Tucanoan languages

Language contact

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Arutani, Paez, Sape, Taruma, Witoto-Okaina, Saliba-Hodi, Tikuna-Yuri, Pano, Barbakoa, Bora-Muinane, and Choko language families due to contact.

Classification

Chacon (2014)

There are two dozen Tucanoan languages. There is a clear binary split between Eastern Tucanoan and Western Tucanoan.

• Tucanoan
  • Western Tucanoan
    • ?Cueretú (Kueretú)
    • Napo
      • Orejón ( M'áíhɨ̃ki, Maijiki, Coto, Koto, Payoguaje, Payaguá, Payowahe, Payawá)
      • Correguaje–Secoya
        • Correguaje (Koreguaje, Korewahe, Caquetá)
        • Siona–Secoya (Upper Napo, Baicoca–Siecoca)
          • ?Macaguaje ( Kakawahe, Piohé)
          • Siona (Bai Coca, Sioni, Pioje, Pioche-Sioni, Tetete)
          • Secoya (Sieko Coca, Airo Pai, Piohé)
          • ?Tama
  • Eastern Tucanoan
    • South
      • Tanimuca ( Retuarã)
      • ?Yauna (Jaúna, Yahuna, Yaúna)
    • West
      • Barasana–Macuna
        • Macuna ( Buhagana, Wahana, Makuna-Erulia, Makuna)
        • Barasana (Southern Barasano, Paneroa, Eduria, Edulia, Comematsa, Janera, Taibano, Taiwaeno, Taiwano)
      • Cubeo–Desano
        • Cubeo (Cuveo, Kobeua, Kubewa)
        • Yupua–Desano
          • ?Yupuá
          • Desano–Siriano ( Desano)
    • East
      • Central
        • Tucano (Tukana, Dasea)
        • Waimaha–Tatuyo
          • Waimajã ( Bara, Northern Barasano)
          • Tatuyo
      • North
        • Kotiria–Piratapuyo
          • Guanano (Wanana, Wanano, Kotedia, Kotiria, Wanana-Pirá)
          • Piratapuyo ( Waikina, Uiquina)
        • Pisamira–Yuruti
          • Pisamira–Carapano (Carapana, Karapana)
          • Tuyuca–Yuruti
            • Tuyuka (Tejuca, Teyuka, Tuyuca, Bara, Barasana)
            • Yurutí

Plus unclassified Miriti.

Most languages are, or were, spoken in Colombia.

Jolkesky (2016)

Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):

( = extinct)

• Tukano
  • Tukano, Western
    • Kueretu
    • Tukano, Western, Nuclear
      • Mai Huna
      • Koreguaje-Pioje
        • Koreguaje-Tama
          • Koreguaje
          • Tama
        • Pioje (Baicoca–Siecoca)
          • Makaguaje
          • Sekoya
          • Siona
          • Tetete
  • Tukano, Eastern
    • Tanimuka; Retuarã; Yahuna
    • Tukano, Eastern, West
      • Kubeo-Desano
        • Kubeo
        • Desano-Yupua
          • Desano; Siriano
          • Yupua
      • Makuna; Barasano; Eduria
    • Tukano, Eastern, East
      • Tukano-Tatuyo
        • Tukano
        • Tatuyo-Bara-Waimaha
          • Tatuyo
          • Bara; Waimaha
      • Tuyuka-Wanano
        • Wanano-Piratapuyu
          • Wanano
          • Piratapuyo
        • Tuyuka-Karapanã
          • Karapanã; Pisamira
          • Tuyuka; Yuruti

Loukotka (1968)

Below is a full list of Tucanoan language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.

;Western group

• Tama - spoken on the Yarú River and Caguán River, Caquetá territory, Colombia, but now perhaps extinct.
• Coreguaje - spoken at the sources of the Caquetá River, department of Cauca, Colombia.
• Amaguaje / Encabellado / Rumo - extinct language once spoken on the Aguarico River, department of Loreto, Peru.
• Siona / Zeona / Ceño / Kokakañú - language spoken at the sources of the Putumayo River and Caquetá River, Putumayo territory, Colombia.
• Ificuene - spoken between the Güepi River and Aguarico River, Loreto. (Unattested.)
• Eno - language spoken by a few individuals at the mouth of the San Miguel River, Caquetá territory, Colombia. (Unattested.)
• Secoya - language spoken on the Putumayo River, Oriente province, Ecuador. (Johnson and Peeke 1962.)
• Icaguate - extinct language once spoken on the Caucaya River and Putumayo River, Putumayo territory, Colombia.
• Macaguaje - spoken in the same territory on the Mecaya River and Caucaya River and around Puerto Restrepo, by a few families.
• Tetete / Eteteguaje - extinct language once spoken at the sources of the Güepi River, Loreto. (Unattested.)
• Pioje / Angotero / Ancutere - spoken on the Napo River, Tarapoto River, and Aguarico River, Loreto.
• Cóto / Payoguaje - spoken at the mouth of the Napo River, Loreto, Peru.

