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Vermes in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae


Main article: 10th edition of Systema Naturae

In 1758, in the '*10th edition of *Systema Naturae''''', the Swedish scientist and taxonomist Carl Linnaeus described the class "Vermes" as:

Animals of slow motion, soft substance, able to increase their bulk and restore parts which have been destroyed, extremely tenacious of life, and the inhabitants of moist places. Many of them are without a distinct head, and most of them without feet. They are principally distinguished by their tentacles (or feelers). By the Ancients they were not improperly called imperfect animals, as being destitute of ears, nose, head, eyes and legs; and are therefore totally distinct from Insects.

Linnaean Characteristics

  • Heart: 1 auricle, 0 ventricles. Cold, pus-like blood.
  • Spiracles: obscure
  • Jaw: various
  • Penis: frequently hermaphrodites
  • Organs of Sense: tentacles (generally), eyes, no brain, no ears, no nostrils
  • Covering: calcareous or none, except spines
  • Supports: no feet, no fins. Crawls in moist places & are mute

The class Vermes, as Linnaeus conceived it, was a rather diverse and mismatched grouping of animals; basically it served as a wastebasket taxon for any invertebrate species that was not an arthropod. With the advent of the scientific understanding of evolution, it became clear that many of the animals in these groups were not in fact closely related, and so the class Vermes was dropped for several (at least 30) phyla.

Intestina

;Gordius (horsehair worms)

  • Gordius aquaticus
  • Gordius argillaceus
  • Gordius medinensisDracunculus medinensis, the Guinea worm

;Furia

  • Furia infernalis – Despite the many accounts of this purported animal by respected authorities, including Daniel Solander and Linnaeus himself, it is now accepted that no such animal exists.

;Lumbricus (earthworms)

  • Lumbricus terrestris – common earthworm
  • Lumbricus marinusArenicola marina, the blow lugworm

;Ascaris (giant intestinal roundworms)

  • Ascaris vermicularisEnterobius vermicularis, the pinworm
  • Ascaris lumbricoides – giant roundworm

;Fasciola (liver flukes)

  • Fasciola hepatica – sheep liver fluke
  • Fasciola intestinalis

;Hirudo (leeches)

  • Hirudo sanguisugaHaemopis sanguisuga, the Horse Leech
  • Hirudo medicinalis – European medicinal leech
  • Hirudo octoculataErpobdella octoculata
  • Hirudo stagnalisHelobdella stagnalis
  • Hirudo complanataGlossiphonia complanata
  • Hirudo indica
  • Hirudo geometraPiscicola geometra
  • Hirudo muricataPontobdella muricata

;Myxine (hagfishes)

  • Myxine glutinosa – Atlantic hagfish

;Teredo (shipworms)

  • Teredo lapidaria
  • Teredo navalis – naval shipworm

Mollusca

;Limax (terrestrial slugs)

  • Limax aterArion ater, the black slug
  • Limax rufusArion rufus, the red slug
  • Limax maximus – leopard slug
  • Limax agrestisDeroceras agreste, the grey field slug
  • Limax flavusLimacus flavus, the yellow slug

;Doris (dorid nudibranchs)

  • Doris verrucosa

;Tethys (tethydid sea slugs)

  • Tethys limacina
  • Tethys leporinaTethys fimbria

;Nereis (polychaete worms)

  • Nereis lacustrisStylaria lacustris
  • Nereis caerulea
  • Nereis gigantea – Hermodice carunculata, the bearded fireworm
  • Nereis pelagica
  • Nereis noctiluca

;Aphrodita (Sea mice)

  • Aphrodita squamata – Lepidonotus squamatus
  • Aphrodita aculeata – sea mouse

;Lernaea (anchor worms)

  • Lernaea cyprinacea
  • Lernaea asellinaLernentoma asellina
  • Lernaea salmoneaSalmincola salmoneus

;Priapus (priapulid worms & anemones)

  • Priapus equinus – now Actinia equina, the beadlet anemone
  • Priapus humanus – now Priapulus caudatus, the cactus worm

;Scyllaea (scyllaeid sea slugs)

  • Scyllaea pelagica – sargassum nudibranch

;Holothuria (salps & Men o' War)

  • Holothuria physalisPhysalia physalis, the Portuguese man o' war
  • Holothuria thalia, Holothuria caudata, & Holothuria denudataCyclosalpa pinnata

;Triton (triton snails)

  • Triton littoreus

;Sepia (octopuses, squid, & cuttlefish)

  • Sepia octopodiaEledone cirrhosa, the horned octopus
  • Sepia officinalis – common cuttlefish
  • Sepia media – Alloteuthis media, the midsize squid
  • Sepia loligo - Loligo vulgaris, the common squid
  • Sepia sepiola - Sepiola rondeleti, the dwarf bobtail

;Medusa (jellyfish)

  • Medusa porpitaPorpita porpita, the blue button
  • Medusa cruciata
  • Medusa aequorea
  • Medusa auritaAurelia aurita, the moon jellyfish
  • Medusa capillataCyanea capillata, the lion's mane jellyfish
  • Medusa pilearis
  • Medusa marsupialisCarybdea marsupialis, the mediterranean box jelly
  • Medusa pelagica
  • Medusa brachiata
  • Medusa beroe – Beroe beroe
  • Medusa velellaVelella velella, the sea raft

;Asterias (starfish)

  • Asterias lunaAnseropoda rosacea
  • Asterias rubens – common starfish
  • Asterias glacialisMarthasterias glacialis, the spiny starfish
  • Asterias reticulataOreaster reticulatus, the red cushion sea star
  • Asterias nodosaProtoreaster nodosus, the horned sea star
  • Asterias aranciacaAstropecten aranciacus, the red comb star
  • Asterias equestrisHippasteria phrygiana, the trojan star
  • Asterias laevigataLinckia laevigata, the blue star
  • Asterias planciAcanthaster planci, the crown-of-thorns starfish
  • Asterias ophiuraOphiura ophiura, the serpent star
  • Asterias pectinataComatula pectinata
  • Asterias multiradiataCapillaster multiradiata
  • Asterias Caput medusaeGorgonocephalus caputmedusae, the medusa's head starfish

