 brief description] (3rd column) of battle and [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=YFjsv_pBGBYC&dat=18130715&printsec=frontpage description of troop movements] (pg. 2 of 2, righthand pg., 1st column) from U.S. reports. Accessed 5 March 2025
23. "Boston, June 29," The (Saint John, N.B.) Royal Gazette and New Brunswick Advertiser (July 13, 1813), [https://newspapers.lib.unb.ca/serials/165/issues/34624/pages/247652 pg. 1] (1st column), University of New Brunswick Libraries. See also [https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/03-06-02-0648 Pres. Madison letter] saying he's aware of discontent, and that "success alone" will end it. Accessed 20 March 2025
24. "Montreal, July 6; Immediately after[....]," The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4269607 July 15, 1813] pg. 2 (2nd column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. See also [https://archive.org/details/JohnAskinPapersVolume2/page/n773/mode/2up another account] titled "Battle of Beaver Dams" (pgs. 763-5) and [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4269605 announcement] from British headquarters and [https://archives.novascotia.ca/newspapers/archives/?ID=780&Page=201113112 account] (1st column) by U.S. commander and [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4928636 Montreal editorial] (pg. 3, 2nd column) praising Fitzgibbon and civilians. Accessed 4 March 2025
25. "Col Bishops Atack un [sic] Black Rock July 11th 1813," [https://nyheritage.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/VHB001/id/210 "Letter from James Sloan, 1813-07-11"] Buffalo & Erie County Public Library. See also [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4269612 official account] (pg. 2, 4th column) of raid. Accessed 3 March 2025
26. "Halifax; Saturday Morning, July 31, 1813," Acadian Recorder (July 31, 1813), [https://archives.novascotia.ca/newspapers/archives/?ID=781&Page=201113116 pg. 3] (3rd column), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 14 March 2025
27. "Plattsburgh, July 31," The (Saint John, N.B.) Royal Gazette and New Brunswick Advertiser (August 17, 1813), [https://newspapers.lib.unb.ca/serials/165/issues/34603/pages/2476570 pg. 3] (2nd column), University of New Brunswick Libraries. See also [https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/03-06-02-0593 Oneidas' letter to Pres. Madison] asking if they should fight against British. Accessed 21 March 2025
28. "Washington City, September 25; Copy of a letter from Commodore Perry[....]," The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4269627 October 7, 1813] pg. 2 (3rd column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. See also [https://digitalarchiveontario.ca/objects/348897/a-scene-on-lake-ontario?idx=10 print] of two ships involved in battle. Accessed 27 March 2025
29. "Quebec; Thursday, September 23, 1813; The Newspapers[....]," The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4269625 September 23, 1813] pg. 2 (4th column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 26 March 2025
30. [https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/03-06-02-0638 "From James Madison to William Jones"] (September 24, 1813), U.S. National Archives. Accessed 29 March 2025
31. "Montreal, October 18; General Order," The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4269627 October 7, 1813] pg. 3 (1st column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. See also [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4269637 brief mention] (pg. 2, 1st column) by U.S. general in Detroit that peace with local Indigenous nations includes their bringing women in to be hostages. Accessed 27 March 2025
32. "Head Quarters, La Fourche on the Chateauguay River, 27 Oct. 1813," The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4269634 November 4, 1813] pg. 2 (2nd column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 27 March 2025
33. "From the Connecticut Mirror," Acadian Recorder (October 30, 1813), [https://archives.novascotia.ca/newspapers/archives/?ID=795%Page=201113171 pg. 2] (4th column), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 13 March 2025
34. "Halifax; Saturday Morning, Nov. 6," Acadian Recorder (November 6, 1813), [https://archives.novascotia.ca/newspapers/archives/?ID=796&Page=201113176 pg. 3] (2nd column), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 17 March 2025
