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Voiced postalveolar fricative
Consonantal sound often represented by ⟨ʒ⟩ in IPA
Consonantal sound often represented by ⟨ʒ⟩ in IPA
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| ipa symbol | ʒ |
| ipa number | 135 |
| decimal | 658 |
| x-sampa | Z |
| braille | 2346 |
| imagefile | IPA Unicode 0x0292.svg |
|x-sampa=Z
A voiced postalveolar or palato-alveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to many if not most English-speakers as the "s" sound in "fusion".
The International Phonetic Association uses the phrase voiced postalveolar fricative for the sibilant sound , though technically it also describes the voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative , for which there are significant perceptual differences.
Voiced palato-alveolar fricative
A voiced palato-alveolar fricative or voiced domed postalveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.
Transcription
The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is the lower case form of the letter Ezh (). An alternative symbol used in some older and American linguistic literature is , a z with a caron. In some transcriptions of alphabets such as the Cyrillic, the sound is represented by the digraph .
Although present in English, the sound is not represented by a specific letter or digraph, but is formed by yod-coalescence of and in words such as measure. It also appears in some loanwords, mainly from French (thus written with and ).
occurs as a borrowed phoneme in a number of languages under the influence of French, Persian or Slavic languages, as in the Germanic languages (Dutch, English, German and Luxembourgish), the Romance languages (Italian and Romanian), the Turkic languages (Azerbaijani, Bashkir, Turkish, and Uyghur), and the Uralic languages (Estonian and Hungarian), Breton and Maltese. The phoneme has the lowest consonant frequency in both English and Persian.
In English and French, may have simultaneous lip rounding (), although this is rarely indicated in transcription.
Features
Features of a voiced palato-alveolar fricative:
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | жакӀэ/žač'a | 'beard' | ||||
| Albanian | zhurmë | 'noise' | ||||
| Arabic | Maghrebi | زوج/zūj | 'husband' | |||
| Hejazi | جاهِز/jāhiz | 'ready' | An allophone of used by a number of speakers. | |||
| Armenian | Eastern | ժամ/žam | 'hour' | |||
| Assyrian | ܐܘܪܡܓ̰ܢܝܐ Urmižnaiya | 'Assyrian from Urmia' | ||||
| Avar | жакъа/žaq'a | 'today' | ||||
| Azerbaijani | jalüz | 'blinds' | Only occurs in loanwords. | |||
| Berta | 'honey' | |||||
| Breton | jod | 'play' | ||||
| Bulgarian | мъжът/myžyt | 'the man' | See Bulgarian phonology | |||
| Catalan | Eastern | *gel* | 'ice' | |||
| Chechen | жий / žiy | 'sheep' | ||||
| Chinese | Quzhou dialect | 床 | 'bed' | |||
| Fuzhou dialect | 只隻 | 'this one' | ||||
| Corsican | ghjesgia | 'church' | Also in Gallurese | |||
| Czech | muži | 'men' | See Czech phonology | |||
| Dutch | garage | 'garage' | Only occurs in loanwords. See Dutch phonology. | |||
| Emilian | Bolognese | chèṡ | 'case' | |||
| English | vision | 'vision' | See English phonology | |||
| Esperanto | manĝaĵo | 'food' | See Esperanto phonology | |||
| French | *jour* | 'day' | See French phonology | |||
| German | Standard | Garage | 'garage' | |||
| Georgian | ჟურნალი/žurnali | 'magazine' | ||||
| Goemai | *zhiem* | 'sickle' | ||||
| Greek | Cypriot | γαλάζ̌ο/galažo | 'sky blue' | |||
| Gwich’in | zhòh | 'wolf' | ||||
| Hän | zhùr | 'wolf' | ||||
| Hebrew | ז׳אנר/žaner | 'genre' | Phoneme present in loanwords only. See Modern Hebrew phonology | |||
| Hindustani | Hindi | अझ़दहा/aždahá | 'dragon' | |||
| Urdu | اژدہا/aždahá | |||||
| Hungarian | rózsa | 'rose' | See Hungarian phonology | |||
| Ingush | жий/žiy | 'sheep' | ||||
| Italian | Tuscan | pigiare | 'press' | |||
| Judaeo-Spanish | mujer | 'woman' | ||||
| Juǀʼhoan | *ju* | 'person' | ||||
| Kabardian | жыг/žëğ | 'tree' | ||||
| Kabyle | jeddi | 'my grandfather' | ||||
| Kashubian | *kòżdi rôz* | 'constantly' | ||||
| Kazakh | жеті/jeti | 'seven' | ||||
| Latvian | žāvēt | 'to dry' | See Latvian phonology | |||
| Ligurian | lüxe | 'light' | ||||
| Limburgish | Maastrichtian | zjuweleer | 'jeweller' | |||
| Lithuanian | žmona | 'wife' | See Lithuanian phonology | |||
| Livonian | ''kū'''ž''''' | 'six' | ||||
| Lombard | Western | *resgiôra* | 'matriarch' | |||
| Macedonian | жaбa/žaba | 'toad' | See Macedonian phonology | |||
| Megrelian | ჟირი/žiri | 'two' | ||||
| Navajo | ''łi'''zh''''' | 'urine' | ||||
| Neapolitan | sbattere | 'to slam' | ||||
| Ngas | *zhaam* | 'chin' | ||||
| Ngwe | Mmockngie dialect | 'to split' | ||||
| Occitan | Auvergnat | argent | 'money' | |||
| Gascon | ||||||
| Pashto | ژوول/žowul | 'chew' | ||||
| Persian | مژه/može | 'eyelash' | See Persian phonology | |||
| Polish | Gmina Istebna | zielony | 'green' | |||
| Lubawa dialect | ||||||
| Malbork dialect | ||||||
| Ostróda dialect | ||||||
