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Voiced dental fricative

Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ð⟩ in IPA

Field	Value
ipa symbol	ð
ipa number	131
decimal	240
imagefile	IPA Unicode 0x00F0.svg
x-sampa	D
braille	12456

| x-sampa = D

A voiced dental fricative is a consonant sound used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to most English-speakers as the "th" sound in "father".

The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet for this sound is eth, , which was taken from the Old English and Icelandic alphabets, and which in those languages could stand for either a voiced or unvoiced (inter)dental non-sibilant fricative. Such fricatives are often called "interdental" because they are often produced with the tongue between the upper and lower teeth (as in Received Pronunciation), and not just against the back of the upper teeth, as they are with other dental consonants.

The letter is sometimes used to represent a voiced dental approximant, a similar sound, which no language is known to contrast with a dental non-sibilant fricative. However, the approximant can be explicitly indicated with the lowering diacritic: . Rarely, this sound has also been transcribed as a alveolar approximant . It has been proposed that either a turned or reversed , among others, be used as a dedicated symbol for the dental approximant; however, despite occasional usage, none have gained general acceptance. Like the fricative, the approximant may also be articulated interdentally in some languages.

The fricatives and their unvoiced counterparts are rare as phonemes. Almost all languages of Europe and Asia lack the sound. Native speakers of languages without the sound often have difficulty enunciating or distinguishing it, and they replace it with a voiced alveolar sibilant , a voiced dental stop or voiced alveolar stop , or a voiced labiodental fricative ; known respectively as th-alveolarization, th-stopping, and th-fronting. As for Europe, there seems to be a great arc where the sound (and/or its unvoiced variant) is present. Most of Mainland Europe lacks the sound. However, some "periphery" languages such as Greek have the sound in their consonant inventories, as phonemes or allophones.

Within Turkic languages, Bashkir and Turkmen have both voiced and voiceless dental non-sibilant fricatives among their consonants. Among Semitic languages, they are used in Modern Standard Arabic, albeit not by all speakers of modern Arabic dialects, and in some dialects of Hebrew and Assyrian.

Features

Features of a voiced dental non-sibilant fricative:

It does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.

Occurrence

Voiced dental fricative

Language	Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Albanian	idhull		'idol'
Aleut	damo		'house'
Arabic	Modern Standard	ذهب		'gold'
Gulf
Najdi
Tunisian		See Tunisian Arabic phonology
Arpitan	and Savoyard	Genèva		'Geneva'
Bressan	vachiére		'woman cow herder'	Bressan dialect, like the Geneva and many Savoy ones, express "j" and "ge/gi" (in standard Arpitan spelling) as voiced dental fricatives. In addition, however, its dialects often express the intervocalic "r" as such as well.
Aromanian	zală		'butter whey'	Corresponds to in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Asturian	Some dialects	fazer		'to do'
Bashkir		ҡаҙ / qađ		'goose'
Berta		'to sweep'
Burmese	အညာသား		'inlander'	Commonly realized as an affricate .
Catalan	cada		'each'	Fricative or approximant. Allophone of . See Catalan phonology
Cree	Woods Cree (th-dialect)	nitha		'I'
Dahalo			Weak fricative or approximant. It is a common intervocalic allophone of , and may be simply a plosive instead.
Elfdalian	baiða		'wait'
Emilian	Bolognese	żänt		'people'
English	Received Pronunciation	this		'this'
Western American English		Interdental.
Extremaduran	ḥazel		'to do'	Realization of etymological . Can also be realized as
Fijian	ciwa		'nine'
Galician	Some dialects	fazer		'to do'
German	Austrian	leider		'unfortunately'
Greek	δάφνη / el		'laurel'	See Modern Greek phonology
Gwich'in	niidhàn		'you want'
Hän	ë̀dhä̀		'hide'
Harsusi		'bee'
Hebrew	Iraqi	אדוני		'my lord'
Temani	גָּדוֹל / ğaḏol		'large, great'	See Yemenite Hebrew
Judeo-Spanish	Many dialects	קריאדֿור / kriador		'creator'
Kabyle	ḏuḇ		'to be exhausted'
Kurdish				An approximant; postvocalic allophone of . See Kurdish phonology
Malay	Standard	azan		'azan'
Malayalam		ഒൻപത്''''' / onpa**t'ŭ		'nine'
Malto	मेद़ / ''mē'''ð'''''		'body'	See Malto phonology
Mari	Eastern dialect	шодо		'lung'
Norman	Jèrriais	méthe		'mother'
Northern Sámi	dieđa		'science'
Persian	Paul	2000}} Early Judeo-Persian	گذشتن / guḏaštan		'to pass'
Portuguese	European	nada		'nothing'
Sardinian	nidu		'nest'	Allophone of lenis , may also be realized closer to an approximant. See Sardinian phonology
Scottish Gaelic	Many Outer Hebrides dialects	Màiri		'Mary'
Shughni	δud		'smoke, fumes'	See Shughni phonology
Sioux	Lakota	záptaŋ		'five'
Swahili	dhambi		'sin'	Mostly occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing this sound.
Swedish	Engstrand	2004	p=167}}	bräda		'a board (object)'
Syriac	Western Neo-Aramaic			'to take'
Tamil	ஒன்பது / oṉpatu		'nine'	Intervocalic allophone of . See Tamil phonology
Tanacross	dhet		'liver'
Turkmen	''ýyldy'''z'''''		'star'	Realization of the phoneme
Tutchone	Northern	edhó		'hide'
Southern	adhǜ
Venetian	mezorno		'midday'
Welsh	bardd		'bard'	See Welsh phonology
Zapotec	Tilquiapan

