Western Regions

History

Han dynasty

In 138 BC, the Emperor Wu of Western Han dynasty sent a diplomatic envoy represented by Zhang Qian to Xiyu in an effort to contact and make alliance with Yuezhi to mitigate the threat posed by the Xiongnu confederation. Although Zhang was captured and imprisoned by Xiongnu for ten years, and the mission was eventually unsuccessful (due to Yuezhi no longer wanted to return to the east), his travels into the various states in the west served as a precursor for the long history between China and Central Asia. It was the site of the War of the Heavenly Horses between Han China and the Greco-Bactrian Dayuan, and a heavily contested region during the Han–Xiongnu War until 89 AD.

The earliest solid Chinese political control of the region began in 60 BC, when Emperor Xuan of the Western Han dynasty established a military administrative office responsible for what would be present day Xinjiang and parts of Central Asia, known as the Protectorate of the Western Regions. Later, the Eastern Han dynasty set up another protectorate known as the Chief Official of the Western Regions.

Tang dynasty

In the 7th century, the Tang dynasty's campaign against the Western Regions led to the re-acquired full control of the region, under the Protectorate General to Pacify the West. The region became significant in later centuries as a cultural conduit between East Asia, the Indian subcontinent, the Muslim world and Europe, including during the period of the Mongol Empire. Some of the most significant exports of the Western Regions were Buddhist texts, particularly the Mahayana sutras, which were carried by traders and pilgrim monks to China. The Tang dynasty monk Xuanzang crossed the region on his way to study in India, resulting in the influential Great Tang Records on the Western Regions upon his return to the Tang capital of Chang'an.

The Chinese lost their influence in the Western Regions after the An Lushan rebellion. A large number of local rulers resumed control in the Western Regions.

After Tang dynasty

The influence exercised over the Western Regions by later Chinese dynasties varied over time. Xiyu tudi renwu lüe (Brief Records of the Lands and Peoples in the Western Regions), a chapter in the Gazetteer of Shaanxi compiled by Ming dynasty Chinese scholar Ma Li in 1542, documents a route leading from the Jiayu Pass, China's northwestern outpost, to the Ottoman Empire capital Istanbul, and the geography and economy of the places along the route.

In the 19th century, the Russian Empire annexed Central Asia, which then became known as Russian Turkestan; whereas the Inner Asian region of Xinjiang, under the rule of the Qing dynasty, became known as Chinese Turkestan. By the early twentieth century, the Russian Empire (and later, the Soviet Union) controlled most of the regions to the west of Xinjiang.

Culture

Before the onset of Turkic migrations, the peoples of the region spoke two main groups of Indo-European languages. The peoples of oasis city-states of Hotan and Kashgar spoke Saka, one of the Eastern Iranian languages, whereas the people of Kucha, Turpan and Loulan Kingdom spoke the Tocharian languages.

References

Citations

Sources

• Yap, Joseph P. (2009). Wars with the Xiongnu - a translation from Zizhi Tongjian Chapters 4-17. AuthorHouse. .
• 西域考古図譜 : vol.1 西域考古図譜 : vol.2

References

1. Tikhvinskiĭ, Sergeĭ Leonidovich and Leonard Sergeevich Perelomov. (1981). "China and her neighbours, from ancient times to the Middle Ages: a collection of essays". Progress Publishers.
2. Zhao, Huasheng. (2016). "The new great game : China and South and Central Asia in the era of reform". [[Stanford University Press]].
3. Ge, Jianxiong. (2018). "China's Belt and Road Initiatives - Economic Geography Reformation". Springer Nature Singapore.
4. Chen, Yuan Julian. (2021-10-11). "Between the Islamic and Chinese Universal Empires: The Ottoman Empire, Ming Dynasty, and Global Age of Explorations". Journal of Early Modern History.
5. Xavier Tremblay, "The Spread of Buddhism in Serindia: Buddhism Among Iranians, Tocharians and Turks before the 13th Century," in ''The Spread of Buddhism'', eds Ann Heirman and Stephan Peter Bumbacker, Leiden & Boston: Koninklijke Brill, 2007, p. 77, {{ISBN. 978-90-04-15830-6.
6. "Language Log » Tocharian C: its discovery and implications".