United States soccer league system

Structure

No professional league in any of the major pro sports leagues in the U.S. or Canada uses a system of promotion and relegation. The country's governing body for the sport, the United States Soccer Federation (also known as the USSF or U.S. Soccer), oversees the league system and is responsible for sanctioning professional leagues. The leagues themselves are responsible for admitting and administering individual teams. Amateur soccer in the United States is regulated by the United States Adult Soccer Association (USASA), the only amateur soccer organization sanctioned by the USSF. Automatic promotion and relegation between its leagues, as exists in many other national league systems, was considered by United Soccer League, but was never implemented; although voluntary promotion and relegation has occurred.{{cite news |title = Q&A with USL Vice President Tim Holt |url = http://www.uslsoccer.com/home/129515.html |publisher = United Soccer Leagues |date = April 21, 2006 |access-date = July 15, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060423173009/http://www.uslsoccer.com/home/129515.html |archive-date = April 23, 2006 |url-status = dead

College soccer in the United States is sanctioned by bodies outside the direct control of the USSF, the most important of which is the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). See NCAA Division I women's soccer programs, NCAA Division I men's soccer programs, and NCAA Division II men's soccer programs for a list of college soccer programs in the United States.

General professional standards

The standards for Division I, II and III leagues are set by the USSF.

Market requirements

• At least 75% of a league's teams must be based in the United States
• At least a certain percentage of a league's teams must be based in markets with a certain population

Field and stadium requirements

• All stadiums must have controllable ingress/egress
• All outdoor leagues must be playing on FIFA-approved surfaces at least 70 yd by 110 yd in dimension
• Minimum required stadium fan capacity, dependent on league level
• Each team must have a lease to use its stadium for at least one full season no later than a certain date before each season begins

Financial viability

• Minimum annual bond each team must pay to the league (or Federation), dependent on league level
• Each ownership group must display the ability to fund their team for a certain number of years
• At least a certain net worth for each team's principal owner

Standards summary table

League specifics

Men's Division I

Ownership requirements

• League must have a minimum of 12 teams to apply. By year three, the league must have a minimum of 14 teams
• US-based teams must participate in all representative U.S. Soccer and CONCACAF competitions for which they are eligible (ex. U.S. Open Cup, CONCACAF Champions Cup.)
• The majority owner must have a net worth of US$40 million, and the total ownership group must have a net worth of US$70 million. Both of these net worth requirements must be independent of both the club and the individuals' primary residence.

Market requirements

• Teams located in at least the Eastern, Central and Pacific time zones in the continental United States. These three time zones are required because the majority of the large population centers are located in these time zones
• At least 75% of the league's teams must be based in markets with one million population
• All stadiums must be enclosed
• All league stadiums must have a minimum seating capacity of 15,000
• Not later than 180 days prior to the start of each season, each team shall have a lease for at least one full season with its home stadium

Financial viability

• The league must demonstrate adequate financial viability to ensure continued operation on a season-by-season basis either in the form of a performance bond or similar instrument for each team in the amount of US$1 million or readily available league funds representing US$1 million
• The maximum amount of readily available league funds for covering teams operations is US$20 million
• Any team whose performance bond is used during the season will be required to replenish it at least 120 days prior to the next season
• Each team ownership group must demonstrate the financial capacity to operate the team for five years. As part of the process of demonstrating financial capacity, each ownership group must provide detailed financial history (if applicable) and projections (including a detailed budget) for the team to the Federation in a form satisfactory to the Federation. In addition, each team must have and its governing legal documents must designate one principal owner with a controlling interest who owns at least 35% of the team and has authority to bind the team. Such principal owner must have an individual net worth of at least forty million US dollars (US$40,000,000) exclusive of the value of his/her ownership in the league or team and his/her primary personal residence. The principal owner, together with all other owners, must have a combined individual net worth of at least seventy million US dollars (US$70,000,000) exclusive of the value of ownership interests in the league or team and primary personal residences. Federation shall have the right to require an independent audit to establish that the team meets these net worth requirements; the cost of such audit shall be the responsibility of the team or league. The Federation will take reasonable steps to protect from disclosure and limit access to financial information provided under this section

Media

• The league must have broadcast or cable television contracts that provide for the telecasting of all regular season games as well as the championship game/series. High-quality internet streaming of regular season games satisfies this requirement

Team organization

• All required positions must be filled by full-time staff year-round
• Each US-based team must demonstrate a commitment to a player development program. This requirement may be satisfied by supporting either an amateur or professional reserve team competing in a USSF-sanctioned league or by the league itself
• Each US-based team must maintain teams and a program to develop players at the youth level. This requirement may be satisfied by fielding teams in a Federation academy program

League operations

In addition to the required positions filled by full-time staff, the league office must have full-time staff performing the functions of a chief operations officer, a chief financial officer and a director of marketing/public relations on a year-round basis

Men's Division II

Ownership requirements

• Principal owner with at least US$20,000,000 net worth, 35% ownership stake.

