Gupta script
Script system used to write Sanskrit
title: "Gupta script" type: doc version: 1 created: 2026-02-28 author: "Wikipedia contributors" status: active scope: public tags: ["brahmic-scripts", "gupta-scripts", "gupta-empire"] description: "Script system used to write Sanskrit" topic_path: "general/brahmic-scripts" source: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta_script" license: "CC BY-SA 4.0" wikipedia_page_id: 0 wikipedia_revision_id: 0
::summary Script system used to write Sanskrit ::
::data[format=table title="Infobox Writing system"]
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| name | Gupta script |
| (Late Brahmi script) | |
| type | Abugida |
| sample | Barabar Caves Gopika Cave Inscription of Anantavarman 5th- or 6th-century CE Sanskrit in Gupta script.jpg |
| caption | The Gopika Cave Inscription of Anantavarman, in the Sanskrit language and using the Gupta script. Barabar Caves in Jehanabad Bihar, 5th or 6th century CE. |
| languages | Sanskrit |
| time | –6th century CE |
| fam1 | Egyptian |
| fam2 | Proto-Sinaitic |
| fam3 | Phoenician |
| fam4 | Aramaic |
| fam5 | Brahmi |
| fam6 | Northern Brahmi |
| sisters | Pallava script, Kadamba script,Tocharian |
| children | *Sharada |
| *Siddham{{Cite web | url |
| *Tibetan<ref name | daniels |
| :: |
| name = Gupta script (Late Brahmi script) | type = Abugida | sample = Barabar Caves Gopika Cave Inscription of Anantavarman 5th- or 6th-century CE Sanskrit in Gupta script.jpg | caption = The Gopika Cave Inscription of Anantavarman, in the Sanskrit language and using the Gupta script. Barabar Caves in Jehanabad Bihar, 5th or 6th century CE. | languages = Sanskrit | time = –6th century CE | fam1 = Egyptian | fam2 = Proto-Sinaitic | fam3 = Phoenician | fam4 = Aramaic | fam5 = Brahmi | fam6 = Northern Brahmi | sisters = Pallava script, Kadamba script,Tocharian | children = *Sharada
- Siddham
- Meitei
- Tibetan
- Kalinga
- Bhaiksuki The Gupta script (sometimes referred to as Gupta Brahmi script or Late Brahmi script) was used for writing Sanskrit and is associated with the Gupta Empire of the Indian subcontinent, which was a period of material prosperity and great religious and scientific developments. The Gupta script was descended from Brāhmī and gave rise to the Śāradā and Siddhaṃ scripts. These scripts in turn gave rise to many of the most important Indic scripts, including Devanāgarī (the most common script used for writing Sanskrit since the 19th century), the Gurmukhī script for Punjabi, the Odia script, the Bengali-Assamese script and the Tibetan script.
Origins and classification
The Gupta script was descended from the Ashokan Brāhmī script, and is a crucial link between Brahmi and most other Brahmic scripts, a family of alphasyllabaries or abugidas. This means that while only consonantal phonemes have distinct symbols, vowels are marked by diacritics, with being the implied pronunciation when the diacritic is not present. In fact, the Gupta script works in exactly the same manner as its predecessor and successors, and only the shapes and forms of the graphemes and diacritics are different.
Through the 4th century, letters began to take more cursive and symmetric forms, as a result of the desire to write more quickly and aesthetically. This also meant that the script became more differentiated throughout the Empire, with regional variations which have been broadly classified into three, four or five categories; however, a definitive classification is lacking, because even in a single inscription, there may be variation in how a particular symbol is written. In this sense, the term Gupta script should be taken to mean any form of writing derived from the Gupta period, even though there may be a lack of uniformity in the scripts.
Inscriptions
The surviving inscriptions of the Gupta script are mostly found on iron or stone pillars, and on gold coins from the Gupta Dynasty. One of the most important was the Prayagraj (Allahabad) Prasasti. Composed by Harisena, the court poet and minister of Samudragupta, it describes Samudragupta's reign, beginning from his accession to the throne as the second king of the Gupta Dynasty and including his conquest of other kings. It is inscribed on the Allahabad pillar of Ashoka.
