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Vaccination schedule

Series of vaccinations

A vaccination schedule is a series of vaccinations, including the timing of all doses, which may be either recommended or compulsory, depending on the country of residence. A vaccine is an antigenic preparation used to produce active immunity to a disease, in order to prevent or reduce the effects of infection by any natural or "wild" pathogen. Vaccines go through multiple phases of trials to ensure safety and effectiveness. World Health Organization-guided childhood vaccine schedules protect against 30 infectious diseases, and following them is crucial to prevent risks to children and the community, having saved over 154 million lives in the past 50 years.

Many vaccines require multiple doses for maximum effectiveness, either to produce sufficient initial immune response or to boost response that fades over time. For example, tetanus vaccine boosters are often recommended every 10 years. Vaccine schedules are developed by governmental agencies or physicians groups to achieve maximum effectiveness using required and recommended vaccines for a locality while minimizing the number of health care system interactions. Over the past two decades, the recommended vaccination schedule has grown rapidly and become more complicated as many new vaccines have been developed.

Some vaccines are recommended only in certain areas (countries, sub national areas, or at-risk populations) where a disease is common. For instance, yellow fever vaccination is on the routine vaccine schedule of French Guiana, is recommended in certain regions of Brazil but in the United States is only given to travelers heading to countries with a history of the disease. In developing countries, vaccine recommendations also take into account the level of health care access, the cost of vaccines and issues with vaccine availability and storage.

Sample vaccination schedules discussed by the World Health Organization show a developed country using a schedule which extends over the first five years of a child's life and uses vaccines which cost over $700 including administration costs while a developing country uses a schedule providing vaccines in the first 9 months of life and costing only $25. This difference is due to the lower cost of health care, the lower cost of many vaccines provided to developing nations, and that more expensive vaccines, often for less common diseases, are not utilized.

Worldwide

Childhood vaccine schedules, guided by World Health Organization and developed by global experts, protect against 30 infectious diseases. Following the recommended schedule is crucial, as delays or changes increase risk for children and the community.

The World Health Organization monitors vaccination schedules across the world, noting what vaccines are included in each country's program, the coverage rates achieved and various auditing measures. The table below shows the types of vaccines given in example countries. The WHO publishes on its website current vaccination schedules for all WHO member states. Additional vaccines are given to individuals more likely to come into contact with specific diseases through work or travel (e.g. military), or after potentially infectious exposure. Examples include rabies, anthrax, cholera and smallpox.

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By country

Australia

The Immunise Australia Program implements the National Immunization Program (NIP) Schedule. All vaccines available under the Australian immunization schedule are free of charge under the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme.

Infection	Birth	Months	Years	Preg
Women	2	4	6	12	18	4	12–	14–	15	50	65+	70	Rotavirus	Hepatitis A	Hepatitis B	Diphtheria	Pertussis	Tetanus	Polio	Haemophilus influenzae	Meningococcus	Pneumococcus	Measles	Mumps	Rubella	Varicella	Human papillomavirus	Influenza	Herpes Zoster
	RV	RV
				HepA§	HepA§
HepB	DTaP-HepB-IPV-Hib	DTaP-HepB-IPV-Hib	DTaP-HepB-IPV-Hib	DTaP-HepB-IPV-Hib	DTaP-HepB-IPV-Hib	DTaP-HepB-IPV-Hib
	Tdap				Tdap
	DTaP-HepB-IPV-Hib
				MenACWY	MenACWY	MenACWY	MenACWY
	PCV13	PCV13	PCV13	PCV13	PCV13
PCV13§
						PPSV23			PPSV23§	PPSV23§	PPSV23
				MMR	MMRV	MMRV
							HPV x2	HPV x2
			IIV (yearly)					IIV (yearly)
IIV (yearly)
IIV (yearly)§
												ZVL
{{ubl

Austria

Austrian vaccine recommendations are developed by the National Vaccination Board (), which is part of the Federal Ministry of Social Affairs, Health, Care and Consumer Protection.

Children aged 14 and older can be vaccinated without parental consent.

Brazil

All recommended vaccines are provide free of charge by the public health services.

