Themis

Name

Themis means "divine law" rather than human ordinance, literally "that which is put in place", from the Greek verb títhēmi (τίθημι), meaning "to put."

To the ancient Greeks she was originally the organizer of the "communal affairs of humans, particularly assemblies." Moses Finley remarked of themis, as the word was used by Homer in the 8th century BCE, to evoke the social order of the 10th- and 9th-century Greek Dark Ages:

Finley adds, "There was themis—custom, tradition, folk-ways, mores, whatever we may call it, the enormous power of 'it is (or is not) done'."

In the Hymn to Apollo, Themis is referred to as "Ichnaea", meaning "Tracker".

Description

Some classical descriptions of Themis describe a sober-looking woman holding scales. Themis is an earth goddess much like her mother, Gaia, and in some stories it is hard to tell the two apart. Some classical depictions of Themis show her holding a sword.

When Themis is disregarded, Nemesis brings just and wrathful retribution; thus Themis shared the small temple at Rhamnous with Nemesis. Themis is not wrathful; when a distraught Hera returned to Olympus after quarrelling with Zeus, Themis, "of the lovely cheeks," was the first to offer her a cup.

Themis presided over the proper relation between man and woman, the basis of the rightly ordered family (the family was seen as the pillar of the deme). Judges were often referred to as themistopóloi (the servants of Themis). Such was also the basis for order upon Olympus. Even Hera addressed her as "Lady Themis".

Hesiod

Themis occurred in Hesiod's Theogony as the first recorded appearance of Justice as a divine personage. Drawing not only on the socio-religious consciousness of his time but also on many of the earlier cult-religions, Hesiod described the forces of the universe as cosmic divinities. Hesiod portrayed temporal justice, Dike, as the daughter of Zeus and Themis. Dike executed the law of judgments and sentencing and, together with her mother Themis, she carried out the final decisions of Moirai.

Aeschylus

In the play Prometheus Bound, traditionally attributed to Aeschylus, it is said by Prometheus that Themis is called many names, including Gaia.

Euripides

In Medea by Euripides, Themis is said to be the daughter of Zeus and the "keeper of men's oaths."

Family

In Hesiod's Theogony, Themis is one of the twelve Titan children of Gaia (Earth) and Uranus (Sky). She is the second wife of her nephew Zeus, by whom she is the mother of the Horae (Seasons), listed as Eunomia (Law), Dike (Justice), Eirene (Peace), and the Moirai (Fates), listed as Clotho, Lachesis and Atropos. Similarly to Hesiod's account, the Orphic Hymn to Themis calls her the daughter of Gaia and Uranus, and the Orphic Hymn to the Seasons calls her the mother, by Zeus, of the Horae.

Hyginus, in his Fabulae, makes Themis the daughter of Aether and Terra (Earth), and by Zeus the mother of the Horae. In the play Prometheus Bound, traditionally attributed to Aeschylus, Themis is the mother of Prometheus, while according to a scholion on Euripides's play Hippolytus, Themis is mother of the Hesperides by Zeus.

Mythology

Themis built the Oracle at Delphi and was herself oracular. According to another legend, Themis received the Oracle at Delphi from Gaia and later gave it to Phoebe, who gave it to her grandson Apollo as a birthday gift. According to Ephorus, Themis helped Apollo find the oracle, with the intent of helping mankind. Some examples of Themis's visions; In the story of Dryope in Ovid's Metamorphoses, Themis warns the gods of an oncoming civil war in Thebes. In another tale she warns Zeus and Poseidon to not marry Thetis because her son will be more powerful than his father. According to Ovid, it was Themis rather than Zeus who told Deucalion to throw the bones of "his Mother" over his shoulder to create a new race of humankind after the deluge. Also according to Ovid, Themis prophesied that a son of Zeus will steal golden apples from the orchard of Atlas.

In Homer's Iliad she is tasked with calling the gods to council on Olympus by Zeus.

Themis was present at Delos to witness the birth of Apollo, and nursed him with nectar and ambrosia. In his De astronomia, Hyginus lists Themis, in addition to the nymph Amalthea, as the foster-mother and nurse of the young Zeus. In a fragment of Pindar, Themis was brought from the springs of Oceanus by the Moirai (in this version not her daughters) to Olympus, where she became the first wife of Zeus (rather than the second), and by him the mother of the Horae.

According to the lost Cypria by Stasinus of Cyprus, Themis and Zeus together plotted the start of the Trojan War. According to Quintus Smyrnaeus, when the gods defied the orders of Zeus and started fighting each other after the creation of the Trojan Horse, Themis stopped them by warning them of Zeus's wrath.