;Echinus (sea urchins & sand dollars)

  • Echinus esculentus – edible sea urchin
  • Echinus globulusMespilia globulus, the globular sea urchin
  • Echinus sphaeroides – Salmacis sphaeroides
  • Echinus gratillaTripneustes gratilla, the collector urchin
  • Echinus lixulaArbacia lixula, the black sea urchin
  • Echinus saxatilis – Diadema setosum
  • Echinus diademaEchinothrix diadema, the diadema urchin
  • Echinus cidarisCidaris cidaris, the long-spine slate pencil urchin
  • Echinus mamillatusHeterocentrotus mammillatus, the slate pencil urchin
  • Echinus lucunterEchinometra lucunter, the rock-boring urchin
  • Echinus atratusColobocentrotus atratus, the helmet urchin
  • Echinus spatagusMetalia spatagus
  • Echinus lacunosusSchizaster lacunosus
  • Echinus rosaceusClypeaster rosaceus, the fat sea biscuit
  • Echinus reticulatusClypeaster reticulatus, the reticulated sea biscuit
  • Echinus placentaArachnoides placenta
  • Echinus orbiculusHemiheliopsis fonti

Testacea

;Chiton (chitons)

  • Chiton hispidus
  • Chiton tuberculatus – West Indian green chiton
  • Chiton aculeatus
  • Chiton punctatus

;Lepas (barnacles)

  • Lepas balanusBalanus balanus
  • Lepas tintinnabulumMegabalanus tintinnabulum
  • Lepas testudinariaChelonibia testudinaria
  • Lepas mitellaCapitulum mitella, the Japanese goose barnacle
  • Lepas anatifera – pelagic gooseneck barnacle

;Pholas (piddocks & angelwings)

  • Pholas dactylus – common piddock
  • Pholas costatus – Cyrtopleura costata, the angel wing clam
  • Pholas striatus – Martesia striata
  • Pholas candidusBarnea candida
  • Pholas pusillus – Martesia striata

;Mya (soft-shell clams)

  • Mya crispata – Zirfaea crispata
  • Mya truncata – truncate softshell
  • Mya arenaria – common softshell
  • Mya lutrariaLutraria lutraria, the common otter shell
  • Mya pictorum – Unio pictorum, the painter's mussel
  • Mya margaritifera – Margaritifera margaritifera, the freshwater pearl mussel
  • Mya perna – Perna Perna, the brown mussel
  • Mya vulsella – Vulsella vulsella

;Solen (razor clams)

  • Solen vagina
  • Solen siliquaEnsis siliqua, the pod razor
  • Solen ensis – Ensis ensis
  • Solen legumen – Pharus Legumen, the bean razor
  • Solen cultellus – Ensiculus cultellus
  • Solen radiatus – Siliqua Radiata
  • Solen strigilatus – Solecurtus strigilatus, the rosy razor
  • Solen anatinus – Laternula anatina
  • Solen bullatus
  • Solen inaequivalvis – Pandora inaequivalvis

;Tellina (tellins)

  • Tellina gargadia – Quadrans gargadia
  • Tellina linguafelis – Scutarcopagia linguafelis
  • Tellina virgata – Tellinela virgata
  • Tellina gari – Gari truncata
  • Tellina fragilisGastrana fragilis
  • Tellina albida
  • Tellina foliacea – Phylloda foliacea
  • Tellina planata – Peronaea planata
  • Tellina laevigata – Laciolina laevigata
  • Tellina radiata – sunrise Tellin
  • Tellina rostrata – Dallitellina rostrata
  • Tellina trifasciata – Latona trifasciata
  • Tellina incarnata – Bosemprella incarnata
  • Tellina donacinaMoerella donacina
  • Tellina balaustina – Arcopella balaustina
  • Tellina remies – Cyclotellina remies
  • Tellina scobinata – Scutarcopagia scobinata
  • Tellina lactea
  • Tellina carnaria – Strigilla carnaria
  • Tellina bimaculata – Heterodonax bimaculatus
  • Tellina balthicaLimecola balthica, the baltic tellin
  • Tellina pisiformis – Strigilla pisiformis
  • Tellina divaricata – Lucinella divaricata, the divaricate Lucine
  • Tellina digitaria – Digitaria digitaria
  • Tellina cornea

;Cardium (cockles)

  • Cardium costatum
  • Cardium cardissa – Corculum cardissa, the heart cockle
  • Cardium hemicardium – Lunulicardia hemicardium
  • Cardium medium – Americardia media, the Atlantic strawberry cockle
  • Cardium muricatumAcanthocardia aculeata, the spiny cockle
  • Cardium echinatumAcanthocardia echinata, the prickly cockle
  • Cardium ciliare
  • Cardium tuberculatumAcanthocardia tuberculata, the rough cockle
  • Cardium isocardia – Trachycardium isocardia, the West Indian prickly cockle
  • Cardium fragum – Fragum fragum, white strawberry cockle
  • Cardium unedo – Fragum unedo, Pacific strawberry cockle
  • Cardium muricatum – Dallocardia muricata, the yellow prickly cockle
  • Cardium magnum – Acrosterigma magnum, the magnum cockle
  • Cardium flavum – Vasticardium flavum
  • Cardium laevigatum – Fulvia laevigata
  • Cardium serratum – Laevicardium serratum
  • Cardium triste – synonym of Cardium solidum
  • Cardium corallinum – Mactra corallina
  • Cardium solidum – Spisula solida, the surf clam
  • Cardium eduleCerastoderma edule, the common cockle
  • Cardium rusticum – synonym of Cardium tuberculatum
  • Cardium pectinatum –
  • Cardium stultorum – Mactra stultorum, the rayed trough shell
  • Cardium virgineum
  • Cardium humanum – Glossus humanus, the oxheart clam

;Donax (wedge shells)

  • Donax pubescens – Hecuba Pubescens
  • Donax rugosa
  • Donax trunculus – truncate donax
  • Donax denticulatus
  • Donax cuneatus – cradle donax
  • Donax scripta
  • Donax muricata
  • Donax irusIrus irus, the irus clam

;Venus (Venus clams)