Infection	Gestation	Birth	Months	Years	2	3	4	5	6	9	12	15	4
	BCG
									HepA
	HepB	5V		5V		5V
DTPa						DTP	DTP				dT
		IPV		IPV		IPV			OPV	OPV
		10v		10v				10v
			MenC		MenC			MenC					MenC
		RV		RV
								MMR	MMRV
												VV
							YF
												HPVx2 (girls)	HPVx2 (boys)
IIV						IIV (yearly)					IIV (yearly)

Canada

In Canada, publicly funded immunization schedules may vary from province or territory.

Alberta

Infection	Months	Years	2	4	6	12	18
					HepB
DTaP	DTaP	DTaP		DTaP	DTaP		Tdap
HIB	HIB	HIB		HIB
PneuC13	PneuC13		PneuC13
IPV	IPV	IPV		IPV	IPV
			MMRV		MMRV
	MenC		MenC				MenC-ACYW
						HPV	HPV (boys)
		IIV (yearly)

British Columbia

Infection	Months	Years	2	4	6	12	18
HepB	HepB	HepB
RV	RV
DTaP	DTaP	DTaP			DTaP		Tdap
HIB	HIB	HIB		HIB
PneuC13	PneuC13		PneuC13
IPV	IPV	IPV		IPV	IPV
			MMR		MMRV
					VV
MenCCV			MenCCV
						HPV (girls)
		IIV (yearly)

New Brunswick

Infection	Birth	Months	Years	2	4	6	12	18
HepB	HepB		HepB
	DTaP	DTaP	DTaP		DTaP	DTaP		Tdap
	HIB	HIB	HIB		HIB
	PneuC13	PneuC13		PneuC13
	IPV	IPV	IPV		IPV	IPV
				MMRV	MMRV
				MenCCV				MenC-ACYW
							HPV (girls)
			IIV (yearly)

Ontario

Infection	Months	Years	2	6	12	15	18
						HepB
RV	RV
DTaP	DTaP	DTaP		DTaP	DTaP		Tdap
HIB	HIB	HIB		HIB
PCV13	PCV13		PCV13
IPV	IPV	IPV		IPV	IPV
			MMRV		MMRV
			VV
			MenC			MenC-ACYW
						HPV (girls)

Quebec

Infection	Months	Years	2	4	6	12	18	4–6	9	14–16	Adult
						HepA
HepB	HepB			HepB		HepB
RV	RV
DTaP	DTaP	DTaP		DTaP	Tdap		Tdap	Tdap	Tdap
HIB	HIB	HIB		HIB
PCV10	PCV10		PCV10							PPV23
IPV	IPV	IPV		IPV	IPV
			MMR	MMRV
				VV
			MenCC				MenCC
						HPV
		IIV	IIV	IIV							IIV (yearly)

Finland

Infection	Birth	Months	Years	2	3	5	6	12	3	4	6	11–12
BCG
	RV	RV	RV
		DTaP	DTaP		DTaP			DTaP		Tdap	Td (10yearly)
		IPV	IPV		IPV			IPV
		HIB	HIB		HIB
HepB
		PCV10	PCV10		PCV10							PCV13 + PPSV23
					MMR			MMRV
						VV
									HPV
				IIV3					IIV3
							TBE

;History :1960: Mumps vaccinations for military recruits. :1975: Measles vaccination for 1 year old children. :1975: Rubella vaccination for 11–13 years old girls and seronegative mothers. :1982: Two doses of MMR vaccination at 14–18 months and 6 years of age were introduced in the national childhood vaccination programme. :2009: Rotavirus vaccine introduced at 2, 3 and 5 months to all children (September 2009) :2010: PCV introduced at 3, 5 and 12 months of age to all children (September 2010). :2013: HPV vaccination of girls introduced :2017: Varicella vaccination introduced (1 September 2017) at 18 months, 6 years + catch-up of all born from 1 January 2006 or after with no history of varicella. :2020: HPV vaccination of boys introduced

France

Infection	Months	Years	0	1	2	4	6	12	23	2	5	11–13
BCG		BCG
		D	D		D				D	D	d
		TT	TT		TT				TT	TT
		acP	acP		acP				acP	acp
		IPV	IPV		IPV				IPV	IPV
		Hib	Hib		Hib
HepB	HepB	HepB	HepB	HepB
		PCV	PCV		PCV
						MenC
				MEAS			MEAS
						MUMPS		MUMPS
						RUMBE		RUMBE
										HPV
												TIV
												HZ

Germany

In Germany, a vaccination schedule is developed by the Standing Committee on Vaccination (STIKO), which operates as part of the Robert Koch Institute. The recommendations are generally adopted by the Federal Joint Committee.

