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Victoria (plant)

Genus of aquatic plants

Victoria Lindl.
Victoria J. E. Gray

Victoria or giant waterlily is a genus of aquatic herbs in the plant family Nymphaeaceae. The leaves are a remarkable size; Victoria boliviana produces leaves up to 3.2 m in width. The genus name was given in honour of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom.

Description

Underside of ''Victoria amazonica'' leaf

Illustration of various stages of growth of ''Victoria amazonica'' with a young seedling (left) and a more mature plant (right)

Vegetative characteristics

Victoria species are rhizomatous, aquatic, short-lived, perennial herbs with tuberous rhizomes bearing contractile adventitious roots. The floating leaves are peltate and orbicular. The margin of the lamina is raised to form a rim 10 – high. The lamina possesses stomatodes (i.e. microscopic perforations) which are believed to allow rainwater to escape. The leaves emerge from a stipular sheath 16 cm long and wide or more. The abaxial leaf surface possesses prominent, reticulate venation. In Victoria amazonica the leaves are glabrous, with long, hard spines and the underside is red. In Victoria cruziana the leaves are fuzzy with soft spines and the underside is purple. The shape of the rims is also different.

Generative characteristics

The up to 25 cm wide, nocturnal, thermogenic, solitary, actinomorphic, chasmogamous, protogynous flowers have prickly pedicels with 4 primary and 8 secondary air canals. The flowers have four prickly, petaloid, 12 cm long, and 7–8 cm wide sepals. The 50-100 petals gradually transition towards the shape of the stamens, however there is an abrupt change between the innermost petals to the outermost staminodia. The androeceum consists of 150–200 stamens. The gynoecium consists of 30–44 fused carpels. The 0–15 cm wide, spiny, irregularly dehiscencent fruit bears arillate, glabrous, smooth or granular seeds. Proliferating pseudanthia are absent.

Cytology

The ploidy level is 2x and the chromosome count ranges from 2n = 20 to 2n = 24.

Taxonomy

Victoria R.H.Schomb. was published by Robert Hermann Schomburgk in September 1837. The type species is Victoria regina R.H.Schomb. The genus has two synonyms, both published within the same year with the same name: Victoria Lindl. published by John Lindley in October 1837 and Victoria J. E. Gray published by John Edward Gray in December 1837. There is, however, disagreement over the correct taxon authority. Victoria R.H.Schomb. is seen as correct by several sources, but Victoria Lindl. is also widely regarded as correct, despite being published a month later.

Species

Image	Scientific name	Distribution	Description
[[File:Victoria amazonica edit 1.jpg	120px]]	Victoria amazonica (Poepp.) J.C. Sowerby	shallow waters of the Amazon River basin, such as oxbow lakes and bayous	The flowers are white the first night they are open and become pink the second night. They are up to 40 cm in diameter, and are pollinated by scarab beetles. According to Parodi, both V. amazonica and V. cruziana can occasionally produce flowers up to 50 cm in width. The flower is depicted in the Guyanese coat of arms. Fayaz gives the same maximum width for V. amazonica.
[[File:Victoria cruziana flower.jpg	120px]]	Victoria cruziana A.D.Orb.	Parana-Paraguay basin	Slightly smaller than V. amazonica, with the underside of the leaves purple rather than the red of V. amazonica, and covered with a peachlike fuzz lacking in V. amazonica. V. cruziana opens its flowers at dusk.
[[File:Kew Gardens, Princess of Wales Conservatory, Victoria boliviana flower.jpg	120px]]	Victoria boliviana Magdalena & L.T.Sm.	Bolivia	Leaves reaching more than 3 m in width, larger seed and ovule size

Evolutionary relationships

Together with the genus Euryale, Victoria may be placed within the genus Nymphaea, rendering it paraphyletic in its current circumscription.

Ecology

Habitat

It occurs in lakes and streams.

Pollination

Victoria flowers are pollinated by Cyclocephala beetles.

Use

Horticulture

Victoria is a popular ornamental plant.

Food

The seeds, petioles, and rhizomes are used as food.

Other uses

Root extracts are used as black dye.