  • Venus dione – Hysteroconcha dione, the elegant venus clam
  • Venus marica – Timoclea marica
  • Venus dysera – Chione dysera
  • Venus verrucosa – warty venus
  • Venus casina
  • Venus gallinaChamelea gallina
  • Venus petulca
  • Venus erycina – Callista erycina
  • Venus mercenariaMercenaria mercenaria, the hard clam
  • Venus chione – Callista chione, the smooth clam
  • Venus maculata – Macrocallista maculata, the calico clam
  • Venus meretrix – Meretrix meretrix
  • Venus scortum – Hecuba scortum
  • Venus laeta – Pitar laetus
  • Venus castrensis – Lioconcha castrensis, the zigzag venus
  • Venus phryne
  • Venus meroë – Sunetta meroe
  • Venus deflorata – Asaphis deflorata, the gaudy sanguin
  • Venus fimbriata – Fimbria fimbriata
  • Venus reticulata – Periglypta reticulata
  • Venus squamosa – Anomalodiscus squamosus
  • Venus tigerina – Codakia tigerina
  • Venus prostrata – Dosinia prostrata
  • Venus pensylvanica – Lucina pensylvanica, the pennsylvania lucine
  • Venus incrustata
  • Venus punctata – Codakia punctata, the punctate codakia
  • Venus exoleta – Dosinia exoleta, the rayed artemis
  • Venus orbicularis – Codakia orbicularis, the tiger lucine
  • Venus ziczac – Protapes ziczac
  • Venus pectinata – Gafrarium pectinatum
  • Venus scripta – Sunetta scripta
  • Venus edentula
  • Venus lupinus – Dosinia lupinus, the smooth artemis
  • Venus literata – Tapes literatus
  • Venus rotundata – Paphia rotundata
  • Venus decussata – Ruditapes decussata, the grooved carpet shell

;Spondylus (thorny oysters)

  • Spondylus gaederopus – European thorny oyster
  • Spondylus regius – regal thorny oyster

;Chama (jewel box shells)

  • Chama lazarus – Lazarus jewel box
  • Chama gigas – Tridacna gigas, the giant clam
  • Chama hippopus – Hippopus hippopus, the horse hoof clam
  • Chama antiquata – Cardites antiquatus
  • Chama semiorbiculata – Beguina semiorbiculata
  • Chama calyculata – Cardita calyculata
  • Chama cordata
  • Chama oblonga – Trapezium oblongum
  • Chama gryphoides
  • Chama bicornis

;Arca (ark clams)

  • Arca tortuosa – Tricidos tortuosa
  • Arca noae – Noah's ark shell
  • Arca barbataBarbatia barbata
  • Arca pella – Lembulus pellus
  • Arca lacteaStriarca lactea
  • Arca antiquata – Anadara antiquata
  • Arca senilis – Senilia senilis
  • Arca granosa – Tegillarca granosa, the blood cockle
  • Arca decussata – Glycimeris decussata, the decussate bittersweet
  • Arca pallens
  • Arca undata – Glycimeris undata, the Atlantic bittwesweet
  • Arca pectunculus – Tucetona pectunculus
  • Arca glycymeris – Glycimeris glycimeris, the dog cockle
  • Arca nummaria – Glycimeris nummaria
  • Arca nucleus – Nucula nucleus

;Ostrea (true oysters)

  • Ostrea maxima – Pecten maximus, the great scallop
  • Ostrea jacobaea – Pecten jacobaeus, the Mediterranean scallop
  • Ostrea ziczacEuvola ziczac, the zigzag scallop
  • Ostrea striatula – Annachlamys striatula
  • Ostrea minuta – Haumea minuta
  • Ostrea pleuronectes – Amusium pleuronectes
  • Ostrea obliterata – Dentamussium obliterata
  • Ostrea radula – Decatopecten radula
  • Ostrea plica – Decatopecten plica
  • Ostrea pallium – Gloripallium pallium
  • Ostrea nodosa – Nodipecten nodosus, the lion's law scallop
  • Ostrea pes felis – Manupecten pesfelis
  • Ostrea pellucens – Caribachlamys pellucens
  • Ostrea sanguinea – Mimachlamys sanguinea
  • Ostrea varia – Mimachlamys varia, the variegated Scallop
  • Ostrea pusio – Talochlamys pusio
  • Ostrea glabra – Flexopecten glaber
  • Ostrea opercularis – Aequipecten opercularis, the queen scallop
  • Ostrea gibbaAequipecten gibbus, the calico scallop
  • Ostrea flavicansSemipallium flavicans
  • Ostrea fasciata – synonym of Flexopecten glaber
  • Ostrea lima – Lima lima, the spiny fileclam
  • Ostrea isognomum – Isognomon isognomum
  • Ostrea malleus – Malleus malleus
  • Ostrea foliumPycnodonta folium
  • Ostrea orbicularis
  • Ostrea edulis – edible oyster
  • Ostrea semiaurita
  • Ostrea ephippium – Isognomon ephippium

;Anomia (saddle oysters)

  • Anomia craniolaris
  • Anomia pectinata
  • Anomia ephippium – European jingle shell
  • Anomia cepa – synonym of Anomia ephippium
  • Anomia electrica – synonym of Anomia ephippium
  • Anomia squamulaHeteranomia squamula, the prickly jingle
  • Anomia scobinata
  • Anomia aurita
  • Anomia retusaTerebratulina retusa
  • Anomia gryphus
  • Anomia pecten
  • Anomia striatula
  • Anomia reticularis – Atrypa reticularis
  • Anomia plicatella
  • Anomia crispa
  • Anomia lacunosa
  • Anomia fareta
  • Anomia caput serpentis – Terebratulina caputserpentis
  • Anomia terebratula
  • Anomia angulata
  • Anomia hysterita
  • Anomia biloba – Dicoelosia biloba
  • Anomia placenta – Placuna placenta, the windwpane oyster

;Mytilus – (Mussels including marine and freshwater mussels)