Markets and stadia

• Year 1: Eight teams in at least 2 time zones
• Year 3: At least 10 teams
• Year 6: at least 12 teams in Eastern, Central, and Pacific time zones
• 75% of teams must be in metro areas of at least 750,000 population
• Stadiums must have 5,000 capacity

Men's Division III

Ownership requirements

• Principal owner with at least US$10,000,000 net worth, 35% ownership stake.

Markets and stadia

• Year 1: Eight teams
• Stadiums must have 1,000 capacity

Men's leagues

Professional leagues

Since 1996, Major League Soccer (MLS) has been the only sanctioned USSF Division I men's outdoor soccer league in the United States. MLS has grown from 10 teams in 1996 to 30 teams in 2025.

The USL Championship (USLC) is the only sanctioned Division II men's outdoor soccer league as of 2025. Formed in 2010 as a result of the merger of the former USL First Division and USL Second Division, the USL Championship was sanctioned as Division III league from 2011 to 2016 before becoming provisionally sanctioned as a Division II league for 2017, and receiving full Division II sanctioning in 2018.

The USL Championship expanded almost three-fold since its first season in 2011 to include 35 teams in the 2020 season, with the league divided into two conferences, Eastern and Western. After that season, held amid the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic, five teams left the league.

The previous Division II North American Soccer League (NASL) was formed in 2009, but did not debut until 2011 following the controversial 2010 season that saw neither the USL First Division nor the NASL receive Division II sanctioning from the USSF, resulting in the temporary USSF Division 2 Pro League.

The NASL was sanctioned as a Division II league from 2011 to 2016; when it fielded 8 teams for the 2017 season, U.S. Soccer only granted the league provisional sanctioning as it fell under the 12-team requirement. The USSF rejected the NASL's application to maintain provisional Division II status for the 2018 season as the NASL did not present a plan on how it would meet the Division II criteria. In response, the NASL filed "a federal antitrust suit against the U.S. Soccer Federation" in an attempt to force USSF to drop all Division designations. Due to the litigation against U.S. Soccer, the NASL wound up canceling the 2018 season and ceased operations entirely. In February 2025, a federal jury dismissed the suit.

In March 2017, the United Soccer League announced following the sanctioning of the USL Championship as a Division II league it would start a new tier in its professional structure. USL League One received sanctioning in December 2018 and conducted its first season in 2019 with 10 teams. Ahead of its 2025 season, the league is slated to have 18 teams.

A second Division III league, the National Independent Soccer Association (NISA) also debuted in 2019 with eight teams. The league initially played a fall-to-spring season spanning two calendar years but switched to the standard U.S. schedule in 2022. NISA was not given professional sanctioning for the 2025 season.

In 2018, the National Premier Soccer League (NPSL), a nationwide amateur league announced the intention to set up a professional division, NPSL Pro. As part of the announcement, NPSL initiated a single season competition, the NPSL Founders Cup, involving 11 teams that were to form the new league. As of 2025 this has not materialized and NPSL remains an amateur competition.

Soon after the NASL's antitrust case against USSF concluded, the USL announced plans to launch a new Division I league by 2028. Outside reporting revealed that the new league may have between 12–14 teams and focus on mid-size cities not currently serviced by Major League Soccer.

Number of teams in each league

Below is a list of the number of teams sanctioned by the USSF under the current division sanctioning scheme described above.

**Notes **

Semi-professional and amateur leagues

The USSF does not officially recognize distinctions beyond the three professional divisions above. Currently, three other national leagues are sanctioned by the US Soccer Federation and one of those, the National Premier Soccer League (NPSL), is part of USASA which is a national association member of the USSF and the only member of the Adult Council. USL League Two (USL 2) is a national league run by the USL. Both are recognized in practical terms as playing at a higher level and both since 2020 are considered national leagues earning automatic berths to the US Open Cup first round based on their previous season's league results rather than going through local qualifying. The United Premier Soccer League (UPSL) is also recognized by the USSF as a National Affiliate, but does not gain automatic entry to the Open Cup through the National League track, instead going through local qualifiers. Additionally, clubs in USL2, UPSL and NPSL pay some of their players and are more accurately described as semi-professional leagues.

