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Voiceless postalveolar affricate
Consonantal sound
Consonantal sound
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| above | Voiceless postalveolar affricate |
| ipa number | 103 134 |
| ipa symbol | tʃ |
| ipa symbol2 | ʧ |
| decimal1 | 116 |
| decimal2 | 865 |
| decimal3 | 643 |
| x-sampa | tS or t_rS |
| imagefile | IPA Unicode 0x02A7.svg |
|x-sampa=tS or t_rS A voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant affricate or voiceless domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the "ch" sound in "chip".
This sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with , , , or, in broad transcription, . There is also a ligature , which was retired by the International Phonetic Association but is still used. An alternative commonly used in Americanist tradition is .
Historically, often derives from a former voiceless velar stop (as in English church; also in Gulf Arabic, Slavic languages, Indo-Iranian languages and Romance languages), or a voiceless dental stop by way of palatalization, especially next to a front vowel (as in English nature; also in Amharic, Portuguese, some accents of Egyptian, etc.).
Features
Features of a voiceless domed postalveolar affricate:
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | чэмы/čamë/چەمہـ | 'cow' | Some dialects contrast labialized and non-labialized forms. | |||
| Albanian | çelur | 'opened' | ||||
| Aleut | Atkan dialect | chamĝul | 'to wash' | |||
| Amharic | አንቺ/anči | 'you' | ||||
| Arabic | Central Palestinian | مكتبة (Normally unwritten)/mačtabe | 'library' | |||
| Iraqi | چتاب/čitaab | 'book' | ||||
| Jordanian | كتاب (Normally unwritten)/čitaab | |||||
| Aragonese | chuego | 'game' | ||||
| Armenian | Eastern | ճնճղուկ/čënčquk | 'sparrow' | |||
| Assyrian | ܟ̰ܝܡܐ/č’yama | 'to shut' | Found in native terminology. Widespread usage in all dialect varieties. Developed from an original /tˤ/. | |||
| Asturian | Chipre | 'Cyprus' | Mostly found in loanwords, if possible, usually replaced by x . | |||
| Azerbaijani | Əkinçi/اکینچی | 'the ploughman' | ||||
| Bengali | চশমা/čošma | 'spectacles' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology | |||
| Basque | txalupa | 'boat' | ||||
| Bulgarian | чучулига/čučuliga | 'lark' | See Bulgarian phonology | |||
| Catalan | cotxe | 'car' | See Catalan phonology. | |||
| Central Alaskan Yup'ik | nacaq | 'parka hood' | ||||
| Choctaw | hakchioma | 'tobacco' | ||||
| Coptic | Bohairic dialect | ϭⲟϩ/čoh | 'touch' | |||
| Czech | morče | 'guinea pig' | See Czech phonology | |||
| Dhivehi | ޗަކަސް / čakas | 'mud' | Relatively rare, usually occurs in loanwords / onomatoepic words | |||
| Dutch | Tjongejonge | 'jeez' | An exclamation of (mild) annoyance, surprise, wonder or amazement. | |||
| English | beach | 'beach' | Slightly labialized . See English phonology | |||
| Esperanto | ĉar | 'because' | See Esperanto phonology | |||
| Estonian | tšello | [ˈtʃelˑo] | 'cello' | Rare, occurs only in loanwords. see Estonian phonology | ||
| Faroese | gera | 'to do' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Faroese phonology | |||
| Finnish | Tšekki | [ˈt̪ʃe̞kːi] | 'Czechia' | Rare, occurs only in loanwords. See Finnish phonology | ||
| French | Standard | caoutchouc | 'rubber' | |||