  • Mytilus crista galli – Lopha cristagalli, the cockscomb oyster
  • Mytilus hyotis – Hyotissa hyotis, the giant honeycomb oyster
  • Mytilus frons – Lopha frons
  • Mytilus margaritiferusMargaritifera margaritifera, the freshwater pearl mussel
  • Mytilus unguis
  • Mytilus lithophagus – Lithophaga lithophaga, the date mussel
  • Mytilus bilocularis – Septifer bilocularis
  • Mytilus exustus – Brachidontes exustus, the scorched mussel
  • Mytilus barbatus – Modiolus barbatus, the bearded horsemussel
  • Mytilus edulis – blue mussel
  • Mytilus ungulatus – synonym of Mytilus edulis
  • Mytilus modiolus – Modiolus modiolus, the northern horsemussel
  • Mytilus cygneusAnodonta cygnea, the swan mussel (a freshwater mussel)
  • Mytilus anatinusAnadonta natina, the duck mussel (a freshwater mussel)
  • Mytilus viridis – Perna viridis, the Asian green muscle
  • Mytilus ruber – synonym of Mytilus barbatus
  • Mytilus hirundor – Pteria hirundo

;Pinna (pen shells)

  • Pinna rudis – rough penshell
  • Pinna nobilis – noble pen shell
  • Pinna muricata
  • Pinna rotundata
  • Pinna saccata – Streptopinna sacatta
  • Pinna digitiformis
  • Pinna lobata
  • Pinna pennacea

;Argonauta (paper nautiluses)

  • Argonauta argo – greater argonaut
  • Argonauta cymbium

;Nautilus (Nautiluses)

  • Nautilus pompilius – chambered nautilus
  • Nautilus crista
  • Nautilus calcar – Lenticulina calcar
  • Nautilus crispus – Elphidium crispum
  • Nautilus beccarii – Ammonia beccarii
  • Nautilus umbilicatus
  • Nautilus spirulaSpirula spirula, the ram's horn squid
  • Nautilus Semi-Lituus – Spirolina semilituus
  • Nautilus obliquus – Dentalina obliqua
  • Nautilus raphanistrum – Pyramidulina raphanistrum
  • Nautilus raphanus – Pyramidulina raphanus
  • Nautilus granum
  • Nautilus radicula – Nodosaria radicula
  • Nautilus fascia
  • Nautilus sipunculus
  • Nautilus legumen – Vaginulina legumen
  • Nautilus orthocera

;Conus (Cone Snails)

  • Conus marmoreus – marbled cone
  • Conus imperialis – imperial cone
  • Conus litteratus – lettered cone
  • Conus virgo
  • Conus capitaneus – captain cone
  • Conus miles – soldier cone
  • Conus princeps – prince cone
  • Conus ammiralis – admiral cone
  • Conus senator
  • Conus nobilis – noble cone
  • Conus genuanus – garter cone
  • Conus glaucus – glaucous cone
  • Conus monachus – monastic cone
  • Conus minimus
  • Conus rusticus
  • Conus mercator – trader cone
  • Conus betulinus – betuline cone
  • Conus figulinus – fig cone
  • Conus ebraeus – black-and-white cone
  • Conus stercus muscarum – fly-specked cone
  • Conus varius – freckled cone
  • Conus spinosus
  • Conus clavus
  • Conus nussatella – Nussatella cone
  • Conus granulatus – glory-of-the-Atlantic cone
  • Conus aurisiacus
  • Conus magus – magical cone
  • Conus striatus – striated cone
  • Conus textile – cloth-of-gold cone
  • Conus aulicus – princely cone
  • Conus spectrum – spectre cone
  • Conus bullatus – bubble cone
  • Conus tulipa – tulip cone
  • Conus geographus – geography cone
  • Conus terebellumTerebellum terebellum, the Terebellum conch

;Cypraea (Cowries)

  • Cypraea mappaLeporicypraea mappa, the map cowry
  • Cypraea arabica – Mauritia arabica, the arabian cowry
  • Cypraea argus – Arestorides argus, the eyed cowry
  • Cypraea testudinariaChelycypraea testudinaria, the turtle cowry
  • Cypraea stercoraria – Trona sercoraria, the rat cowry
  • Cypraea carneola – Lyncina carneola, the carnelian cowry
  • Cypraea zebra – Macrocypraea zebra, the measled cowry
  • Cypraea talpa – Talparia talpa, the mole cowry
  • Cypraea amethystea
  • Cypraea lurida – Lurida lurida
  • Cypraea vanelli – synonym of Cypraea lynx
  • Cypraea lota
  • Cypraea fragilis
  • Cypraea caput serpentisMonetaria caputserpentis, the serpent's-head cowry
  • Cypraea mauritianaMauritia mauritiana, the humpback cowry
  • Cypraea vitellus – Lyncina vitellus, the calf cowry
  • Cypraea mus – Muracypraea mus, the mouse cowry
  • Cypraea tigris – tiger cowry
  • Cypraea lynx – Lyncina lynx, the lynx cowry
  • Cypraea isabellaLuria isabella
  • Cypraea onyx – Erronea onyx, the onyx cowry
  • Cypraea succincta
  • Cypraea ziczac – Palmadusta ziczac
  • Cypraea hirundo – Bistolida hirundo
  • Cypraea asellus – Palmadusta asellus
  • Cypraea cribraria – Cribrarula cribraria
  • Cypraea errones – Erronea errones, the wandering cowry
  • Cypraea monetaMonetaria moneta, the money cowry
  • Cypraea caurica – Erronea caurica, the thick-edged cowry
  • Cypraea annulusMonetaria annulus, the gold ring cowry
  • Cypraea erosaNaria erosa, the gnawed cowry
  • Cypraea helvolaNaria helvola, the honey cowry
  • Cypraea spurca – Naria spurca, the dirty cowry
  • Cypraea stolidaBistolida stolida, the stolid cowry
  • Cypraea ocellata – Naria ocellata, the ocellate cowry
  • Cypraea flaveola
  • Cypraea poraria – Naria poraria, the porous cowry
  • Cypraea pediculus – Pusula pediculus, the coffee bean trivia
  • Cypraea nucleus – Nucleolaria nucleus, the wrinkled cowry
  • Cypraea staphylaeaStaphylaea staphylaea, the stippled cowry
  • Cypraea cicercula – Pustularia cicercula
  • Cypraea globulus – Pustularia globulus

;Bulla (bubble shells)