Infection	Weeks	Months	Years	6	2	3	4	11	12	15	23	15
RV	RV	RV
	D	D	D	D	D	d	d	d	d
	TT	TT	TT	TT	TT	TT	TT	TT	TT
	acP	acP	acP	acP	acP	acP	acp	acp	acp
	IPV	IPV	IPV	IPV	IPV	IPV		IPV	IPV
	Hib	Hib	Hib	Hib	Hib	Hib
	HepB	HepB	HepB	HepB	HepB	HepB
	PCV	PCV	PCV	PCV	PCV		Pnc	PPSV23
					MenC	MenC
				MEAS	MEAS	MEAS	MEAS
				MUMPS	MUMPS	MUMPS
				RUMBE	RUMBE	RUMBE
				VAR	VAR	VAR
										HPV	HPV
												TIV
					TBE

Hong Kong

Main article: Immunisation Programme in Hong Kong

In Hong Kong, Department of Health is responsible for providing free vaccinations from newborns up to primary school students.

India

In India, the standard vaccination schedule is recommended by the Indian Academy of Paediatrics(IAP). The latest schedule was the one given in 2016.

Infection	Birth	Months	Years	1.5	2.5	3.5	6	9	9-12	12	15	16-18	18
BCG
OPV				OPV	OPV							OPV
HepB	HepB			HepB
	RV	RV	RV
	DTwP	DTwP	DTwP						DTwP			DTwP	Tdap
	HIB	HIB	HIB						HIB
	PCV	PCV	PCV					PCV
	IPV	IPV	IPV						IPV
					MMR			MMR				MMR
						TCV					TCV
							HepA			HepA
								VV				VV
													HPV (girls)

Italy

Infection	Birth	Months	Years	3	5–6	11	13	15
	D	D	D		D	d
	TT	TT	TT		TT	TT
	acP	acP	acP		acP	acp
	IPV	IPV	IPV		IPV
	Hib	Hib	Hib
HepB	HepB	HepB	HepB
	PCV	PCV	PCV
				MenC		MenC
				MEAS	MEAS	MEAS
				MUMPS	MUMPS	MUMPS
				RUMBE	RUMBE	RUMBE
							VAR
							HPV
								TIV

Japan

The vaccination schedule in Japan is defined and partially recommended by () and its related (). As of January 2020, fourteen infections are Category A diseases and two are Category B on the legal lists. The Act and the Order were enacted for mandatory vaccination in 1948 with punitive clauses, only the clauses were repealed in 1976 and eventually vaccination has become non-mandatory since 1994.

Infection	Act/
Order
(Category)	Birth	Months	Years	2	3	6	12	24	36	60	≧5	7	7.5
(90 mo)	9	11	12	13	16	60–64
& 65+	Diphtheria	Tetanus	Pertussis	Polio	Measles	Rubella	Japanese encephalitis	Tuberculosis	Haemophilus influenzae	Pneumococcus	Human papillomavirus	Smallpox	Varicella	Hepatitis B	Influenza
Act (A)			DTaP-IPV		DT
Act (A)
Act (A)
Act (A)
Act (A)					MR (1st)			MR (2nd)
Act (A)
Act (A)				Japanese encephalitis (1st)	Japanese encephalitis (2nd)
Act (A)	BCG
Act (A)		Hib
Act (A)		Pneumococcal
Order (B)																Pneumococcal
Act (A)														HPV vaccine
Order (A)	Not specified by the act or the order
Order (A)					Varicella
Order (A)	Hep B
Order (B)																Flu

Only in the legal term in Japan, citizens get old one day before their birthdays. If a person was born on January 1, 2020, and Immunization Act specifies vaccine against measles could be received from age 12 months to 24 months, vaccination shall be practiced between December 31, 2020, and December 31, 2021 (not between January 2021 and January 2022.) Some vaccinations are scheduled in line with the school year system, which starts from April 1 in Japan. As explained, those who are born on April 1 and on April 2 get old legally on March 31 and April 1, respectively. Thus, these two people are in different school years and thereby they may take vaccines in different calendar years.