35. [https://archive.org/details/cihm_52612/page/n3/mode/2up "Headqua(rters,) La Chine, 15th Novem(ber, 1813); General Order"] Library and Archives Canada. See also [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4269637 battle described] (pg. 3, 1st column) by British "Officer of Rank" and [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4269636 brief report] of pursuit of U.S. force toward Montreal. Accessed 7 March 2025
36. [https://archive.org/details/cihm_91309/page/n3/mode/2up "Adjutant General's Office, Head Quarters, Quebec 21st Dec. 1813); General Orders"] Library and Archives Canada. See also [https://newspapers.lib.unb.ca/serials/165/issues/34622/pages/247645 description of negative conditions] (2nd column) in fort 6 months before its loss to British and [https://digitalarchive.tpl.ca/objects/261644/a-view-of-fort-george-upper-canada-niagaraonthelake-ont?idx=1 "A View of Fort George Upper Canada (Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario) From Old Fort Niagara"] aquatint (1813). Accessed 7 March 2025
37. [https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/03-07-02-0005 Letter of Thomas Jefferson] (November 30, 1813), U.S. National Archives. See also [https://archives.novascotia.ca/newspapers/archives/?ID=800&Page=201113192 U.S. politician's comment] (3rd column bottom) "that the Coal of Nova Scotia is worth to us as much as a seven years' war will cost!" Accessed 3 March 2025
38. "By His Excellency Lieutenant General Sir George Prevost[...]To the Inhabitants of Lower Canada" (October 18, 1813), The Montreal Herald, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4928651 October 23, 1813] Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 28 March 2025
39. Extracts from the Journals of the Legislative Council, of the 12th, 13th and 15th of January, 1813, [https://archive.org/details/cihm_54824/page/n17/mode/2up pg. 13] Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 7 March 2025
40. [https://bnald.lib.unb.ca/legislation/act-apply-certain-sums-money-therein-mentioned-towards-defence-province-during-present An Act to apply certain sums of Money therein mentioned, towards the defence of the Province during the present War with the United States of America] (February 15, 1813), British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. Accessed 3 March 2025
41. "Quebec; Thursday, November 18, 1813; Among our extracts[....]," The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4269637 November 18, 1813] pg. 2 (4th column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 27 March 2025
42. [https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.61173/5 "Head-Quarters, Montreal, 11th June, 1813; G.O."] Accessed 7 March 2025
43. "The following account of the action, between the Indians and Americans[....]," The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4269609 July 22, 1813] pg. 2 (2nd column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 25 March 2025
44. "Quebec; Thursday, October 7, 1813; It appears by the last accounts from Montreal[....]," The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4269627 October 7, 1813] pg. 3 (1st column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 27 March 2025
45. "Quebec; Thursday, July 1, 1813; The Meadows in the vicinity[....]," The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4269604 July 1, 1813] pg. 3 (1st column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. See also [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/3661018 advice] on combatting Marguerite (pg. 211, centre column). Accessed 24 March 2025
46. "Montreal, Aug. 14, 1813," The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4269620 August 19, 1813] pg. 2 (2nd column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. See also [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4269634 brief comment] (pg. 2, 4th column) that "the supplies of stores and provisions of every kind sent to this country is amazing." Accessed 24 March 2025
47. [https://collections.musee-mccord-stewart.ca/en/objects/449174/plan-of-montreal-with-a-map-of-the-islands--adjoining-count?idx=5 "Plan of Montreal with a Map of the Islands & adjoining Country"] (1813), Musée McCord Stewart Museum. Accessed 13 March 2025
48. "The Steam Boat, Swiftsure," The Quebec Mercury, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/3661009 May 4, 1813] pg. 143 (left column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 24 March 2025
49. [https://collections.musee-mccord-stewart.ca/en/objects/218824/robe-de-promenade-et-robe-de-soiree?idx=4 "Fashion Plate; Morning Promenade & Evening Dresses"] Lady's Magazine (June 1813), Musée McCord Stewart Museum. See also [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4269599 "Female Fashions" ad] (pg. 2, centre column). Accessed 13 March 2025