  • Bulla ovum – Ovula ovum, the common egg cowry
  • Bulla volva – Volva volva
  • Bulla spelta – Simnia spelta
  • Bulla verrucosa – Calpurnus verrucosus, the warty egg cowry
  • Bulla gibbosa – Cyphoma gibbosum, the flamingo tongue snail
  • Bulla naucum – Atys naucum, the white nut sheath bubble
  • Bulla hydatis – Haminoea hydatis
  • Bulla ampulla – Pacific bulla
  • Bulla lignaria – Scaphander lignarius, the woody canoe-bubble
  • Bulla physis – Hydatina physis, the striped paper bubble
  • Bulla amplustre – Hydatina amplustre, the royal paper bubble
  • Bulla pallida – Hyalina pallida
  • Bulla canaliculata – Tonna canaliculata
  • Bulla fontinalis – Physa fontinalis, the common bladder snail
  • Bulla hypnorum
  • Bulla cypraea
  • Bulla tornatilis – Acteon tornatilis
  • Bulla achatina – Achatina achatina, the giant African snail
  • Bulla Auris Midae – Ellobium aurismidae, the Midas' ear shell
  • Bulla Auris Judae – Ellobium aurisjudae
  • Bulla solidula – Pupa solidula, the solid pupa
  • Bulla livida
  • Bulla coffea – Melampus coffea, the coffee bean snail

;Voluta (volutes)

  • Voluta porphyria – Oliva porphyria, the tent olive
  • Voluta oliva – Oliva oliva
  • Voluta ispidula – Agaronia ispidula
  • Voluta persicula – Persicula persicula, the spotted marginella
  • Voluta monilis – Volvarina monilis
  • Voluta miliaria – Gibberula milaria
  • Voluta faba – Glabella faba
  • Voluta glabella – Marginella glabella
  • Voluta mercatoria – Columbella mercatoria
  • Voluta rustica – Columbella rustica
  • Voluta pauperculaStrigatella paupercula
  • Voluta mendicaria – Engina mendicaria, the bumble bee snail
  • Voluta tringa – synonym of Voluta rustica
  • Voluta cornicula – Episcomitra cornicula
  • Voluta caffra – Vexillum caffrum
  • Voluta sanguisuga – Vexillum sanguisuga, the branded mitre
  • Voluta vulpecula – Vexillum vulpecula
  • Voluta plicaria – Vexillum plicarium
  • Voluta pertusa – Chrysame pertusa
  • Voluta mitra episcopalis – Mitra mitra, the episcopal mitre
  • Voluta mitra papalis – Mitra papalis, the pontifical mitre
  • Voluta musica – music volute
  • Voluta vespertilio – Cymbiola vespertilio, the bat volute
  • Voluta ebraea – Hebrew volute
  • Voluta aethiopicaMelo aethiopicus, the crowned baler
  • Voluta cymbium – Cymbium cymbium, the false elephant's snout volute
  • Voluta olla – Cymbium olla, the Algarve volute

;Buccinum (true whelks)

  • Buccinum olearium – synonym of Buccinum galea
  • Buccinum galea – Tonna galea, the giant tun
  • Buccinum perdix – Tonna perdix, the partridge tun
  • Buccinum pomumMalea pomum, the Pacific grinning tun
  • Buccinum dolium – Tonna dolium, the spotted tun
  • Buccinum echinophorum – Galeodea echinophora, the spiny bonnet
  • Buccinum tuberosum – Cassis tuberosa, the king helmet
  • Buccinum plicatum – synonym of Buccinum flammeum
  • Buccinum cornutum – Cassis cornuta, the corned helmet
  • Buccinum rufum – Cypraecassis rufa
  • Buccinum flammeum – Cassis flammea
  • Buccinum testiculus – Cypraecassis testicula, the reticulated cowry helmet
  • Buccinum decussatum – Phalium decussatum
  • Buccinum areola – Phalium areola, the checkerboard bonnet
  • Buccinum erinaceus – Casmaria erinaceus, the common bonnet
  • Buccinum glaucum – Phalium glaucum, the grey bonnet
  • Buccinum vibex – synonym of buccinum erinaceus
  • Buccinum papillosum – Nassarius papillosus, the pimpled nassa
  • Buccinum glans – Nassarius glans, the acorn dog whelk
  • Buccinum arculariaNassarius arcularia, the casket nassa
  • Buccinum pullusNassarius pullus, the black nassa
  • Buccinum gibbosulum – Tritia gibbosula, the swollen nassa
  • Buccinum mutabile – Tritia mutabilis, the mutable nassa
  • Buccinum neriteum – Tritia neritea
  • Buccinum harpaHarpa harpa, the true harp
  • Buccinum costatumHarpa costata, the ribbed harp
  • Buccinum persicumPurpura persica, the Persian purpura
  • Buccinum patulum – Plicopurpura patula
  • Buccinum lapillusNucella lapillus, the dog whelk
  • Buccinum smaragdulusLatirolagena smaragdula
  • Buccinum spiratum – Babylonia spirata, the spiral Babylon
  • Buccinum glabratum – Eburna glabrata
  • Buccinum virgineum
  • Buccinum praemorsum
  • Buccinum undosumPollia undosa, the waved goblet
  • Buccinum undatum – common whelk
  • Buccinum reticulatum – Tritia reticulata, the netted dog whelk
  • Buccinum scabriculum – Pterygia scabricula
  • Buccinum nitidulum – Nitidella nitida, the glossy dove shell
  • Buccinum laevigatum – Rhombinella laevigata, the smooth dove shell
  • Buccinum maculatumOxymeris maculata, the marlinspike auger
  • Buccinum crenulatum – Oxymeris crenulata, the crenulate auger
  • Buccinum hecticumHastula hectica, the sandbeach auger
  • Buccinum strigilatumHastula strigilata, the strigate auger
  • Buccinum duplicatumDuplicaria duplicata, the duplicate auger
  • Buccinum dimidiatumOxymeris dimidiata, the orange auger
  • Buccinum murinum

;Strombus (true conchs)