| Acadian | tiens | '(I/you) keep' | Allophone of /k/ and /tj/ before a front vowel. | |||
| Galician | cheo | 'full' | Galician-Portuguese is conserved in Galician and merged with in most Portuguese dialects. See Galician phonology | |||
| Georgian | ჩიხი/čixi | 'impasse' | ||||
| German | Mangold | 2005 | pp=51–52}} | Tschüss | 'bye' | |
| Greek | Cypriot | τσ̌άι/čai | 'tea' | |||
| Hausa | ciwo/ثِيوُاْ | 'disease, pain' | ||||
| Hebrew | תשובה/čuva | 'answer' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |||
| Hindustani | Hindi | चाय/cāy | 'tea' | |||
| Urdu | چائے/çāy | |||||
| Haitian Creole | match | 'sports match' | ||||
| Hungarian | gyümölcslé | 'fruit juice' | See Hungarian phonology | |||
| Italian | ciao | 'hi' | See Italian phonology | |||
| Javanese | cedhak/ꦕꦼꦣꦏ꧀/چۤڎَاك | 'near' | ||||
| Kʼicheʼ | K'iche' | 'Kʼicheʼ' | Contrasts with ejective form | |||
| Kabardian | чэнж/čanž/چەنژ | 'shallow' | ||||
| Kashubian | czësto | 'cleanly' | ||||
| Kharia | रओछओब | 'side' | A low-tone pitch in the first syllable, then gradually turns high in the second one. See Anderson (2014) for discussion. | |||
| Khortha | चइन | 'mark' | ||||
| Kurdish | hirç/هرچ | 'bear' | ||||
| Ladino | kolcha/קולגﬞה | 'quilt' | ||||
| Macedonian | чека/čeka | 'wait' | See Macedonian phonology | |||
| Malay | Malaysian | cuci/چوچي | 'to wash' | |||
| Indonesian | Palatal according to some analyses. See Malay phonology | |||||
| Maltese | bliċ | 'bleach' | ||||
| Manx | çhiarn | 'lord' | ||||
| Marathi | चहा/čahá | 'tea' | Contrasts with aspirated form. Allophone of /tɕ / and /ts/.See Marathi phonology | |||
| Mongolian | Khalkha dialect | наргиж/nargič | ||||
| 'laugh' | ||||||
| Nahuatl | āyōtōchtli | 'armadillo' | ||||
| Norwegian | Some dialects | kjøkken | 'kitchen' | |||
| Nunggubuyu | *j*aro | 'needle' | ||||
| Occitan | chuc | 'juice' | See Occitan phonology | |||
| Odia | ଚକ/caka | 'wheel' | Contrasts with aspirated form. | |||
| Persian | چوب/чӯб/çub | 'wood' | See Persian phonology | |||
| Polish | Gmina Istebna | ciemny | 'dark' | |||
| Lubawa dialect | ||||||
| Malbork dialect | ||||||
| Ostróda dialect | ||||||
| Warmia dialect | ||||||
| Portuguese | Most northern and some central Portuguese dialects | chamar | 'to call' | |||
| Most Brazilian dialects | *presente* | 'present' | Allophone of before (including when is not actually produced) and other instances of (e.g. epenthesis), marginal sound otherwise. See Portuguese phonology | |||
| Most dialects | tchau | 'bye' | In Standard European Portuguese it occurs only in recent loanwords. | |||
| Punjabi | ਚੌਲ/ چول/čol | 'rice' | ||||
| Quechua | *chunka* | 'ten' | ||||
| Romani | ćiriklo | 'bird' | Contrasts with aspirated form. | |||
| Romanian | cer | 'sky' | See Romanian phonology | |||
| Rotuman | joni | 'to flee' | ||||
| Scottish Gaelic | slàinte | 'health' | Southern dialects only; standard pronunciation is [tʲ]. See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |||
| Serbo-Croatian | Some speakers | čokoláda чоколада | 'chocolate' | |||
| Silesian | Dąbrowska | 2004 | p=?}} | szpańelsko | [t̠͡ʃpaɲɛskɔ] | 'Spanish' |
| Jablunkov | [t̠͡ʃpaɲɛlskɔ] | |||||
| Slovak | číslo | [t͡ʃiːslo] | 'number' | See Slovak phonology | ||
| Slovene | koča | 'cottage' | ||||
| Solos | tsino | [t͡ʃinɔ] | 'bone' | |||