Alphabet
The Gupta alphabet is composed of 37 letters: 32 consonants with the inherent ending "a" and 5 independent vowels. In addition diacritics are attached to the consonants in order to change the sound of the final vowel (from the inherent "a" to other sounds such as i, u, e, o, au ...). Consonants can also be combined into compounds, also called conjunct consonants (for example sa+ya are combined vertically to give "sya").
Independent vowels
| align = right | caption_align = center | direction =horizontal | header=Late Brahmi vowel diacritics | total_width=500 | image_gap =10 | image1 = Gupta script diacritics.jpg | caption1 = Gupta script vowel diacritics (Allahabad standard). | image2 = Gupta diacritics and compounds.jpg | caption2 = Usage examples ::data[format=table] | Letter | IAST and Sanskrit IPA | Letter | IAST and Sanskrit IPA | |---|---|---|---| | [[File:Gupta allahabad a.svg|24px]] | | [[File:Gupta allahabad aa.svg|24px]] | | | [[File:Gupta allahabad i.svg|24px]] | | | | | [[File:Gupta allahabad u.svg|24px]] | | | | | [[File:Gupta allahabad e.svg|24px]] | | [[File:Gupta allahabad o.svg|24px]] | | | | | [[File:Gupta allahabad au.svg|24px]] | | | | | | | | | | | | ::
Consonants
::data[format=table]
| Stop | Nasal | Approximant | Fricative | Voicing → | Aspiration → | Velar | Palatal | Retroflex | Dental | Labial |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | |||||||
| No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | |||||
| [[File:Gupta allahabad k.svg | 24px]] | [[File:Gupta allahabad kh.svg | 24px]] | [[File:Gupta allahabad g.svg | 24px]] | [[File:Gupta allahabad gh.svg | 24px]] | |||
| [[File:Gupta allahabad c.svg | 24px]] | [[File:Gupta allahabad ch.svg | 24px]] | [[File:Gupta allahabad j.svg | 24px]] | [[File:Gupta ashoka jh.svg | 24px]] | |||
| [[File:Gupta allahabad tt.svg | 24px]] | [[File:Gupta allahabad tth.svg | 24px]] | [[File:Gupta allahabad dd.svg | 24px]] | [[File:Gupta allahabad ddh.svg | 24px]] | |||
| [[File:Gupta allahabad t.svg | 24px]] | [[File:Gupta allahabad th.svg | 24px]] | [[File:Gupta allahabad d.svg | 24px]] | [[File:Gupta allahabad dh.svg | 24px]] | |||
| [[File:Gupta allahabad p.svg | 24px]] | [[File:Gupta allahabad ph.svg | 24px]] | [[File:Gupta allahabad b.svg | 24px]] | [[File:Gupta allahabad bh.svg | 24px]] | |||
| :: |
In Unicode
The Unicode Standard does not explicitly state that the Gupta script is considered a stylistic variation of Brahmi, though use of the Brahmi encoding is one approach.
Gupta numismatics
::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Kushan_signet_in_Gupta_Brahmi_script_3rd_century_CE.jpg" caption="[[Kushan Empire]] signet in Gupta Brahmi script, showing [[Septimius Severus]] and [[Julia Domna]]. The seal reads ''Damputrasya Dhanguptasya'' ("[Seal of] Dhangupta son of Dama). 3rd century CE."] ::
::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Coin_of_Vikramaditya_Chandragupta_II_with_the_name_of_the_king_in_Brahmi_script_380_415_CE.jpg" caption="Coin of Vikramaditya ([[Chandragupta II]]) with the name of the king in Gupta Brahmi script 380–415 CE."] ::
::figure[src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Mihirakula_of_the_Alchon_Huns.jpg" caption="url=http://coinindia.com/galleries-alchon-early.html}} also [http://coinindia.com/galleries-toramana.html Coinindia Alchon Coins (for an exact description of this coin type)]"] ::
The study of Gupta coins began with the discovery of a hoard of gold coins in 1783. Many other such hoards have since been discovered, the most important being the Bayana (situated in Bharatpur district of Rajasthan) hoard, discovered in 1946, which contained more than 2000 gold coins issued by the Gupta Kings. Many of the Gupta Empire's coins bear inscriptions of legends or mark historic events. In fact, it was one of the first Indian Empires to do so, probably as a result of its unprecedented prosperity. Almost every Gupta king issued coins, beginning with its first king, Chandragupta I.