  • Strombus pes pelecaniAporrhais pespelecani, the pelican's foot
  • Strombus chiragraHarpago chiragra, the Chiragra spider conch
  • Strombus scorpiusLambis scorpius, the scorpion conch
  • Strombus lambisLambis lambis, the scorpion conch
  • Strombus millepedaLambis millepeda, the millipede conch
  • Strombus lentiginosusLentigo lentiginosus, the silver conch
  • Strombus gallusAliger gallus, the rooster conch
  • Strombus auris dianaeEuprotomus aurisdianae, the Diana conch
  • Strombus pugilis – West Indian fighting conch
  • Strombus marginatus – Margistrombus marginatus, the marginate conch
  • Strombus luhuanusConomurex luhuanus, the strawberry conch
  • Strombus gibberulusGibberulus gibberulus, the humpbacked conch
  • Strombus lucifer – synonym of Strombus gigas
  • Strombus gigasAliger gigas, the queen conch
  • Strombus latissimus – Latissistrombus latissimus
  • Strombus epidromis – Labiostrombus epidromis, the swan conch
  • Strombus canarium – Laevistrombus canarium
  • Strombus vittatus – Doxander vittatus, the vitate snail
  • Strombus urceus – Canarium urceus
  • Strombus dentatus – Tridentarius dentatus, the toothed conch
  • Strombus ater – Faunus ater
  • Strombus lividus

;Murex (Murex Snails)

  • Murex haustellumHaustellum haustellum
  • Murex tribulus – caltrop murex
  • Murex cornutusBolinus cornutus, the horned murex
  • Murex brandarisBolinus brandaris, the purple dye murex
  • Murex trunculusHexaplex trunculus, the banded dye murex
  • Murex ramosusChicoreus ramosus, the ramose murex
  • Murex scorpioHomalocantha scorpio, the scorpion murex
  • Murex saxatilis
  • Murex erinaceusOcenebra erinaceus, the European sting winkle
  • Murex ranaBufonaria rana
  • Murex gyrinusGyrineum gyrinum
  • Murex lampasCharonia lampas, the pink lady
  • Murex olearium – Ranella olearium, the wandering triton
  • Murex femoraleCymatium femorale
  • Murex lotoriumLotoria lotoria, the black-spotted snail
  • Murex pileare – Monoplex pilearis, the hairy triton
  • Murex rubeculaSepta rubecula, the ruby triton
  • Murex scrobilatorTalisman scrobilator
  • Murex reticularisDistorsio reticularis
  • Murex pyrumRanularia pyrum, the pear triton
  • Murex anusDistorsio anus, the common distorsio
  • Murex ricinus – Drupa ricinus
  • Murex capitellum – Vasum capitellum, the helmet vase
  • Murex turbinellus – Vasum turbinellus
  • Murex nodus
  • Murex hystrix – synonym of Murex ricinus
  • Murex mancinellaMancinella alouina, the alou rock shell
  • Murex ceramicus – Vasum ceramicum, the heavy whelk
  • Murex hippocastanumTylothais virgata
  • Murex melongena – Melongena melongena, the Carribean crown conch
  • Murex scabriculus – Bivetiella cancellata
  • Murex senticosus – Phos senticosus, the common Pacific phos
  • Murex ficusFicus ficus, the paper fig shell
  • Murex rapa – Rapa rapa, the bubble turnip
  • Murex granum
  • Murex fusus – Tibia fusus, the spindle tibia
  • Murex babylonius – Turris babylonia, the tower turrid
  • Murex colusFusinus colus, the distaff spindle
  • Murex morio – Pugilina morio, the giant hary melongena
  • Murex cochlidium – Volegalea cochlidium, the spiral melongena
  • Murex canaliculatus – Busycotypus canaliculatus, the channeled whelk
  • Murex aruanusSirynx aruanus, the Australian trumpet
  • Murex perversus – Sinistrofulgur perversum, the lightning whelk
  • Murex antiquus – Neptunea antiqua, the red whelk
  • Murex despectus – Neptunea despecta
  • Murex tritonis – Charonia tritonis, the Triton's trumpet
  • Murex tulipaFasciolaria tulipa, the true tulip
  • Murex pusio – Pisania pusio
  • Murex corneus – Euthria cornea, the spindle euthria
  • Murex ligniariusTarantinaea lignaria
  • Murex trapeziumPleuroploca trapezium, the trapezium horse conch
  • Murex syracusanusAptyxis syracusana, the Syracusan spindle shell
  • Murex craticulatusTurrilatirus craticulatus
  • Murex scriptus – Mitrella scripta, the music dove shell
  • Murex alucoPseudovertagus aluco, the aluco vertagus
  • Murex fuscatus – Tympanotonos fuscatus, the West African mud creeper
  • Murex radula – synonym of Murex fuscatus
  • Murex asperRhinoclavis aspera
  • Murex granulatus – synonym of Murex asper

;Trochus (top snails)

  • Trochus maculatus – maculated top shell
  • Trochus perspectivus
  • Trochus hybridus
  • Trochus cruciatus
  • Trochus pharaonius – strawberry top shell
  • Trochus magus
  • Trochus modulus
  • Trochus muricatus
  • Trochus scaber
  • Trochus variusGibbula varia
  • Trochus cinerarius
  • Trochus divaricatus
  • Trochus umbilicarisGibbula umbilicaris
  • Trochus vestiarius
  • Trochus labio
  • Trochus tuber
  • Trochus striatus
  • Trochus conulusCalliostoma conulus
  • Trochus zizyphinusCalliostoma zizyphinum
  • Trochus telescopium
  • Trochus dolabratus
  • Trochus perversus
  • Trochus punctatus
  • Trochus striatellusJujubinus striatus

;Turbo (turban snails)