In the Orphic "Rhapsodic Theogony", or Rhapsodies, (first century BC/AD) Nyx (Night) prophesied that Themis would remain a virgin until Rhea gave birth to a child of Cronus.

Themis also played a role in Eros, the young god of love, growing up; according to Porphyry, his mother Aphrodite was worried about her son, Eros, staying a child forever and brought him to Themis. Themis told her to give Eros a brother, as he wasn't growing because of his solitude. Aphrodite then gave birth to another love god, Anteros (meaning "counter-love"), and Eros grew whenever he was near him. But every time Anteros was away, Eros shrank back to his previous, small form.

When four Cretan men (Aegolius, Celeus, Cerberus and Laius) broke into the sacred cavern in Crete where Rhea had given birth to Zeus in order to steal some of the honey produced there by the sacred bees, Themis and her daughters the Fates convinced Zeus against killing them inside the holy cave, as they considered it impious for anyone to die in the cave, so instead he turned all four into different birds.

Cult

Themis had several temples in Greece, though they are not described in any great detail by ancient authors. She had temples at the oracular shrine of Zeus at Dodona, at Tanagra, in Athens nearby to the Acropolis, a temple in Rhamnous beside one of Nemesis, and a Temple of Themis Ikhnaia in Phthiotis, Thessalia. Pausanias describes her sanctuary in Thebes in somewhat more detail than what was normally the case and it may therefore have been of more importance:

Themis also had an altar in Olympia: "On what is called the Stomion (Mouth) the altar to Themis has been built." Themis was sometimes depicted in the sanctuaries of other gods and may have shared temples with them occasionally, and she is mentioned to have shared a temple with Aphrodite in Epidauros: "Within the grove [of the sanctuary of Asklepios (Asclepius) at Epidauros] are a temple of Artemis, an image of Epione, a sanctuary of Aphrodite and Themis, a race-course."

The temple of Themis in Athens is found west of the theater of Dionysus. Themis's temple in Dodona is tetrastyle pronaos in antis with a cella, an entrance on the northside and outside was a large altar. The temple columns in Dodona were Ionic made out of local sandstone.

Modern depictions and dedications

Themis in modern-day depictions is often called "Lady Justice" and statues can be found outside many courthouses.

In 2022, the building hosting the main courtroom of the Court of Justice of the European Union's General Court was renamed The Themis Building.

