Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India Pipeline

History

The roots of this project lies in the involvement of international oil companies in Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan in the beginning of 1990s. As Russia, who controlled all export pipelines of these countries, consistently refused to allow the use of its pipeline network, these companies needed an independent export route avoiding both Iran and Russia.

The original project started on 15 March 1995 when an inaugural memorandum of understanding between the governments of Turkmenistan and Pakistan for a pipeline project was signed. This project was promoted by Argentinian company Bridas Corporation. The U.S. company Unocal, in conjunction with the Saudi oil company Delta, promoted an alternative project without Bridas' involvement. On 21 October 1995, these two companies signed a separate agreement with Turkmenistan's president Saparmurat Niyazov. In August 1996, the Central Asia Gas Pipeline, Ltd. (CentGas) consortium for construction of a pipeline, led by Unocal, was formed. On 27 October 1997, CentGas was incorporated in formal signing ceremonies in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan, by several international oil companies along with the Government of Turkmenistan.

Since the pipeline was to pass through Afghanistan, it was necessary to work with the Taliban. The U.S. ambassador to Pakistan, Robert Oakley, left his post and was hired by CentGas in 1997. In January 1998, the Taliban, selecting CentGas over Argentinian competitor Bridas Corporation, signed an agreement that allowed the proposed project to proceed. In June 1998, Russian Gazprom relinquished its 10% stake in the project. On 7 August 1998, American embassies in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam were bombed. The United States alleged that Osama bin Laden was behind those attacks, and all pipeline negotiations halted, as the Taliban's then leader, Mullah Omar, announced that bin Laden had the Taliban's support. Unocal withdrew from the consortium on 8 December 1998, and soon after closed its offices in Afghanistan and Pakistan.

The new deal on the pipeline was signed on 27 December 2002 by the leaders of Turkmenistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan. | access-date = 2008-05-18}} In 2005, the Asian Development Bank submitted the final version of a feasibility study designed by British company Penspen. The project has drawn strong US support as it would allow the Central Asian republics to export energy to Western markets "without relying on Russian routes". Then-US Ambassador to Turkmenistan Tracey Ann Jacobson noted, "We are seriously looking at the project, and it is quite possible that American companies will join it". |author-link= Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed |access-date=2009-12-07}} Due to increasing instability, the project has essentially stalled; construction of the Turkmen part was supposed to start in 2006, but the overall feasibility is questionable since the southern part of the Afghan section runs through territory which continues to be under de facto Taliban control.

On 24 April 2008, Pakistan, India and Afghanistan signed a framework agreement to buy natural gas from Turkmenistan. | access-date = 2008-05-18}} The intergovernmental agreement on the pipeline was signed on 11 December 2010 in Ashgabat. |access-date = 2010-12-11}} However, in April 2012, India and Afghanistan have failed to agree on transit fee for gas passing through Afghan territory. Consequently, Islamabad and New Delhi too could not agree on the transit fee for the segment of the pipeline passing through Pakistan, which has linked its fee structure to any India-Afghanistan agreement. | access-date = 2012-05-06}} On 16 May 2012, the Afghan Parliament, approved the agreement on a gas pipeline and the day after, the Indian Cabinet allowed state-run gas-firm GAIL to sign the Gas Sale and Purchase Agreement (GSPA) with Türkmengaz, Turkmenistan's national oil company. | access-date = 2012-05-18}}

The TAPI project started in Turkmenistan on 13 December 2015 and was completed by mid-2019. Work on the Afghan side was scheduled to start in February 2018, but was delayed until September 2024.

Technical features

The pipeline will be 1420 mm in diameter with a working pressure of 100 atm. | access-date = 2021-07-10}} The capacity will be 33 e9m3 of natural gas per year of which 5 e9m3 will be provided to Afghanistan and 14 e9m3 to each Pakistan and India. | access-date = 2015-12-13}} Six compressor stations would be constructed along the pipeline. The pipeline was intended to be operational by 2019.

Originally, the cost of the pipeline project was reportedly estimated at US$7.6 billion, but a more recent estimate was $10 billion. | access-date = 2015-02-25}} The leading partner of the project is Türkmengaz.

Route

The 1814 km pipeline will run from the world's second largest gas field namely Galkynysh gas fields in Turkmenistan through Afghanistan and Pakistan to India. In Afghanistan, TAPI pipeline will be constructed alongside the Kandahar–Herat Highway in western Afghanistan, and then via Quetta and Multan in Pakistan. | access-date = 2012-01-27}} The final destination of the pipeline will be the Indian town of Fazilka, near the border between Pakistan and India.

References

References

1. (September 11, 2024). "Construction of Afghanistan section of TAPI gas pipeline launched". Ariana News.
2. (June 8, 2023). "TAPI Pipeline: Pakistan and Turkmenistan sign implementation plan". Business Recorder.
3. (January 27, 2025). "TAPI project making ‘rapid’ progress: Herat governor". Ariana News.
4. (August 9, 2024). "Baradar: Turkmenistan FM Pledged Readiness for TAPI Project". TOLOnews.
5. (2002). "Forbidden Truth – U.S. Taliban Secret Oil Diplomacy and the Failed Hunt for bin Laden". [[Nation Books]].
6. LeVine, Steve. (2007). "The Oil and the Glory: The Pursuit of Empire and Fortune on the Caspian Sea". Random House.
7. (1998). "Country Report: Turkmenistan". [[Economist Intelligence Unit]].
8. (8 July 2019). "Pakistan and Turkmenistan to discuss TAPI gas pipeline". Business Recorder.
9. Alikozai, Hasib Danish. (February 24, 2018). "Taliban Vows to Protect TAPI Gas Pipeline Project". Voice of America.
10. Putz, Catherine. (February 27, 2018). "TAPI Moves into Afghanistan, Taliban Promise to Protect the Project". The Diplomat (magazine).
11. (11 September 2024). "Afghanistan begins practical work on TAPI gas pipeline". Pajhwok Afghan News.
12. (11 September 2024). "Islamic Emirate, Turkmenistan Strengthen Ties with Launch of TAPI Project". TOLOnews.
13. (December 16, 2024). "Muttaqi, Turkmen FM visit TAPI project in Afghanistan". Ariana News.