Tibetan calligraphy

Styles

A variety of different styles of calligraphy exist in Tibet:

• The Uchen (, "headed"; also transliterated as uchan or dbu-can) style of the Tibetan script is marked by heavy horizontal lines and tapering vertical lines, and is the most common script for writing in the Tibetan language, and also appears in printed form because of its exceptional clarity. It is believed to have been carved on wooden slabs. The Uchen system was developed in the 9th century by scholar Khyungpo Yutri. The Clear, Precious Box (Yi-ge'i thig-ris gsal-ba'i rin-chen sgrom-bu) written by Yutri's student, Rongpo, was a handwriting manual of the Uchen style. Desi Sangye Gyatso would later write a commentary on The Clear, Precious Box, which established the basis of the use of Uchen script. Uchen was designed as a formal script used by scholars and members of educated society to record important documents.
  • Ngatar () development
    • Toad – the initial Thonmi Sambhota edition
  • Qitar () development
    • Sarqung or chung (standard ujain; )
    • Sugring
    • Sugtung
    • Sarqên
• The Umê (, "headless"; or ume) style is a more cursive script which can be seen in daily correspondence and in other day-to-day life. The feature which distinguishes it the most from u-chan is the lack of the horizontal lines on the top of letters.
• The bêtsug (; or betsu) style is a narrow, cursive variant of umê in squarish shape.
• The dru-tsa (; or drutsa) style is a variant of umê but with ujain vowel symbol.
  • curve-leg zhuza
  • straight-leg zhuza
  • short-leg zhuza
• The tsugtung (; or tsugtung) style is shortened, abbreviated variant of u-me, traditionally used for commentaries.
• The tsugring () style
• The kyug-yig (, "fast letters"; or chuyig) is a highly abbreviated, fluid, cursive version of u-me. It is a common form of handwriting for notes and personal letters.
  • general cursive
  • extremely cursive
• The tsug-ma-kyug yig style – a style halfway between cug'yig and kyug'yig
• The gyug-yig () style

Other related styles

The vertical Phags-pa script is known as horyig ( hor-yig, "Mongolian letters"). A more ornamental version of the horyig style was used in the past to make personal seals. It is often found written vertically as opposed to horizontally.

These styles are not fixed, and are not limited to those listed above. By mixing features of various styles, and adding various ornaments to the text, the number of styles becomes quite large. While ujain may be used to write entire Sutras or Buddhist texts, the rest of the styles are more frequently used to write a single phrase or saying.

Notable examples

The world record for the longest calligraphy scroll is held by Jamyang Dorjee Chakrishar, who penned a 163.2 meter scroll containing 65,000 Tibetan characters. The scroll contains prayers for the 14th Dalai Lama composed by 32 different monks.

References

References

1. "About the Artist".
2. (2014). "Towards a Tibetan Palaeography: Developing a Typography of writing styles in early Tibet". Manuscript Cultures: Mapping the Field.
3. Gyatso, Ribur Ngawang. (1984). "A Short History of Tibetan Script". The Tibet Journal.
4. (2018). "A Novel Text Line Segmentation Method Based on Contour Curve Tracking for Tibetan Historical Documents". International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence.
5. "Home".