USL League Two takes place during the summer months, and has age restrictions. Thus, the player pool is drawn mainly from NCAA college soccer players seeking to continue playing high level soccer during their summer break, while still maintaining their college eligibility. The National Premier Soccer League is similar to USL2 and also attracts top amateur talent from around the United States. However, unlike USL2, the NPSL does not have any age limits or restrictions, thus incorporating both college players and former professional players.. The United Premier Soccer League takes place year round with two seasons, one in spring and one in fall. Unlike USL2 and NPSL, the UPSL does not rely on college players and is the national league with the most diverse participation.

Men's league structure

The table below shows the current structure of the system. For each division, its official name, sponsorship name, number of clubs and conferences/divisions are given. The United States Soccer Federation regulates the standards for a league or division to be recognized as professional, while also determining the level of division for each league.

The system is only defined as far as Division 3. Some semi-professional leagues refer to themselves as fourth division, however any tier or division numbers are not recognized for these leagues as U.S. Soccer does not designate a division number nor directly sanction anything below Division 3. What follows is a list of additional notable leagues.

Men's national soccer cups

• U.S. Open Cup – open to all US Soccer sanctioned amateur and professional leagues, though professional teams that are owned by, or whose playing staffs are managed by, higher-level outdoor professional teams are generally barred from entry. However, starting in 2025, MLS clubs may participate in no more than two cup competitions among the CONCACAF Champions Cup, Leagues Cup and U.S. Open Cup per year. If an MLS club is playing in both the CONCACAF Champions Cup and the Leagues Cup and is thereby unable to participate in the U.S. Open Cup, a lower-tier club owned or controlled by such MLS club is eligible to participate in the U.S. Open Cup, if it qualifies. This rule will remain in effect through at least 2026.
• USASA National Amateur Cup – USASA cup tournament open to amateur-only teams from USASA sanctioned leagues. Winner gains entry to the U.S. Open Cup.
• Hank Steinbrecher Cup – contested between the defending champion, the league winners of the NPSL and USL League Two, and the defending champion of the USASA Amateur Cup.

Women's leagues

The Women's United Soccer Association started playing in 2001, but suspended operations in 2003. It was replaced in 2009 with Women's Professional Soccer. WPS closed after the 2011 season due to a dispute with owners, and the WPSL Elite League was the de facto top tier of women's soccer in 2012. In November 2012 the National Women's Soccer League, sponsored by the United States Soccer Federation, the Canadian Soccer Association and the Mexican Football Federation was announced. The league started play in April 2013. Mexico withdrew from sponsorship of the NWSL once it established its own women's league in 2017.

For many years, there were two leagues that acted as an unofficial lower division. The United Soccer League ran the W-League from 1995 to 2015. The Women's Premier Soccer League (WPSL) was founded in 1998. Almost immediately following the demise of the W-League, United Women's Soccer was founded with orphan W-League teams and WPSL breakaways. UWS then formed a U23 reserve league, UWS2, in early 2020.

After the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup, USL began exploring the idea of creating a professional league to directly compete with NWSL. This effort was scaled back to running an amateur revival of the W-League, which would operate beneath the DII Women's Independent Soccer League (WISL) (operated by NISA) and a planned DIII league run by UWS. The amateur USL W League was officially revived in June 2021, called by USL as "pre-professional", and three months later, plans for a new USL Super League were announced, initially at Division II status in direct competition to WISL, both of which aimed to launch in 2023. USL later announced it would instead pursue Division I sanctioning for the USL Super League, launching with eight teams in 2024 and an additional five teams in 2025.

While there was never official distinction between the national amateur leagues, it was commonly assumed that the W-League was a higher quality than WPSL. Two W-League teams had effectively promoted into the first division – the Buffalo Flash becoming the Western New York Flash in 2011 and D.C. United Women becoming the Washington Spirit in 2013 – while no WPSL teams have ever done so. UWS, as W-League's spiritual successor, has strengthened this image of being the higher-quality amateur league by attracting four teams that had been associated with WPSL Elite.

