Yelang

Name

Main article: Chinas

The inhabitants of Yelang called themselves Zina. This may be source of the Sanskrit word Cīna (चीन). The English word China is derived from this Sanskrit word.

Geography

Expanse

The Yelang were believed to have been an alliance of agricultural tribes covering parts of modern-day Guizhou, Hunan, Sichuan and Yunnan.

Location

The ancient Chinese historian Sima Qian described Yelang located west of the Mimo and Dian, south of Qiongdu (in what is now southern Sichuan), and east of the nomadic Sui and Kunming. Some people have identified the seat of the kingdom as Bijie () in today's Liupanshui area, in modern Guizhou province, whilst others suggest the capital moved throughout the region over time.

Culture

Subsistence

The Yelang were primarily a confederation of agricultural farming tribes.

Appearance and dress

Yelang people wore their hair up and decorated themselves with jewellery such as bracelets and necklaces.

Material culture

Archaeologists have retrieved relics from Yelang graves including "bronze swords, U-shaped bronze hairclips, turquoise bracelets and jade necklaces", as well as "various bronze, porcelain and stone vessels visibly different from those belonging to other cultures studied in China, like the Han, Dian and Bashu cultures".

Burial rites

Tomb excavations show a unique burial custom in some Yelang tombs, in which the head of the deceased is placed into a bronze pot. This custom is unknown elsewhere in China.

Military

According to Chinese records the Yelang had strong armies.

Government

In 2007 a Miao man publicly disclosed his possession of an ancient seal, said to be that of the Yelang kingdom, and claimed to be the 75th generation descendant of the King of Yelang.

Political relations

Warring States

In the early third century BCE, the state of Chu sent Zhuang Qiao to Yelang at the head of a military expedition to prevent the state of Qin from annexing these kingdoms. After negotiating these alliances with the state of Ba, who helped Zhuang Qiao negotiate passage through the state of Bi to reach Yelang. Yelang also accepted the terms of the agreement and Zhuang Qiao went further west to the Lake Dian region. However, in 281 BCE the Qin state sent Sima Cuo to intercept this threat to its interests and attacked Ba, eventually persuading Ba, Bi and Yelang to switch to alliances with the Qin.

Nanyue

Yelang had a close relationship with the Nanyue ("Southern Yue") kingdom and used the Zangke River (now known as the Beipan River) as a means of international transportation. The kingdom of Yelang declared their allegiance to Nanyue rule from the start of 183 BC until the end of 111 BC.

The Yi people may be modern-day descendants of the Yelang kingdom.

In Chinese culture

Yelang is best known to modern Chinese because of an incident said to have occurred in the 120s BC. According to the story the king of Yelang, convinced that his kingdom was the greatest in all the world, inquired rhetorically of the Han emperor's envoy, "Which is greater, Yelang or Han?" This gave rise to the Chinese idiom, "Yelang thinks too highly of itself" (). Other sources suggest that Yelang's king was simply copying an earlier statement by a ruler of the adjacent Kingdom of Dian.

Other Chinese sources describe the Yelang people as possessing supernatural powers.

References

References

1. (2002-04-12). "Ancient Sites Open Windows on the Past". [[China Daily]].
2. Wade, Geoff, "[http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp188_yelang_china.pdf The Polity of Yelang and the Origin of the Name 'China']", ''[[Sino-Platonic Papers]]'', No. 188, May 2009.
3. (January 2005). "Xinhuang County, the Site of Ancient Yelang Kingdom". China Pictorial.
4. Jacques Gernet. (1996). "A history of Chinese civilization". Cambridge University Press.
5. link. [[Beijing Youth Daily]]. (2001-04-26)
6. (2002-10-25). "Chinese Archeologists Search for Clues on Lost Kingdom". [[People's Daily Online]].
7. (2007-11-01). "Seal of ancient king made public". CRI.cn.
8. (2009). "The Kingdoms of Nanzhong China's Southwest Border Region Prior to the Eighth Century". T'oung Pao.
9. "Between Winds and Clouds: The Making of Yunnan, Second Century BCE to Twentieth Century CE".
10. S.P. Chen (Jan 2005). "The Yelang Kingdom and the Yi People", Journal of Guizhou University For Nationalities, College of Cultural Communication de l'Université de Guizhou, Guiyang. Download links: [http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-GZMZ200501007.htm 1] {{Webarchive. link. (29 March 2012)
11. (2005-03-10). "Relics reveal the mystery of Dian Kingdom". [[Shenzhen Daily]] online edition via [[Guangdong Culture News]].