50. "Five Guineas Reward" (July 24, 1813), The Montreal Herald, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4928638 July 24, 1813] pg. 3 (3rd column bottom), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 28 March 2025
51. "Quebec, July 6, 1813; The late intelligence from Upper Canada[....]," The Quebec Mercury, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/3661018 July 6, 1813] pg. 215 (right column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 24 March 2025
52. "Montreal, July 17; Extract of a letter, Flamborough, Upper Canada, June 2?th 1813," The Quebec Gazette, [https://numerique.banq.qc.ca/patrimoine/details/52327/4269609 July 22, 1813] pg. 2 (2nd column), Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 25 March 2025
53. John Mellish, A Description of the British Possessions in North America (Philadelphia, 1813), [https://archive.org/details/cihm_46355/page/n9/mode/2up pg. 6] Library and Archives Canada. Accessed 7 March 2025
54. "Remarks Relative to the Situation of the People of Canada, Respecting the War[....]," A Geographical View of the Province of Upper Canada (New York, 1813), [https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.41899/107 pg. 99] Accessed 7 March 2025
55. [https://bnald.lib.unb.ca/legislation/act-alter-and-amend-act-passed-forty-eighth-year-his-majestys-reign-intituled-act An Act to prohibit the Sale of Spirituous Liquors to Indians within this Province] (March 13, 1813), British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. Accessed 3 March 2025; note: title of act on reference page and in reference URL does not match title of act itself
56. Letter from Fairfield, Upper Canada (June 10, 1813), [https://dai.mun.ca/pdfs/cns_permorv/MissionsofUnitedBrethren_V05_1811.pdf ''Periodical accounts relating to the missions of the Church of the United Brethren established among the heathen''] (frames 445–6), Memorial University of Newfoundland. Accessed 30 March 2025
57. "Destruction of the Missionary Settlement of the United Brethren, at Fairfield in Canada, by the American army under General Harrison" (October 6, 1813), [https://dai.mun.ca/pdfs/cns_permorv/MissionsofUnitedBrethren_V05_1811.pdf ''Periodical accounts relating to the missions of the Church of the United Brethren established among the heathen''] (frames 468–72), Memorial University of Newfoundland. See also letter (frame 501) relating trials of Fairfield refugees who escaped to Lake Ontario. Accessed 30 March 2025
58. [https://bnald.lib.unb.ca/legislation/act-provide-maintainance-persons-disabled-and-widows-and-children-such-persons-may-be An Act to provide for the maintenance of Persons disabled and the Widows and Children of such Persons as may be killed in His Majesty's Service] (March 13, 1813), British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. Accessed 3 March 2025
59. [https://digitalarchive.tpl.ca/objects/344288/a-gazetteer-of-the-province-of-upper-canada-to-which-is-add?idx=6 "Map of Upper Canada"] in A Gazetteer of the Province of Upper Canada[....] (New York, 1813), Toronto Public Library. Accessed 7 March 2025
60. Acadian Recorder (January 30, 1813), [https://archives.novascotia.ca/newspapers/archives/?ID=754&Page=201113009 pg. 2] (2nd column), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 10 March 2025
61. "By Hugh Pigot, Esquire[....]" (December 25, 1812), The (Saint John, N.B.) Royal Gazette and New Brunswick Advertiser (January 11, 1813), [https://newspapers.lib.unb.ca/serials/165/issues/34644/pages/247742 pg. 3] (3rd column), University of New Brunswick Libraries. Accessed 10 March 2025
62. "List of 7 American Slaves, deserters from the Enemy — on board His Majesty's Sloop Rifleman" (September 28, 1813), [https://archives.novascotia.ca/africanns/archives/?ID=69] Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 28 March 2025
63. "Halifax, (N.S.) June 11; Shannon and Chesapeake," The Royal Gazette, and Newfoundland Advertiser [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=YFjsv_pBGBYC&dat=18130708&printsec=frontpage (July 8, 1813)] pg. 3 of 3 (lefthand page, 4th column). See also [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=YFjsv_pBGBYC&dat=18131007&printsec=frontpage Shannon captain's description] and [https://archives.novascotia.ca/newspapers/archives/?ID=778&Page=201113103 Chesapeake officer's description] (3rd column) of fight, and song "Shannon & Chesapeake! or the Rival Frigates" to be sung in [https://archives.novascotia.ca/newspapers/archives/?ID=799&Page=201113188 evening of entertainment] (4th column) in Halifax, and [https://archives.novascotia.ca/newspapers/archives/?ID=801&Page=201113196 "Communication"] (3rd column) of uproar at that performance. Accessed 6 March 2025