Women's national soccer cups

• NWSL Challenge Cup – open to NWSL teams
• USASA National Women's Open – open to WPSL and UWS teams
• USASA National Women's Amateur – open to all USASA-affiliated women's teams

Indoor soccer

Indoor soccer in North America is governed by the Pan-American Minifootball Federation (PAMF), a member of the World Minifootball Federation (WMF).

References

References

1. Galarcep, Ives. (October 9, 2014). "Jurgen Klinsmann backs promotion-relegation system for American soccer". [[Sporting News]].
2. "Pro League Standards".
3. "Archived copy".
4. Straus, Brian. (January 6, 2017). "U.S. Soccer grants provisional division two sanctioning to both NASL, USL".
5. (January 17, 2018). "US Soccer grants USL 2nd-division status". [[Chicago Tribune]].
6. (January 6, 2017). "Eight clubs will take the field in April". NASL.
7. Kennedy, Paul. (October 17, 2017). "NASL vs. USSF: Court filings show settlement discussions were ongoing". SoccerAmericaDaily.
8. (September 5, 2017). "US Soccer Federation Rejects NASL's Division II application". fiftyfive.one.
9. Straus, Brian. "NASL files lawsuit vs. USSF over division sanction". SI.com.
10. (2025-02-04). "Federal jury dismisses NASL's antitrust case against MLS, US Soccer". The Guardian.
11. (March 30, 2017). "USL to launch new Division 3 competition in 2019".
12. (April 2, 2013). "USL to Launch Third-Division League in 2019". United Soccer Leagues.
13. USLSoccer com Staff. (2024-12-19). "USL League One reveals the 2025 season schedule".
14. Battista, Michael. (December 19, 2024). "Death of a league? NISA no longer sanctioned". Hudson River Blue.
15. (November 15, 2018). "NPSL Announces Pro League and Founders Cup".
16. USLsoccer com Staff. (2025-02-13). "United Soccer League Takes Bold Step Forward with Launch of Division One Professional Men's League".
17. Tenorio, Paul. "Move over, Major League Soccer. A rival top flight men's league is coming to the U.S.". The New York Times.
18. See [http://www.kenn.com/the_blog/?page_id=5842 All-Time Division II Standings] for Division II list of teams and records. and [http://www.kenn.com/the_blog/?page_id=5469 All-Time Division III Standings] for Division III teams
19. "Soccer Organizations: Adult Council".
20. "Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup 2022 Open Division Handbook".
21. PDL rules dictate that a maximum of eight players on each team's 26-man roster can be over 23 years old, while at least three players on each team's roster must be 18 or younger.
22. "United Soccer Leagues". www.uslpdl.com.
23. Russo, Kenneth. "USSF Professional Standards".
24. "USASA Leagues & Affiliates".
25. Sillick, Jake. (January 28, 2025). "2025 US Open Cup Format Revealed: More MLS Teams Return to Competition".
26. Lauletta, Dan. (November 21, 2012). "Equalizer Soccer – Eight teams to start new women's pro soccer league in 2013".
27. (November 6, 2015). "W-League Statement". United Soccer Leagues (USL).
28. Kassouf, Jeff. (November 6, 2015). "USL W-League, once top flight, folds after 21 seasons".
29. "WPSL Website".
30. (December 15, 2015). "After struggles with former league, New England Mutiny helping form new United Women's Soccer league". MassLive.
31. (February 7, 2020). "United Women's Soccer Launches League Two – United Women's Soccer".
32. (November 15, 2019). "USL Serious in Launching Women's Professional League to Rival NWSL (Sources)".
33. Kassouf, Jeff. (April 14, 2021). "WISL aims to fill the Division 2 women's pro league void in the US".
34. (June 8, 2021). "United Soccer League To Launch W League in 2022". [[United Soccer League]].
35. Yang, Steph. (September 21, 2021). "USL launching women's Division II league with 'commitment to gender equity'".
36. Kassouf, Jeff. (September 23, 2021). "Lower-division development is the next frontier in U.S. women's pro soccer – Equalizer Soccer".
37. USL Staff. (May 16, 2023). "USL Super League Announces Initial Markets".
38. (April 25, 2025). "NWSL submits application to U.S. Soccer for launch of Division II league starting in 2026".
39. (April 16, 2025). "After failed NWSL bid, Cleveland Soccer Group looks to new opportunities in lower division".
40. (August 10, 2025). "WPSL Pro Delays Start to 2027".
41. "Premier Leagues". www.usadultsoccer.com.
42. (June 16, 2015). "UWS To Form National Pro-Am Women's Soccer League In 2016".
43. "Sobre PAMF".