| Warmia dialect | ||||||
| Portuguese | loja | 'store' | Also described as alveolo-palatal . See Portuguese phonology | |||
| Romani | žanel | 'to know' | ||||
| Romanian | jar | 'embers' | See Romanian phonology | |||
| Scottish Gaelic | Barra | uair | 'hour' | |||
| Serbo-Croatian | жут / žut | 'yellow' | May be laminal retroflex instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |||
| Silesian | Dąbrowska | 2004 | p=?}} | |||
| Jablunkov | ||||||
| Sioux | Lakota | *waŋži* | 'one' | |||
| Slovak | *žena* | [ʒena] | 'woman' | See Slovak phonology | ||
| Slovene | žito | 'cereal' | See Slovene phonology | |||
| Spanish | Rioplatense | yo | 'I' | |||
| Ecuadorian Andean Spanish | ||||||
| Tadaksahak | 'to answer' | |||||
| Tagish | 'what' | |||||
| Turkish | jale | 'dew' | Only occurs in loanwords. See Turkish phonology | |||
| Turkmen | žiraf | 'giraffe' | Only occurs in loanwords. | |||
| Tutchone | Northern | zhi | 'what' | |||
| Southern | zhǜr | 'berry' | ||||
| Ukrainian | жaбa/žaba | 'frog' | See Ukrainian phonology | |||
| Veps | vīž | 'five' | ||||
| Welayta | 'bush' | |||||
| West Frisian | bagaazje | 'luggage' | See West Frisian phonology | |||
| Yiddish | אָראַנזש/oranž | 'orange' | See Yiddish phonology | |||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan | *llan* | 'anger' |
The sound in Russian denoted by is commonly transcribed as a palato-alveolar fricative but is actually a laminal retroflex fricative.
In English, the phoneme is often found as a hyperforeign substitute for in certain borrowings, Beijing (Mandarin Chinese , a voiceless ), raj, Taj Mahal, and sometimes even parmesan (French ; Italian ).
Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative
|x-sampa=r_-_r A voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative is a consonantal sound. As the International Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for the post-alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that are not palatalized), this sound is usually transcribed (retracted constricted ).
Features
However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.
- Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dutch | meer | 'lake' | A rare post-vocalic allophone of . Realization of varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology. | |
| Manx | mooar | 'big' | Pre-consonantal and word-final realization of , in free variation with other allophones. |
Notes
References
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- {{Citation |editor-last2=van Hout |editor-first2=Roeland |editor-last1=van de Velde |editor-first1=Hans
- {{citation |access-date=2014-12-06 |archive-date=2014-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407084011/http://www.projetoaspa.org/cristofaro/orientacao/ma/concluida/guimaraes_ma_2004.pdf |url-status=dead
- {{citation |access-date=2015-09-18 |archive-date=2017-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011044945/http://gep.ruhosting.nl/carlos/gussenhoven_aarts.pdf |url-status=dead
- {{citation |author-link=Max Mangold |orig-year=First published 1962
- {{citation |doi-access=free
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- {{citation |access-date=2014-12-06 |archive-date=2015-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923201642/http://www.celsul.org.br/Encontros/09/artigos/Flavio%20Medina.pdf |url-status=dead
- {{citation |doi-access=free
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References
- "IPA i-charts (2018)".
- (2021-08-23). "Areal Linguistics within the Phonological Atlas of Europe: Loan Phonemes and their Distribution". Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.
- (2012). "Frequency System of Phonemes: Contrastive Analysis of Common Standard Persian and English Consonants in Context-Based Corpora". Frequency System of Phonemes: Contrastive Analysis of Common Standard Persian and English Consonants in Context-Based Corpora.
- {{Harvcoltxt. Watson. 2002
- {{Harvcoltxt. Dum-Tragut. 2009
- {{Harvcoltxt. Fougeron. Smith. 1993
- {{Harvcoltxt. Mangold. 2005
- {{Harvcoltxt. Shosted. Chikovani. 2006
- "Projekt Rastko Kaszuby - Fonetyka i fonologia".
- {{Harvcoltxt. Gussenhoven. Aarts. 1999. /ʒ/ is "pre-palatal, articulated with the blade of the tongue against the post-alveolar place of articulation". This makes it unclear whether this sound is palato-alveolar (somewhat palatalized post-alveolar) or alveolo-palatal (strongly palatalized post-alveolar).
- {{Harvcoltxt. Dubisz. Karaś. Kolis. 1995
- {{Harvcoltxt. Cruz-Ferreira. 1995
- {{Harvcoltxt. Medina. 2010
- {{Harvcoltxt. Mateus. d'Andrade. 2000
- {{Harvcoltxt. Silva. 2003
- {{Harvcoltxt. Guimarães. 2004
- {{Harvcoltxt. Borgstrøm. 1937
- {{Harvcoltxt. Dąbrowska. 2004
- {{Harvcoltxt. Martínez-Celdrán. Fernández-Planas. Carrera-Sabaté. 2003
- {{Harvcoltxt. Merrill. 2008
- {{Harvcoltxt. Goeman. van de Velde. 2001
- {{Harvcoltxt. Goeman. van de Velde. 2001
- {{Harvcoltxt. Broderick. 1986
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