Genealogy

Notes

References

• Aeschylus, The Eumenides in Aeschylus, with an English translation by Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. in Two volumes, Vol. 2, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1926, Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
• Aeschylus, Persians. Seven against Thebes. Suppliants. Prometheus Bound. Edited and translated by Alan H. Sommerstein. Loeb Classical Library No. 145. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2009. . Online version at Harvard University Press.
• Antoninus Liberalis, The Metamorphoses of Antoninus Liberalis: A Translation with a Commentary, edited and translated by Francis Celoria, Routledge, 1992. . Online version at ToposText.
• Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica translated by Robert Cooper Seaton (1853–1915), R. C. Loeb Classical Library Volume 001. London, William Heinemann Ltd, 1912. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
• Athanassakis, Apostolos N., and Benjamin M. Wolkow, The Orphic Hymns, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013) . Google Books.
• Apollodorus, Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
• Beekes, Robert S. P., Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2009. . Online version at Brill.
• Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World, Volume 14, Sym-Tub, editors: Hubert Cancik, Helmuth Schneider, Brill, 2009. . Online version at Brill.
• Caldwell, Richard, Hesiod's Theogony, Focus Publishing/R. Pullins Company (June 1, 1987). .
• Cavarzeran, Jacopo, Scholia in Euripidis "Hippolytum": Edizione critica, introduzione, indici, De Gruyter, 2016. . Online version at De Gruyter. Google Books.
• Diehl, Ernst, Procli Diadochi in Platonis Timaeum commentaria, Volume I, Bibliotheca Teubneriana, Leipzig, Teubner, 1903. Internet Archive.
• Diehl, Ernst, Procli Diadochi in Platonis Timaeum commentaria, Volume III, Bibliotheca Teubneriana, Leipzig, Teubner, 1903. Internet Archive.
• Diodorus Siculus, Diodorus Siculus: The Library of History. translated by C. H. Oldfather, twelve volumes, Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989. Online version by Bill Thayer.
• Dwight, Mary Ann, and White, Andrew Dickson, Grecian and Roman mythology, New York, Putnam, 1849. Internet Archive.
• Fontenrose, Joseph Eddy, Python: A Study of Delphic Myth and Its Origins, University of California Press, 1959. . Google Books.
• Fowler, R. L. (2000), Early Greek Mythography: Volume 1: Text and Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2000. .
• Fowler, R. L. (2013), Early Greek Mythography: Volume 2: Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2013. .
• Gantz, Timothy, Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: (Vol. 1), (Vol. 2).
• Hard, Robin, The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology", Psychology Press, 2004, . Google Books.
• Harrison, Jane Ellen (1908), Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion, second edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1908. Internet Archive.
• Harrison, Jane Ellen (1912), Themis: A Study of the Social Origins of Greek Religion, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1912. Internet Archive.
• Hesiod, The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
• Homer, The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
• Homer, The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
• Homeric Hymn 3 to Apollo, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
• Homeric Hymn 4 to Hermes, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
• Hyginus, Gaius Julius, Fabulae in Apollodorus' Library and Hyginus' Fabulae: Two Handbooks of Greek Mythology, Translated, with Introductions by R. Scott Smith and Stephen M. Trzaskoma, Hackett Publishing Company, 2007. .
• Hyginus, Astronomica from The Myths of Hyginus translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
• Kern, Otto. Orphicorum Fragmenta, Berlin, 1922. Internet Archive.
• March, Jennifer R., Dictionary of Classical Mythology, London, Cassell, 1998. .
• Meisner, Dwayne A., Orphic Tradition and the Birth of the Gods, Oxford University Press, 2018. .
• Morford, Mark P. O., Robert J. Lenardon, Classical Mythology, Eighth Edition, Oxford University Press, 2007. .
• Müller, Karl Wilhelm Ludwig, Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum, Volume I, Paris, Ambroise Firmin-Didot, 1841. Internet Archive. Online version at the DFHG.
• Ovid, Metamorphoses translated by Brookes More (1859–1942). Boston, Cornhill Publishing Co. 1922. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
• The Oxford Classical Dictionary, second edition, Hammond, N.G.L. and Howard Hayes Scullard (editors), Oxford University Press, 1992. .
• Pindar, Nemean Odes. Isthmian Odes. Fragments, Edited and translated by William H. Race. Loeb Classical Library No. 485. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1997. . Online version at Harvard University Press.
• Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica, edited and translated by Neil Hopkinson, Loeb Classical Library No. 19, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 2018. . Online version at Harvard University Press.
• Smith, William, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London (1873). Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
• Strabo, Geography, Editors, H.C. Hamilton, Esq., W. Falconer, M.A., London. George Bell & Sons. 1903. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library
• West, M. L. (1983), The Orphic Poems, Clarendon Press Oxford, 1983. .
• West, M.L., (1985), "Hesiod's Titans" in The Journal of Hellenic Studies, vol. 105, pp. 174–175. .