References

"''Victoria'' R.H.Schomb.".
''Victoria'' R.H.Schomb. (n.d.). International Plant Names Index. Retrieved November 28, 2024, from https://www.ipni.org/n/77296000-1
Horton, Helena. (4 July 2022). "Third species of giant waterlily discovered at Kew Gardens". [[The Guardian]].
Knotts, K., & Knotts, B. (n.d.). Introduction to ''Victoria''. ''Victoria'' Adventure. Retrieved November 28, 2024, from https://victoria-adventure.com/victoria/victoria_intro.html
Pellegrini, M.O.O. Nymphaeaceae in Flora e Funga do Brasil. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available at: https://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/FB24052 consulta.publica.uc.citacao.acesso.em28 Nov. 2024
Gessner, F. (1950). Die Stomatoden des ''Victoria''-Blattes: Zum hundertsten Geburtstag eines umstrittenen Problems. Planta, 38, 123-131.
Die ''Victoria''. (2013, February 26). Botanischer Garten Berlin. Retrieved November 28, 2024, from https://www.bgbm.org/de/infotainment/die-victoria
Correspondance with William G. D'Arcy, Research Botanist, Missouri Botanic Gardens, St. Louis, Missouri, with sample enclosed.
Svenson, Henry K.. (Summer 1945). "Victoria regia". Plants and Gardens.
Warner, K. A., Rudall, P. J., & Frohlich, M. W. (2008). Differentiation of Perianth Organs in Nymphaeales. Taxon, 57(4), 1096–1109. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27756767
Henkel, F., Rehnelt, F., Dittmann, L. (1907). [https://archive.org/details/Henkel_Nymphaeaceen/page/n40/mode/1up Das Buch der Nymphaeaceen oder Seerosengewächse.] pp. 40–44. Deutschland: Henkel.
Schneider, E. L. (1976). The floral anatomy of ''Victoria'' Schomb.(Nymphaeaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 72(2), 115-148.
Pellicer, J., Kelly, L. J., Magdalena, C., & Leitch, I. J. (2013). [https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1139/gen-2013-0039 Insights into the dynamics of genome size and chromosome evolution in the early diverging angiosperm lineage Nymphaeales (water lilies).] Genome, 56(8), 437-449.
Missouri Botanical Garden. (n.d.-b). ''Victoria'' R.H. Schomb. Tropicos. Retrieved November 30, 2024, from http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/100535949
United States Department of Agriculture & Agricultural Research Service. (n.d.). ''Victoria'' Lindl. Germplasm Resource Information Network (GRIN). Retrieved November 28, 2024, from https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomygenus?id=12702
de Lima, C. T., Machado, I. C., & Giulietti, A. M. (2021). [http://periodicos.uefs.br/index.php/sitientibusBiologia/article/download/4986/5243 Nymphaeaceae of Brasil.] Sitientibus série Ciências Biológicas, 21.
''Victoria'' Lindl. (n.d.). WFO Plant List
Parodi, Lorenzo R.. (1959). "Encyclopedia Argentina de Agricultura y Jardineria". Editorial Acme S.A.C.I..
Fayaz, Ahmed. (2011). "Encyclopedia of Tropical Plants". Firefly Books.
(4 July 2022). "Revised Species Delimitation in the Giant Water Lily Genus ''Victoria'' (Nymphaeaceae) Confirms a New Species and Has Implications for Its Conservation". Frontiers in Plant Science.
Morelle, Rebecca. (4 July 2022). "Scientists discover new giant water lily species".
Song, W., Shi, W., Wang, H., Zhang, Z., Tao, R., Liu, J., ... & Shi, C. (2024). [https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42995-024-00242-0.pdf Comparative analysis of 12 water lily plastid genomes reveals genomic divergence and evolutionary relationships in early flowering plants.] Marine Life Science & Technology, 6(3), 425-441.
Löhne, C., Yoo, M., Borsch, T., Wiersema, J., Wilde, V., Bell, C.D., Barthlott, W., Soltis, D.E. and Soltis, P.S. (2008), [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/tax.574008 Biogeography of Nymphaeales: extant patterns and historical events.] Taxon, 57: 1123-19E.
He, D., Gichira, A. W., Li, Z., Nzei, J. M., Guo, Y., Wang, Q., & Chen, J. (2018). [https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/12/3780/pdf Intergeneric relationships within the early-diverging angiosperm family Nymphaeaceae based on chloroplast phylogenomics.] International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(12), 3780.
Loehne, C., Borsch, T., & Wiersema, J. H. (2007). [https://www.academia.edu/download/51262688/Phylogenetic_analysis_of_Nymphaeales_usi20170109-5216-8psonq.pdf Phylogenetic analysis of Nymphaeales using fast-evolving and noncoding chloroplast markers.] Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 154(2), 141-163.
Roestel, J. A., Wiersema, J. H., Jansen, R. K., Borsch, T., & Gruenstaeudl, M. (2024). [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/cla.12584 On the importance of sequence alignment inspections in plastid phylogenomics–an example from revisiting the relationships of the water‐lilies.] Cladistics.
Knotts, K. (n.d.). ''Victoria''’s History. Victoria Adventure. Retrieved November 28, 2024, from https://victoria-adventure.com/victoria/victoria_history.html
M Cramer, J., Meeuse, A. D. J., & Teunissen, P. A. (1975). [https://natuurtijdschriften.nl/pub/540103/ABN1975024005013.pdf A note on the pollination of nocturnally flowering species of ''Nymphaea''.] Acta Botanica Neerlandica, 24(5/6), 489-490.
Seymour, R. S., & Matthews, P. G. (2006). [https://academic.oup.com/aob/article-pdf/98/6/1129/6137438/mcl201.pdf The role of thermogenesis in the pollination biology of the Amazon waterlily ''Victoria amazonica''.] Annals of Botany, 98(6), 1129-1135.
''Victoria amazonica'' Giant waterlily. (n.d.). Kew. Retrieved November 28, 2024, from https://www.kew.org/plants/giant-waterlily

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