64. "Halifax; Saturday Morning Sept. 18, 1813; Two sanguinary actions[....]," Acadian Recorder (September 18, 1813), [https://archives.novascotia.ca/newspapers/archives/?ID=789&Page=201113148 pg. 3] (2nd column), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 17 March 2025
65. "Each hour Death warns us[....]," Acadian Recorder (July 17, 1813), [https://archives.novascotia.ca/newspapers/archives/?ID=779&Page=201113108 pg. 3] (3rd column), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 14 March 2025
66. "A Caution to Disorderly Riders and Drivers," Acadian Recorder (October 16, 1813), [https://archives.novascotia.ca/newspapers/archives/?ID=793&Page=201113164 pg. 3] (3rd column), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 17 March 2025
67. "At a meeting of the Committee[....]," Acadian Recorder (August 14, 1813), [https://archives.novascotia.ca/newspapers/archives/?ID=783&Page=201113124 pg. 3] (3rd column), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 14 March 2025
68. "Wanted, For His Majesty's Naval Hospital; Port Wine" (July 31, 1813), Acadian Recorder (August 14, 1813), [https://archives.novascotia.ca/newspapers/archives/?ID=783 pg. 1] (1st column), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 14 March 2025
69. "To Mechanicks!!!" (June 19, 1813), Acadian Recorder (July 17, 1813), [https://archives.novascotia.ca/newspapers/archives/?ID=779&Page=201113109 pg. 4] (2nd column), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 14 March 2025
70. "To Anglers!" (November 6, 1813), Acadian Recorder (November 6, 1813), [https://archives.novascotia.ca/newspapers/archives/?ID=796&Page=201113176 pg. 3] (3rd column), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 17 March 2025
71. "Dancing" (December 11, 1813), Acadian Recorder (December 18, 1813), [https://archives.novascotia.ca/newspapers/archives/?ID=802&Page=201113201 pg. 4] (4th column), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 17 March 2025
72. "Vocal Music," Acadian Recorder (December 18, 1813), [https://archives.novascotia.ca/newspapers/archives/?ID=802&Page=201113200 pg. 3] (2nd column), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 17 March 2025
73. "To Lovers of Natural History[....]" (June 5), Acadian Recorder (June 12, 1813), [https://archives.novascotia.ca/newspapers/archives/?ID=774 pg. 1] (3rd column), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 13 March 2025
74. "The ridiculous and pernicious practice[....]," Acadian Recorder (March 11, 1813), [https://archives.novascotia.ca/newspapers/archives/?ID=754&Page=201113031 pg. 4] (2nd column), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 11 March 2025
75. [https://bnald.lib.unb.ca/legislation/act-regulating-militia-passed-3rd-march-1813 An Act for regulating the Militia] (March 3, 1813), British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. Accessed 3 March 2025
76. [http://www.upperstjohn.com/visits/104thregiment.htm "March 1813: The 104th New Brunswick Regiment of Foot"] The Upper St. John River Valley. Accessed 28 March 2025
77. "Circular Letter," Minutes of the Nova-Scotia and New-Brunswick Baptist Association (1813), [https://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.8_01498_4/13 pg. 13] Accessed 7 March 2025
78. [https://web.lib.unb.ca/archives/finding/ia/ia.html "1813: July 5"] University of New Brunswick Archives. Accessed 28 March 2025
79. [https://preserve.lib.unb.ca/wayback/20141205155413/http://contestedterrain.lib.unb.ca/petitions/view/McKay_Donald_1841_04_transcription "Petition of Donald McKay, 20 August 1813, Northumberland County. Transcription"] University of New Brunswick Libraries. Accessed 10 March 2025
80. [https://preserve.lib.unb.ca/wayback/20141206065722/http://atlanticportal.hil.unb.ca/acva/blackloyalists/en/petitions/browse/view.php?id=Grant_Robert_1813_01&mode=dpl "Memorial of Robert Grant, 2 November 1813, Sussex Vale"] University of New Brunswick Libraries. See also another young Black man's [https://preserve.lib.unb.ca/wayback/20141206065723/http://atlanticportal.hil.unb.ca/acva/blackloyalists/en/petitions/browse/view.php?id=Howill_George_1813_01&mode=dpl petition] Accessed 10 March 2025
81. [https://preserve.lib.unb.ca/wayback/20141205161012/http://atlanticportal.hil.unb.ca/acva/loyalistwomen/en/documents/browse/view.php?id=39_43&mode=dpl "Letter from Penelope Winslow to Edward Winslow"] (April 7, 1813), University of New Brunswick Libraries. Accessed 10 March 2025