Recipients	Birth	Months	Years	2	3	6	12	24	36	60	≧5	7	7.5
(90 mo)	9	11	12	13	16	Person A	Person B	Person C	Person D
Dec 31, 2019	Feb 29, 2020	Mar 30, 2020	Jun 30, 2020	Dec 30, 2020	Dec 30, 2021	Dec 30, 2022	Dec 30, 2024	Apr 1, 2025	Mar 31, 2026	Jun 30, 2027	Dec 30, 2028	Dec 30, 2030	Apr 1, 2031	Dec 29, 2032	Mar 31, 2036
Jan 1, 2020	Feb 29, 2020	Mar 31, 2020	Jun 30, 2020	Dec 31, 2020	Dec 31, 2021	Dec 31, 2022	Dec 31, 2024	Apr 1, 2025	Mar 31, 2026	Jun 30, 2027	Dec 31, 2028	Dec 31, 2030	Apr 1, 2031	Dec 30, 2032	Mar 31, 2036
Apr 1, 2020	May 31, 2020	Jun 31, 2020	Sep 30, 2020	Mar 31, 2021	Mar 31, 2022	Mar 31, 2023	Mar 31, 2025	Apr 1, 2025	Mar 31, 2026	Sep 30, 2027	Mar 31, 2029	Mar 31, 2031	Apr 1, 2031	Mar 30, 2033	Mar 31, 2036
Apr 2, 2020	Jun 1, 2020	Jul 1, 2020	Oct 1, 2020	Apr 1, 2021	Apr 1, 2022	Apr 1, 2023	Apr 1, 2025	Apr 1, 2026	Mar 31, 2027	Oct 1, 2027	Apr 1, 2029	Apr 1, 2031	Apr 1, 2032	Mar 31, 2033	Mar 31, 2037

New Zealand

Infection	Gestation	Birth	Weeks	Months	Years	6	3	5	12	15	4
	BCG#
		RV	RV
Tdap		DTaP-HepB-IPV-Hib	DTaP-HepB-IPV-Hib	DTaP-HepB-IPV-Hib			DTaP-IPV	Tdap		Tdap	Tdap
	HepB + HBIG#
			Hib
		PCV13	PCV13#	PCV13	PCV13
			MenB	MenB	MenB				MenACWY + MenB#
					MMR	MMR
						VV		VV
								HPV9
											HZ
IIV					IIV# (yearly)	IIV (yearly)

;History Major additions, replacements and removals from the New Zealand Immunization Schedule include: :1958: First Schedule: DTwP and DT :1961: Polio (OPV) added :1971: Measles, rubella and tetanus toxoid added :1979: Rubella changed to girls only :1988: HepB added :1990: MMR replaced measles and rubella :1994: HIB added; Td replaced tetanus toxoid :1996: DT dropped :1997: Influenza added :2000: DTaP replaced DTwP :2002: IPV replaced OPV :2006: MeNZB and Tdap added :2008: MeNZB dropped, PCV7 added, HPV4 added for females only :2011: PCV10 replaced PCV7 :2014: RV5 added, PCV13 replaced PCV10 :2017: HPV9 replaced HPV4 and extended to males, RV1 replaced RV5, PCV10 replaced PCV13, VV added. :2018: HZ added. :2020: Td dropped.

Nigeria

All recommended vaccines are provide free of charge by the Federal Ministry of Health.