| Spanish | chocolate | 'chocolate' | See Spanish phonology | |||
| Swahili | jicho | /جِيچٗ | 'eye' | |||
| Swedish | Finland | *tjugo* | 'twenty' | |||
| Some rural Swedish dialects | kärlek | 'love' | ||||
| Tagalog | tsuper | 'driver' | See Tagalog phonology | |||
| Tlingit | jinkaat | 'ten' | ||||
| Turkish | çok | 'very' | See Turkish phonology | |||
| Tyap | cat | 'love' | ||||
| Ubykh | Çəbƹəja/čëbžëya | 'pepper' | See Ubykh phonology | |||
| Ukrainian | чотири/čotyry | 'four' | See Ukrainian phonology | |||
| Uzbek | choʻl/çúl/چۉل | 'desert' | ||||
| Welsh | tsips | 'chips' | Occurs in loanwords. See Welsh phonology | |||
| Yiddish | טשאַטשקע/čačke | 'knick-knack' | See Yiddish phonology | |||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan | chane |
Mandarin Chinese, Russian, Japanese, Korean, Mongolian, Polish, Catalan, and Thai have a voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate ; this is technically postalveolar but it is less precise to use .
Related characters
There are several Unicode characters based on the tesh digraph (ʧ):
- is an IPA superscript letter
- is used in phonetic transcription
- has been used in phonetic descriptions of Polish
Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate
Features
- Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Australian | *tree* | 'tree' | |
| General American | ||||
| Received Pronunciation | ||||
| Scottish Gaelic | Lewis | *sitrich* | 'to neigh' |
Notes
References
- {{cite journal |doi-access=free
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- {{cite book |orig-year=First published 2012
- {{cite book
- {{cite book
- {{cite book
- {{cite book
- {{cite book
- {{cite book |author-link=Peter Ladefoged
- {{cite book |author-link=Max Mangold |orig-year=First published 1962
- {{cite journal |doi-access=free
- {{cite journal |doi-access=free
- {{Citation
- {{cite journal |doi-access=free
- {{cite journal |doi-access=free
- {{cite book
- {{cite book
References
- {{Harvcoltxt. Watson. 2002
- {{Harvcoltxt. Dum-Tragut. 2009
- (2 April 2019). "Tjongejonge".
- {{Harvcoltxt. Shosted. Chikovani. 2006
- {{Harvcoltxt. Mangold. 2005
- {{Harvcoltxt. Rogers. d'Arcangeli. 2004
- Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia".
- Anderson, Gregory D. S.. (2016). "The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia: A Comprehensive Guide". Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.
- Paudyal, Netra P.. (2025). "A Grammar of Khortha, in Brill's Studies in South and Southwest Asian Languages". [[Brill Publishing.
- {{Harvcoltxt. Ladefoged. 2005
- {{Harvcoltxt. Dubisz. Karaś. Kolis. 1995
- {{Harvcoltxt. Barbosa. Albano. 2004
- {{Harvcoltxt. Blevins. 1994
- {{Harvcoltxt. Dąbrowska. 2004
- {{Harvcoltxt. Martínez-Celdrán. Fernández-Planas. Carrera-Sabaté. 2003
- {{Harvcoltxt. Merrill. 2008
- (2020-11-08). "L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic".
- Miller, Kirk. (2020-07-11). "L2/20-125R: Unicode request for expected IPA retroflex letters and similar letters with hooks".
- Anderson, Deborah. (2020-12-07). "L2/21-021: Reference doc numbers for L2/20-266R "Consolidated code chart of proposed phonetic characters" and IPA etc. code point and name changes".
- (2021-01-03). "L2/21-004: Unicode request for dezh with retroflex hook".
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