;Yahuna group

• Yahuna / Jaúna - spoken on the Apoporis River, territory of Amazonas, Colombia.
• Tanimuca / Opaina - spoken by a small tribe on the Popeyaca River and Guacayá River, Amazonas, Colombia.
• Dätuana - spoken north of the preceding tribe on the Apoporis River.
• Menimehe - spoken by a very little known tribe at the mouth of the Mirití-paraná River and Caquetá River. (Unattested.)

;Yupua group

• Yupua / Hiupiá - spoken on the Coca River, a tributary of the Apoporis River, Colombia.
• Kushiita - once spoken at the mouth of the Apoporis River, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Now perhaps extinct. (Unattested.)
• Durina / Sokó - spoken on the Carapato River, Amazonas territory, Colombia.

;Coretu group

• Coretu / Kueretú - spoken on the Mirití-paraná River, state of Amazonas, Brazil.

;Cubeo group

• Cubeo / Kobéua / Kaniwa / Hahanana - spoken on the Caiarí River and Cuduiarí River, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Dialects are:
  • Dyuremáwa / Yiboia-tapuya - spoken on the Querarí River, Amazonas.
  • Bahukíwa / Bahuna - spoken by a tribe that originally spoke a language of the Arawak stock, on the Cuduiarí River.
  • Hehénawa - spoken on the Cuduiarí River.
  • Hölöua - spoken on the Cuduiarí River, now perhaps extinct. (Unattested.)

;Särä group

• Särä - spoken between the Tiquié River and Piraparaná River, Vaupés territory, Colombia.
• Ömöa - spoken at the sources of the Tiquié River, Colombia.
• Buhágana / Karawatana - spoken on the Piraparaná River, Colombia.
• Macuna - spoken at the mouth of the Apoporis River, Colombia.

;Erulia group

• Erulia / Paboa / Eduria - spoken on the Piraparaná River, Colombia.
• Tsaloa - spoken on the Piraparaná River.
• Palänoa - spoken on the middle course of the Piraparaná River.

;Desána group

• Desána / Wína / Vina - spoken between the Tiquié River and Caiarí River, partly in Colombia and partly in Brazil.
• Chiránga / Siriána - spoken on the Paca-igarapé River, Colombia.

;Tucano group

• Tucano / Tocano / Dace / Dagseje / Dajseá / Tocana - language of a large tribe that lived on the Vaupés and Tiquié River; state of Amazonas, Brazil.
• Uaíana - on the Caiary River, Colombia.
• Tuyuca / Doxcapura - spoken on the Tiquié River and Papury River, partly in Brazil, partly in Colombia.
• Arapaso / Koréa - extinct language once spoken on the Yapú River, Amazonas, Brazil. The last survivors now speak only Tucano. (Unattested.)
• Waikína / Uiquina / Uaíkana / Pira-tapuya - spoken on the Papury River, Colombia.
• Uantya / Puçá-tapuya - once spoken on the Macú-igarapé River, Colombia.
• Bará / Pocanga - spoken at the sources of the Tiquié River, Colombia.
• Uasöna / Pisa-tapuya - spoken on the Caiary River, Colombia.
• Tsölá / Teiuana - spoken on the Tiquié River and Piraparaná River, Colombia.
• Urubú-tapuyo - extinct language once spoken at the sources of the Caiary River, Colombia.
• Pamöá / Tatú-tapuyo - spoken at the sources of the Papury River and on the Tuyigarapé, Colombia.
• Patsoca / Iuruty-tapuyo - once spoken on the Abio River and Apoporis River, Colombia.
• Möxdöá / Carapana-tapuya - spoken between the Papury River and Caiary River, Colombia.
• Uanána / Wanána / Kotédia - spoken on the Caiarí River near the Cachoeira dos Araras, Brazil.

Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.

Proto-language

Proto-Tukanoan reconstructions by Chacon (2013):

References

Bibliography

• Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. .
• Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. .
• Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.

References

1. Chacon, Thiago. (2014). "A Revised Proposal of Proto-Tukanoan Consonants and Tukanoan Family Classification". International Journal of American Linguistics.
2. Nikulin, Andrey V. 2019. ''[https://www.hse.ru/mirror/pubs/share/317133282 The classification of the languages of the South American Lowlands: State-of-the-art and challenges / Классификация языков востока Южной Америки]''. Illič-Svityč (Nostratic) Seminar / Ностратический семинар, Higher School of Economics, October 17, 2019.
3. Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. ''[http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas]''. Ph.D. dissertation, [[University of Brasília]].
4. Loukotka, Čestmír. (1968). "Classification of South American Indian languages". UCLA Latin American Center.
5. Chacon, Thiago (2013). On Proto-Languages and Archaeological Cultures: pre-history and material culture in the Tukanoan Family. In ''Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica''. Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 217-245.
6. [http://amazonwaters.org/fish/aracus/ Aracus]. ''amazonwaters.org''