The scripts on the coin are also of a different nature compared to scripts on pillars, due to conservatism regarding the coins that were to be accepted as currency, which would have prevented regional variations in the script from manifesting on the coinage. Moreover, space was more limited especially on their silver coins, and thus many of the symbols are truncated or stunted. An example is the symbol for /ta/ and /na/, which were often simplified to vertical strokes.
Gallery
File:Allahabad stone pillar inscription of Samudragupta.jpg|The Allahabad pillar inscription of Samudragupta, with its standardised Gupta characters. Image:brahmi.png|Brahmi and its descendent scripts. File:5th or 6th century Gopika cave inscription, Sanskrit, Shaktism, Anantavarman, Gupta script 2.jpg|The 5th- or 6th-century Gupta script Gopika Cave Inscription in Sanskrit about goddess Durga File:Das Buch der Schrift (Faulmann) 141.jpg|Gupta script decipherment table File:A palm leaf Sanskrit manuscript in Brahmi script from Miran China.jpg|A palm leaf Sanskrit manuscript in early Gupta Brahmi script, discovered in Miran, northwest China. File:Sri Yashodharman.jpg|The name [[File:Gupta allahabad shrii.jpg|14px]][[File:Gupta allahabad y.svg|14px]][[File:Gupta allahabad sho.jpg|16px]][[File:Gupta allahabad dh.svg|10px]][[File:Gupta allahabad rmm.jpg|14px]] Śrī Yaśodharmma ("Lord Yashodharman") in Gupta script in Line 4 of the Mandsaur stone inscription of Yashodharman-Vishnuvardhana.
References
References
- (1998). "Indian Epigraphy".
- "Epigraphy, Indian Epigraphy Richard Salmon OUP".
- Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography, R. Malatesha Joshi, Catherine McBride(2019), p.27
- (January 2008). "Writing systems of major and minor languages".
- (1993). "The Indo-Aryan languages".
- Sharma, Ram. '' 'Brahmi Script' ''. Delhi: BR Publishing Corp, 2002
- Srivastava, Anupama. ''The Development of Imperial Gupta Brahmi Script''. New Delhi: Ramanand, 1998
- [[Steven Roger Fischer. Fischer, Steven Roger]]. ''A History of Writing''. UK: Reaktion, 2004
- (2004). "History of Writing". Reaktion Books.
- (2010). "The Culture of India". Britannica Educational Publishing.
- (1880). "Das Buch der Schrift: Enthaltend die Schriftzeichen und Alphabete aller ...". K.K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei.
- "Gupta Unicode".
- Unicode Consortium. (2022). "The Unicode® Standard Version 15.0 – Core Specification".
- The "h" ([[File:Gupta ashoka h.svg. 12px]]) is an early variant of the Gupta script.
- (2018). "The Imperial Maukharis: History of Imperial Maukharis of Kanauj and Harshavardhana". Notion Press.
- (2008). "Studies in Indian Coins". Motilal Banarsidass.
- (2013). "Notes on the Evolution of Alchon Coins Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society, No. 216, Summer". Oriental Numismatic Society.
- Bajpai, KD. '' 'Indian Numismatic Studies. ' '' New Delhi: Abhinav Publications 2004
- (1987). "Buddhism in Central Asia". Motilal Banarsidass.
- (1960). "Inscriptions Of The Early Gupta Kings And Their Successors".
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