(10302) 1989 ML

Orbit

1989 ML is classified as a near-Earth object (NEO) and an Amor asteroid, meaning that its orbit never crosses the Earth's. It has a semi-major axis of 1.273 astronomical units (AU), completing an orbit around the Sun every 1.436 years (524.518 days). It has a moderately elliptical orbit with an orbital eccentricity of 0.137, with its distance from the Sun varying from 1.0985 AU to 1.273 AU. 1989 ML has a relatively low orbital inclination of 4.379° with respect to the ecliptic plane. Its proximity to Earth means that 1989 ML's orbit is strongly perturbed and chaotic; the Lyapunov time of its orbit is roughly 1,000 years.

Physical characteristics

In 2007, a team of astronomers led by Michael Mueller used observations from the Spitzer Space Telescope to estimate 1989 ML's physical properties. Adopting an absolute magnitude value of , Mueller et al. derived a diameter of 0.246 ±. Analysis of 1989 ML's lightcurve, or fluctuations in its observed brightness, indicate that it rotates once every 19.228 hours and has a tumbling rotation. The high amplitude of its lightcurve implies that it may be very elongated, with its longest axis being at least 2.2 times longer than its intermediate axis.

Spectrum and surface

Spectroscopic observations conducted by Palomar Observatory in 1999 revealed that 1989 ML has a relatively flat (or neutral) spectrum. As a result, a definitive interpretation of its surface composition could not be made, though its spectrum was noted to resemble dark, impact-shocked chondrites. Due to its neutral spectrum, 1989 ML was classified as an Xc-type asteroid under the Bus classification scheme, suggesting that it belongs to the E-type, M-type, or P-type classifications under the Tholen classification scheme. These asteroid types are spectrally degenerate, meaning that they can only be distinguished from each other by albedo. E-type asteroids have relatively high geometric albedos of 0.3–0.6; M-type asteroids have moderate albedos of 0.1–0.2; and P-type asteroids have dark albedos below 0.1, appearing to be rich in organic compounds.

Mueller et al. estimated 1989 ML's geometric albedo to be , suggesting an E-type classification and ruling out a P-type classification. 1989 ML's optical and near-infrared colors were additionally compared to other asteroids, demonstrating that they differed from the color data of M-type and P-type asteroids. They also differed from the colors of the E-type asteroids 64 Angelina and 3103 Eger, but agreed with the color of 44 Nysa, another E-type asteroid. Nysa-type spectra are consistent with silicate mineralogy enriched in iron, whilst Angelina-type spectra are consistent with silicates containing sulfides, indicating that 1989 ML is relatively enriched in iron.

Exploration

1989 ML is an attractive target for spacecraft exploration due to its relative accessibility from Earth. It was considered as a backup target of JAXA's sample-return mission Hayabusa (then MUSES-C), with the primary target being 4660 Nereus. However, both targets had to be given up due to launch delays. Hayabusa would instead go on to rendezvous with 25143 Itokawa in 2005. 1989 ML was also considered by the European Space Agency as a candidate target for the Don Quijote mission concept to study the effects of impacting a spacecraft into an asteroid; however, they too changed to other targets.

References

|editor-first1 = Patrick |editor-last1 = Michel |editor-first2 = Francesca E. |editor-last2 = DeMeo |editor-first3 = William F. |editor-last3 = Bottke |chapter-url = https://www.mit.edu/~fdemeo/publications/DeMeoetal2015_AIV.pdf

References

1. "(10302) = 1989 ML = 1992 WA". [[Minor Planet Center]].
2. "10302 (1989 ML)". [[NASA]]/[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]].
3. (23 May 2012). "Sancho Study: Designing the Minimum Earth Escape Spacecraft". [[European Space Agency]].
4. (April 2007). "Size, albedo, and taxonomic type of potential spacecraft target Asteroid (10302) 1989 ML". Icarus.
5. (June 2001). "Spectral Properties of Near-Earth Objects: Palomar and IRTF Results for 48 Objects Including Spacecraft Targets (9969) Braille and (10302) 1989 ML". Icarus.
6. (17 April 2015). "Treatise on Geophysics". Elsevier.
7. (2000). "Orbital Evolution of Two Near-Earth Asteroids: Nereus and 1989 ML". Advances in Space Research.
8. (October 2022). "Near-Earth Asteroid Lightcurve Analysis at the Center for Solar System Studies: 2022 March-June". Bulletin of the Minor Planets Section of the Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers.
9. (2000). "Lightcurve and Color of Near-Earth-Asteroid 1989ML". Advances in Space Research.
10. (June 2006). "The Rubble-Pile Asteroid Itokawa as Observed by Hayabusa". Science.