  • Turbo obtusatus – flat periwinkle
  • Turbo neritoides
  • Turbo littoreus
  • Turbo muricatusCenchritis muricatus
  • Turbo cimex
  • Turbo pullus
  • Turbo personatus
  • Turbo petholatus
  • Turbo cochlus
  • Turbo chrysostomus
  • Turbo tectum persicum
  • Turbo pagodus
  • Turbo calcar
  • Turbo marmoratus – great green turban
  • Turbo sarmaticus
  • Turbo olearius
  • Turbo pica – West Indian top shell
  • Turbo sanguineusHomalopoma sanguineum
  • Turbo argyrostomus
  • Turbo margaritaceus
  • Turbo delphinus
  • Turbo distortus
  • Turbo scalaris
  • Turbo clathrus
  • Turbo crenatus
  • Turbo lacteus
  • Turbo striatulus
  • Turbo uva
  • Turbo corneus
  • Turbo reflexus
  • Turbo lincina
  • Turbo imbricatus
  • Turbo replicatus
  • Turbo acutangulus
  • Turbo duplicatusTurritella duplicata
  • Turbo exoletusTurritella exoleta
  • Turbo terebraTurritella terebra
  • Turbo variegatusTurritella variegata
  • Turbo ungulinus
  • Turbo annulatusPyrgula annulata
  • Turbo bidensPapillifera bidens
  • Turbo perversus
  • Turbo muscorumPupilla muscorum
  • Turbo auriscalpium
  • Turbo politus

;Helix (land snails)

  • Helix scarabaeus
  • Helix lapicida
  • Helix oculus capri
  • Helix albella
  • Helix striatula
  • Helix algiraZonites algirus
  • Helix leucas
  • Helix planorbis
  • Helix complanata
  • Helix ringens
  • Helix carocolla
  • Helix cornu militare
  • Helix vortex
  • Helix scabraLittoraria scabra, the mangrove periwinkle
  • Helix gothica
  • Helix gualtierana
  • Helix cornea
  • Helix spirorbis
  • Helix contorta
  • Helix cornu arietis
  • Helix hispida
  • Helix ampullacea
  • Helix pomatia – Roman snail
  • Helix glauca
  • Helix citrina
  • Helix arbustorum
  • Helix ungulina
  • Helix itala
  • Helix hispana
  • Helix lutariaHelix lutescens
  • Helix perversa
  • Helix janthina – common purple snail
  • Helix viviparaViviparus contectus a freshwater snail
  • Helix nemoralis – grove snail
  • Helix lucorum
  • Helix grisea
  • Helix haemastoma
  • Helix decollata – decollate snail
  • Helix pupa
  • Helix barbara
  • Helix amarula
  • Helix stagnalis – great pond snail
  • Helix fragilis
  • Helix putris
  • Helix limosa
  • Helix tentaculata – common bithynia
  • Helix auricularia – big-ear radix
  • Helix balthica
  • Helix neritoidea
  • Helix perspicua
  • Helix haliotoidea
  • Helix ambigua

;Nerita (nerites)

  • Nerita canrena
  • Nerita glaucina
  • Nerita vitellus
  • Nerita albumé
  • Nerita mammilla
  • Nerita nodosaThais nodosa
  • Nerita corona
  • Nerita radula
  • Nerita cornea
  • Nerita fluviatilis
  • Nerita littoralis
  • Nerita lacustris
  • Nerita bidens
  • Nerita viridis
  • Nerita virginea
  • Nerita polita
  • Nerita peloronta – bleeding tooth
  • Nerita albicilla – blotched nerite
  • Nerita histrio
  • Nerita plicata
  • Nerita grossa
  • Nerita chamaeleon
  • Nerita undata
  • Nerita exuvia – snakeskin nerite

;Haliotis (abalones)

  • Haliotis midae
  • Haliotis tuberculata – green ormer
  • Haliotis striata
  • Haliotis varia
  • Haliotis marmorata – virgin paua
  • Haliotis asinina – ass's ear abalone
  • Haliotis parva

;Patella (true limpets & brachiopods)

  • Patella equestris
  • Patella neritoidea
  • Patella chinensis
  • Patella porcellana
  • Patella fornicata
  • Patella laciniosaSiphonaria laciniosa
  • Patella saccharina
  • Patella barbaraScutellastra barbara
  • Patella granularisScutellastra granularis
  • Patella granatinaCymbula granatina
  • Patella vulgata – common limpet
  • Patella caerulea
  • Patella tuberculata
  • Patella ungarica
  • Patella mammillaris
  • Patella pectinata – striped false limpet
  • Patella lutea
  • Patella unguisLingula anatina
  • Patella lacustris
  • Patella pellucida – blue-rayed limpet
  • Patella testudinariaCellana testudinaria
  • Patella compressaCymbula compressa
  • Patella rustica
  • Patella fusca
  • Patella notataClypidina notata
  • Patella cruciata
  • Patella reticulata
  • Patella fissura – common slit limpet
  • Patella pustula
  • Patella graeca – Greek keyhole limpet
  • Patella nimbosa
  • Patella nubecula

;Dentalium (tusk shells)

  • Dentalium elephantinum
  • Dentalium dentalis
  • Dentalium entalisAntalis entalis
  • Dentalium minutum

;Serpula (serpulid worms)

  • Serpula seminulum
  • Serpula planorbis
  • Serpula spirillum
  • Serpula spirorbis
  • Serpula triquetraPomatoceros triqueter
  • Serpula intricata
  • Serpula contortuplicata
  • Serpula glomerataPetaloconchus glomeratus
  • Serpula lumbricalisPetaloconchus adansoni
  • Serpula arenariaSerpulorbis arenarius
  • Serpula anguinaTenagodus anguinus
  • Serpula penis veneris
  • Serpula penicillus
  • Serpula ringens

Lithophyta

;Tubipora (organ pipe corals)

  • Tubipora musica – Organ pipe coral
  • Tubipora infundibuliformis
  • Tubipora verrucosa
  • Tubipora urceus
  • Tubipora serpens
  • Tubipora repens
  • Tubipora arenosa

;Millepora (Fire corals)

  • Millepora cellulosa
  • Millepora lichenoides
  • Millepora damicornis
  • Millepora alcicornis
  • Millepora reticulata
  • Millepora lineata
  • Millepora compressa
  • Millepora muricata
  • Millepora eschara
  • Millepora crustacea

;Madrepora (stone corals)