Infection	Birth	Months	Years	2	3	4	6
BCG
HepB	5V		5V	5V
			DTP
OPV	OPV	OPV	OPV			OPV	OPV
	PCV	PCV	PCV		PCV
						MCV	MCV
					YF

Spain

Infection	Birth	Months	Years	2	4	6	12	18	3–4	6
	D	D	D		D		d		d	d
	TT	TT	TT		TT		TT		TT	TT
	acP	acP	acP		acP		acp
	IPV	IPV	IPV		IPV
	Hib	Hib	Hib		Hib
HepB	HepB	HepB
	PCV	PCV		PCV						PPSV23
	MenC			MenC				MenC
				MEAS		MEAS
				MUMPS		MUMPS
				RUMBE		RUMBE
								VAR
								HPV
										TIV

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom childhood vaccination schedule is recommended by the Department of Health and National Health Service, and uses combination immunisations where available.

Infection	Months	Years	2	3	4	12	2–10
DTaP	DTaP	DTaP			DTaP		Td
IPV	IPV	IPV			IPV		IPV
HIB	HIB	HIB	HIB
MenB		MenB	MenB/C				MenACWY
RV	RV
	PCV		PCV
HepB	HepB	HepB
			MMR		MMR
				LAIV
						HPVx2

Non-routine vaccinations

Some children may receive vaccines in addition to those listed in the table:

BCG vaccine is given at birth to "children born in areas of the country where there are high numbers of TB cases" and "children whose parents or grandparents were born in a country with many cases of TB."
Hepatitis B vaccine is given at birth to "babies born to mothers who have hepatitis B".
The injected flu vaccine is offered annually to "children 6 months to 17 years old with long-term health conditions".

Adult vaccinations

The five scheduled childhood tetanus vaccinations are thought to generally confer lifelong immunity; thus, no routine booster doses are given in adulthood. Those adults at risk of contaminated cuts (e.g., gardeners) may have booster tetanus vaccination every ten years. Pneumococcus vaccinations (pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine/PPV) are recommended for those over 65 and for people without a functional spleen (asplenia), either because the spleen has been removed or does not work properly. Flu vaccine is recommended for anyone who is aged 65 years and over, people with certain long-term medical conditions, health and social care professionals, pregnant women, and poultry workers. The shingles vaccine is recommended for those over 70. Additionally, pregnant women are advised to have the pertussis vaccine.

United States

The most up-to-date schedules are available from CDC's National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. In the US, the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act requires all health-care providers to provide parents or patients with copies of Vaccine Information Statements before administering vaccines.

Infection	Birth	Months	Years	1	2	4	6	9	12	15	18	19–23	2–3	4–6	7–10	11–12	17–18
HepB	HepB	HepB	HepB	HepB	HepB x2–3
		RV	RV	RV
		DTaP	DTaP	DTaP	DTaP	DTaP	DTaP	DTaP	Tdap	Tdap	Tdap	Td or Tdap (every 10 years)
		Hib	Hib	Hib	Hib	Hib	Hib	Hib	Hibx1–3
		IPV	IPV	IPV	IPV	IPV	IPV
		PCV13	PCV13	PCV13	PCV13	PCV13	PCV13	PCV13	PCV13	PCV13§
										PPSV23	PPSV23 x1–2	PPSV23
				IIV (yearly)	IIV or LAIV (yearly)
				MMR	MMR	MMR	MMR	MMR	MMRx1–2
						VAR	VAR	VAR	VAR	VAR x1–2	VAR 2x
				HepA	HepA x2	HepA	HepA x2–3
		MenACWY	MenACWY	MenACWY	MenACWY	MenACWY	MenACWY x1–2
													MenB x2–3
																MenB§
												HPV	HPV x2–3	HPV	HPV	HPV§
																	RZV or ZVL
{{ubl

During pregnancy

The CDC recommends pregnant women receive some vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) vaccine a month or more before pregnancy. The Tdap vaccine (to help protect against whooping cough) is recommended during pregnancy. Other vaccines, like the flu shot, can be given before or during pregnancy, depending on whether or not it is flu season. Vaccination is safe right after giving birth, even while breastfeeding.

History

In 1900, the smallpox vaccine was the only one administered to children. By the early 1950s, children routinely received three vaccines, for protection against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, and smallpox, and as many as five shots by two years of age.

Vaccination has saved over 154 million lives in the past 50 years.

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