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Tourettism

Tics in the absence of Tourette syndrome

Tics in the absence of Tourette syndrome

Tourettism refers to the presence of Tourette-like symptoms in the absence of Tourette syndrome, as the result of other diseases or conditions, known as "secondary causes".

Tourette syndrome (TS) is an inherited neurological condition of multiple motor and at least one vocal tic. Although Tourette syndrome is the most common cause of tic disorders, other sporadic, genetic, and neurodegenerative disorders may also exhibit tics.

Conditions that may manifest tics or stereotyped movements include developmental disorders; autism spectrum disorders and stereotypic movement disorder; Sydenham's chorea; idiopathic dystonia; and genetic conditions such as Huntington's disease, neuroacanthocytosis, pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Wilson's disease, and tuberous sclerosis. Other possibilities include chromosomal disorders such as Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, XYY syndrome and fragile X syndrome. Acquired causes of tics include drug-induced tics, head trauma, encephalitis, stroke, and carbon monoxide poisoning.

Tic mimickers

  • Chorea (disease)
  • Myoclonus
  • Dystonia
    • Torsion dystonia
    • Idiopathic dystonia

Genetic/chromosomal

  • Chromosomal abnormalities
  • Citrullinemia
  • Down syndrome
  • Duchenne muscular dystrophy
  • Fragile X syndrome
  • Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration
  • Huntington's disease
  • Klinefelter syndrome
  • Lesch–Nyhan syndrome
  • Neuroacanthocytosis
  • Neurodegeneration
  • Phenylketonuria
  • Schizophrenia
  • Tuberous sclerosis
  • Wilson's disease
  • XYY syndrome

Infectious or post-infectious

  • Encephalitis
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae
  • Sydenham's chorea

Developmental

  • Pervasive developmental disorders
    • Asperger syndrome
    • Autism spectrum
    • Rett syndrome
  • Intellectual disability
  • Static encephalopathy
  • Stereotypic movement disorder

Toxins/insults/acquired

  • Carbon monoxide poisoning
  • Cerebral palsy
  • Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
  • Fetal alcohol syndrome
  • Head trauma
  • Hypoglycemia
  • Intrauterine exposure to illicit drugs
  • Intrauterine infections
  • Mercury
  • Neurocutaneous syndromes
  • Neurosyphilis
  • Perinatal asphyxia
  • Psychogenic disease
  • Stroke
  • Wasp venom

Drugs

  • Cocaine
  • Levodopa (Dopar, Larodopa)
  • Antiepileptics Carbamazepine (Atretol, Epitol, Tegretol)
  • Lamotrigine (Lamictal)
  • Amphetamines
  • Pemoline
  • Phenytoin (Dilantin)
  • Phenobarbital
  • Antipsychotics (e.g.; haloperidol)

Notes

References

References

  1. Jankovic J, Mejia NI. (2006). "Tics associated with other disorders". Adv Neurol.
  2. Mejia NI, Jankovic J. (March 2005). "Secondary tics and tourettism". Rev Bras Psiquiatr.
  3. Evidente, GH. [http://www.postgradmed.com/issues/2000/10_00/evidente_tic.htm "Is it a tic or Tourette's? Clues for differentiating simple from more complex tic disorders."] ''PostGraduate Medicine Online.'' October 2000 108:5. Available at [https://web.archive.org/web/20060314105258/http://www.postgradmed.com/issues/2000/10_00/evidente_tic.htm archive.org]
  4. (June 2000). "Occurrence of tics in Asperger's syndrome and autistic disorder". J. Child Neurol..
  5. Freeman RD. "Tourette's syndrome: minimizing confusion". Roger Freeman, MD, blog.
  6. (2001). "Autism spectrum disorders: relevance to Tourette syndrome". Adv Neurol.
  7. (1999). "Recognition and management of Tourette's syndrome and tic disorders". Am Fam Physician.
  8. Freeman RD. "Tourette's syndrome: minimizing confusion". Roger Freeman, MD, blog.
  9. Bharucha KJ, Sethi KD. (Nov 1995). "Tardive tourettism after exposure to neuroleptic therapy". Mov Disord.
  10. eMedicine article on Tardive dyskinesia [http://www.emedicine.com/NEURO/topic362.htm Full article]
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