Dental approximant

Language	Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Assyrian	ܘܪܕܐ / werda	]	'flower'	Common in the Tyari, Barwari, and Western dialects.
Corresponds to in other varieties.
Basque	adar		'horn'	Allophone of
Kagayanen	kalag		'spirit'
Luri	Haftlang Bakhtiari around Masjed Soleyman	گده / gade		'stomach'
Occitan	Gascon	que divi		'what I should'
Spanish	Most dialects	dedo		'finger'

Danish is actually a velarized alveolar approximant.

Notes

References

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References

{{Harvcoltxt. Olson. Mielke. Sanicas-Daguman. Pebley. 2010
McGregor, William B.. (2013). "The Languages of the Kimberley, Western Australia". Routledge.
(December 2014). "Revisiting Mandarin 'apical vowels': An articulatory and acoustic study". Journal of the International Phonetic Association.
{{Harvcoltxt. Olson. Mielke. Sanicas-Daguman. Pebley. 2010
(2018). "Revisions to the extIPA chart". Journal of the International Phonetic Association.
{{Harvcoltxt. Olson. Mielke. Sanicas-Daguman. Pebley. 2010. Kagayanen]] and [[Kalinga language. Kalinga]], both [[languages of the Philippines]].
"damo in English - Aleut-English Dictionary {{!}} Glosbe".
{{Harvcoltxt. Thelwall. Sa'Adeddin. 1990
{{Harvcoltxt. Watkins. 2001
{{Harvcoltxt. Watkins. 2001
{{Harvcoltxt. Carbonell. Llisterri. 1992
{{Harvcoltxt. Maddieson. Spajić. Sands. Ladefoged. 1993
(14 October 2013). "Atlas Lingüístico Gallego (ALGa) {{!}} Instituto da Lingua Galega - ILG".
Sylvia Moosmüller. (2007). "Vowels in Standard Austrian German: An Acoustic-Phonetic and Phonological Analysis".
{{Harvcoltxt. Paul. 2000
{{Harvcoltxt. Cruz-Ferreira. 1995
{{Harvcoltxt. Mateus. d'Andrade. 2000
{{Harvcoltxt. Ó Dochartaigh. 1997
{{Harvcoltxt. Oftedal. 1956
"Slender 'r'/ 'an t-s'".
{{Harvcoltxt. Engstrand. 2004
{{Harvcoltxt. Merrill. 2008
{{Harvcoltxt. Hualde. 1991
{{Harvcoltxt. Olson. Mielke. Sanicas-Daguman. Pebley. 2010
{{Harvcoltxt. Anonby. Asadi. 2014
{{Harvcoltxt. Martínez-Celdrán. Fernández-Planas. Carrera-Sabaté. 2003
Phonetic studies such as {{Harvcoltxt. Quilis. 1981 have found that Spanish voiced stops may surface as spirants with various degrees of constriction. These allophones are not limited to regular fricative articulations, but range from articulations that involve a near complete oral closure to articulations involving a degree of aperture quite close to vocalization
{{Harvcoltxt. Grønnum. 2003
{{Harvcoltxt. Basbøll. 2005

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