  • Madrepora acetabulumAcetabularia acetabulum
  • Madrepora verrucaria
  • Madrepora turbinata
  • Madrepora fungites
  • Madrepora pileus
  • Madrepora maeandrites
  • Madrepora labyrinthiformis
  • Madrepora areolata
  • Madrepora punctata
  • Madrepora agaricites
  • Madrepora truncata
  • Madrepora stellaris
  • Madrepora polygama
  • Madrepora favosa
  • Madrepora astroites
  • Madrepora organum
  • Madrepora flexuosa
  • Madrepora turbinata
  • Madrepora fascicularis
  • Madrepora ananas
  • Madrepora pertusa
  • Madrepora ramea
  • Madrepora rubra
  • Madrepora oculata
  • Madrepora virginea

Zoophyta

;Isis (soft corals)

  • Isis hippuris
  • Isis dichotoma
  • Isis ocracea
  • Isis anastatica
  • Isis encrinus

;Gorgonia (sea fans)

  • Gorgonia spiralis
  • Gorgonia ventalina – Common Sea Fan
  • Gorgonia flabellum – Venus Sea Fan
  • Gorgonia antipathes
  • Gorgonia ceratophyta
  • Gorgonia pinnata
  • Gorgonia aenea
  • Gorgonia placomus
  • Gorgonia abies

;Alcyonium (soft corals)

  • Alcyonium arboreu
  • Alcyonium digitatu
  • Alcyonium bursa

;Tubularia (Tubularia)

  • Tubularia indivisa – Tall Tubularia
  • Tubularia ramosa

;Eschara (Bryozoa)

  • Eschara foliacea
  • Eschara fistulosa
  • Eschara fragilis
  • Eschara divaricata
  • Eschara verticillata

;Corallina (coralline algae)

  • Corallina opuntia
  • Corallina officinalis
  • Corallina squamata
  • Corallina corniculata
  • Corallina barbata
  • Corallina fragilissima
  • Corallina rubensJania rubens
  • Corallina cristata
  • Corallina spermophoros
  • Corallina penicillus

;Sertularia (Bryozoa)

  • Sertularia rosacea
  • Sertularia pumila
  • Sertularia operculata
  • Sertularia tamarisca
  • Sertularia abietina
  • Sertularia cupressina
  • Sertularia argentea
  • Sertularia avicularia
  • Sertularia rugosa
  • Sertularia halecina
  • Sertularia thuja
  • Sertularia eburneaCrisia eburnea
  • Sertularia cornuta
  • Sertularia myriophyllum
  • Sertularia falcata
  • Sertularia pluma
  • Sertularia antennina
  • Sertularia verticillata
  • Sertularia volubilis
  • Sertularia cuscuta
  • Sertularia uvaWalkeria uva
  • Sertularia lendigera
  • Sertularia geniculata
  • Sertularia dichotoma
  • Sertularia spinosa
  • Sertularia pinnata
  • Sertularia polyzonias
  • Sertularia setacea
  • Sertularia stipulata
  • Sertularia pennaria
  • Sertularia lichenastrum
  • Sertularia cedrina
  • Sertularia purpurea
  • Sertularia flexuosa
  • Sertularia bursaria
  • Sertularia loricata
  • Sertularia fastigiata
  • Sertularia neritinaBugula neritina
  • Sertularia scruposa
  • Sertularia reptans
  • Sertularia ciliata
  • Sertularia chelata
  • Sertularia anguinaAetea anguina
  • Sertularia polypina

;Hydra

  • Hydra polypus
  • Hydra campanulata
  • Hydra socialis
  • Hydra stentoria
  • Hydra pyraria
  • Hydra convallaria
  • Hydra crataegaria
  • Hydra opercularia
  • Hydra umbellaria
  • Hydra berberina
  • Hydra digitalis

;Pennatula (sea pens)

  • Pennatula phosphorea
  • Pennatula filosa
  • Pennatula sagitta
  • Pennatula mirabilis

;Taenia (tapeworms)

  • Taenia solium – pork tapeworm
  • Taenia vulgaris
  • Taenia lata
  • Taenia canina

;Volvox

  • Volvox globator
  • Volvox chaos - Chaos chaos

References

References

  1. [[Carl Linnaeus. (1806). "Volume 4: Worms". Lackington, Allen, and Co.
  2. [[Carl Linnaeus. (1806). "Volume 1". Lackington, Allen, and Co.
  3. {{EOL. 1064636. Gordius aquaticus
  4. F. E. G. Cox. (2002). "History of Human Parasitology". [[Clinical Microbiology Reviews]].
  5. Arthur de Capell Brooke. (1827). "On the ''Furia infernalis''". [[Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal]].
  6. "''Erpobdella octoculata'' (Linnaeus 1758)". [[Fauna Europaea]].
  7. Martin Lindsey Christoffersen. (2009). "A catalogue of ''Helobdella'' (Annelida, Clitellata, Hirudinea, Glossiphoniidae), with a summary of leech diversity, from South America". [[Neotropical Biology and Conservation]].
  8. "Archived copy".
  9. WoRMS. (2010). "''Pontobdella muricata'' (Linnaeus, 1758)". [[World Register of Marine Species]].
  10. G. Boxshall. (2010). "''Lernaea'' Linnaeus, 1758". [[World Register of Marine Species]].
  11. P. Bouchet. (2010). "''Sepia octopodia'' Linnaeus, 1758". [[World Register of Marine Species]].
  12. "Archived copy".
  13. "Archived copy".
  14. C. Mah & H. Hansson. (2010). "''Asterias'' Linnaeus, 1758". [[World Register of Marine Species]].
  15. Carl August Nilsson-Cantell. (1978). "Cirripedia Thoracica and Acrothoracica". Universitetsforlag.
  16. Dora P. Henry & Patsy A. McLaughlin. (1986). "The Recent species of ''Megabalanus'' (Cirripedia: Balanomorpha) with special emphasis on ''Balanus tintinnabulum'' (Linnaeus) sensu lato.". [[Zoologische Verhandelingen]].
  17. Michael G. Frick & Arnold Ross. (2001). "Will the real ''Chelonibia testudinaria'' please come forward: an appeal". Marine Turtle Newsletter.
  18. T. Y. Leung & D. S. Jones. (2000). "The marine flora and fauna of Hong Kong and Southern China V". [[Hong Kong University Press]].
  19. WoRMS. (2010). "''Lepas anatifera'' Linnaeus, 1758". [[World Register of Marine Species]].
  20. {{AlgaeBase species
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