82. "Melancholy!," The (Saint John, N.B.) Royal Gazette and New Brunswick Advertiser (June 28, 1813), [https://newspapers.lib.unb.ca/serials/165/issues/34635/pages/247701 pg. 3] (3rd column), University of New Brunswick Libraries. Accessed 20 March 2025
83. "Saint John; Saturday, May 8, 1813; A small privateer[....]," The (Saint John, N.B.) City Gazette (May 8, 1813), [https://newspapers.lib.unb.ca/serials/42/issues/232/pages/1074 pg. 3] University of New Brunswick Libraries. Accessed 10 March 2025
84. William Carson, [https://collections.library.utoronto.ca/view/broadsides:CAP00947 Reasons for Colonizing the island of Newfoundland, in a letter addressed to The Inhabitants] pg. 6, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library. Accessed 29 March 2025
85. "In the name of His Royal Highness[....]" (August 10, 1813), The Royal Gazette, and Newfoundland Advertiser [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=YFjsv_pBGBYC&dat=18130819&printsec=frontpage (August 19, 1813)] pg. 2 of 2 (righthand page, 3rd column). Accessed 6 March 2025
86. "His Excellency; Sir George Prevost" (July 8, 1813), The Royal Gazette, and Newfoundland Advertiser [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=YFjsv_pBGBYC&dat=181300708&printsec=frontpage (July 8, 1813)] pg. 3 of 3 (righthand page, 3rd column). Accessed 6 March 2025
87. "By His Excellency; Sir Richard Goodwin Keats[....]" (September 12, 1813), The Royal Gazette, and Newfoundland Advertiser [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=YFjsv_pBGBYC&dat=18130916&printsec=frontpage (September 16, 1813)] pg. 3 of 3 (righthand page). Accessed 6 March 2025
88. "The Royal Gazette; Thursday, June 10, 1813; On the 4th inst.[....]," The Royal Gazette, and Newfoundland Advertiser [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=YFjsv_pBGBYC&dat=18130610&printsec=frontpage (June 10, 1813)] pg. 2 of 2 (lefthand page, 3rd column). Accessed 5 March 2025
89. "The Royal Gazette; Thursday, March 4, 1813; Communication," The Royal Gazette, and Newfoundland Advertiser [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=YFjsv_pBGBYC&dat=18130304&printsec=frontpage (March 4, 1813)] pg. 2 of 2 (righthand page). See also [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=YFjsv_pBGBYC&dat=18130311&printsec=frontpage Benevolent Irish Society resolution] (Page 1 of 1, lefthand page, 1st column) to donate £100 "for the relief of the distressed this present quarter." Accessed 4 March 2025
90. "By Particular Request" (January 14, 1813), The Royal Gazette, and Newfoundland Advertiser [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=YFjsv_pBGBYC&dat=18130211&printsec=frontpage (February 11, 1813)] pg. 2 of 2 (righthand page). Accessed 4 March 2025
91. "The Rev. Frederic Hamilton Carrington[....]" (July 29, 1813), The Royal Gazette, and Newfoundland Advertiser [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=YFjsv_pBGBYC&dat=18130819&printsec=frontpage (August 19, 1813)] pg. 2 of 2 (righthand page, 4th column). Accessed 6 March 2025
92. "St. John's Subscription Library" (January 28, 1813), The Royal Gazette, and Newfoundland Advertiser [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=YFjsv_pBGBYC&dat=18130211&printsec=frontpage (February 11, 1813)] pg. 1 of 2 (lefthand page). Accessed 4 March 2025
93. [https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/03-07-02-0042 "Francis Jeffrey's Account of a Conversation with Madison"] (November 18, 1813). Accessed 29 March 2025
94. [https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/03-06-02-0450 John Jacob Astor to James Madison] (July 27, 1813). Accessed 29 March 2025
95. [https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/03-06-02-0438 John Jacob Astor to Thomas Jefferson] (October 18, 1813). Accessed 29 March 2020
96. "Saint John; Tuesday, November 30, 1813," The (Saint John, N.B.) Royal Gazette and New Brunswick Advertiser (November 30, 1813), [https://newspapers.lib.unb.ca/serials/165/issues/34645/pages/247746 pg. 3] University of New Brunswick Libraries. Accessed 21 March 2025
97. [https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/99-03-02-2379 "From Julia Stockton Rush to Abigail Smith Adams] (September 21, 1813), U.S. National Archives. Accessed 29 March 2025
98. "Plymouth, (E.) May 20," The (Saint John, N.B.) Royal Gazette and New Brunswick Advertiser (July 27, 1813), [https://newspapers.lib.unb.ca/serials/165/issues/34620/pages/247637 pg. 2] (2nd column), University of New Brunswick Libraries. Accessed 21 March 2025