References

1. ''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/themis-e1207510 s.v. Themis].
2. Beekes, [https://dictionaries.brillonline.com/search#dictionary=greek&id=gr2814 s.v. Θέμις, p. 539].
3. [[LSJ]], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aalphabetic+letter%3D*q%3Aentry+group%3D9%3Aentry%3Dqe%2Fmis s.v. θέμις].
4. "(University of Washington School of Law) Themis, Goddess of Justice".
5. Finley, ''The World of Odysseus'', rev. ed. (New York: Viking Press), 1978: 78, note.
6. Finley, ''The World of Odysseus''. p. 82.
7. ''[[Homeric Hymn]]'' 3 ''to Apollo'', [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138%3Ahymn%3D3%3Acard%3D89 96]; Gantz, p. 52.
8. {{Cite encyclopaedia. (2006)
9. de Ville, Jacques. (2013). "Mythology and the Images of Justice". Law and Literature.
10. Bennett, De Robigne Mortimer. (1880). "The Gods and Religions of Ancient and Modern Times ...". Bennett.
11. Munn, Mark H.. (2006-07-11). "The Mother of the Gods, Athens, and the Tyranny of Asia: A Study of Sovereignty in Ancient Religion". University of California Press.
12. [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D15%3Acard%3D78 15.88].
13. See, Sally. (2014-12-25). "The Greek Myths". S&T.
14. [http://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Comp/CompGian.htm Donna Marie Giancola, "Justice and the Face of the Great Mother (East and West)"]
15. [[Aeschylus]], ''[[Prometheus bound]]'' 211 (Sommerstein, [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.467.xml pp. 446, 447]; Harrison 1912, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42694/page/n513/mode/2up?view=theater p. 480]; Harrison 1908, [https://archive.org/details/prolegomenatostu00harr/page/260/mode/2up?view=theater p. 261].
16. https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0114%3Acard%3D160
17. Apollodorus]], who includes her in his list of Titans ([[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)
18. [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D901 901–906]; Gantz, p. 53; ''[[Oxford Classical Dictionary]]'', s.v. Themis. Despite the Moirai being called the offspring of Zeus and Themis, they are earlier, at [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D207 217], listed as the daughters of [[Nyx]] (Night) (Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA27 p. 27]).
19. ''[[Orphic Hymn]] to Themis'' (79), 1–3 (Athanassakis and Wolkow, [https://books.google.com/books?id=TTo3r8IHy0wC&pg=PA62 p. 62]).
20. ''[[Orphic Hymn]] to the [[Horae
21. [[Gaius Julius Hyginus
22. [[Gaius Julius Hyginus
23. [[Aeschylus]], ''[[Prometheus Bound]]'' 18, 211, 873 (Sommerstein, pp. [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.445.xml 444, 445 n. 2], [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.467.xml 446, 447 n. 24], [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.539.xml 538, 539 n. 113]); ''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/themis-e1207510 s.v. Themis].
24. Scholia on [[Euripides]], ''[[Hippolytus (play)
25. [[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://topostext.org/work/133#5.67.3 5.67.4]; [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780891301196/page/62/mode/2up Orphic hymn 79]
26. [[Aeschylus]], ''[[The Eumenides
27. [[Strabo]], ''[[Geographica]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239%3Abook%3D9%3Achapter%3D3%3Asection%3D11 9.3.11] [= ''[[FGrHist]]'' 70 F31b]; ''[[Oxford Classical Dictionary]]'', s.v. Themis.
28. [[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0028%3Abook%3D9%3Acard%3D324 9.324–417].
29. [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)
30. [[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/141#1.313 1.313–381]; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA404 p. 404]; Tripp, s.v. Themis, pp. 558–559; Fontenrose, [https://books.google.com/books?id=wqeVv09Y6hIC&pg=PA417 p. 417].
31. [[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/141#4.639 4.639]
32. [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D20%3Acard%3D1 20.5].
33. ''[[Homeric Hymn]] to Apollo'' (3), [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138%3Ahymn%3D3%3Acard%3D89 96], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138%3Ahymn%3D3%3Acard%3D89 123–125]; Gantz, p. 52; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA144 p. 144]; ''[[Oxford Classical Dictionary]]'', s.v. Themis.
34. [[Gaius Julius Hyginus. Hyginus]], ''[[De astronomia]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/207#2.13.6 2.13.6]. Hyginus attributes this statement to "Musaeus", presumably [[Musaeus of Athens]]; see also West, p. 43.
35. [[Pindar]], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pindar-fragments/1997/pb_LCL485.237.xml fr. 30 Race, p. 236, 237] [= [[Clement of Alexandria]], ''[[Stromata]]'' 5.14.137.1]; Gantz, p. 52.
36. ''[[Cypria]]'' fragment [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/348/348-h/348-h.htm#linknoteref-3001 1]
37. [[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], ''Posthomerica'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/quintus_smyrnaeus-fall_troy/2018/pb_LCL019.591.xml 12.202–215 (pp. 590–3)].
38. Meisner, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=wgJfDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 1], [https://books.google.com/books?id=ethjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 5]; cf. West 1983, pp. 261–262.
39. West, pp. 73, 266; Proclus, ''Commentary on Plato's Timaeus'' 30 a ([https://archive.org/details/proclidiadochiin01proc/page/396/mode/2up?view=theater I 396, 29 Diehl]) [= Orphic [https://archive.org/details/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft/page/188/mode/2up?view=theater fr. 144 Kern]]. The children Themis later gave birth to were here too the Horae and the Moirai (Orphic frr. [https://archive.org/details/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft/page/180/mode/2up?view=theater 126] [= Proclus, ''Commentary on Plato's Republic'' II 207, 14 Kr.], [https://archive.org/details/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft/page/196/mode/2up?view=theater 162] [= Proclus, ''Commentary on Plato's Timaeus'' 41 e ([https://archive.org/details/proclidiadochiin03proc/page/274/mode/2up?view=theater III 274, 17 Diehl])], [https://archive.org/details/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft/page/212/mode/2up?view=theater 181] [= Proclus, ''Commentary on Plato's Timaeus'' 40 a ([https://archive.org/details/proclidiadochiin03proc/page/118/mode/2up?view=theater III 118, 30 Diehl])] Kern; West, pp. 73, 266, 267).
40. Dwight, [https://archive.org/details/cu31924029135651/page/n269/mode/2up p. 266].
41. [[Antoninus Liberalis]], ''Collection of Transformations'' [https://topostext.org/work/216#19 19]
42. [[Pausanias (geographer)
43. [[Pausanias (geographer)
44. Burkert, [https://archive.org/details/greekreligion0000burk/page/184/mode/2up p. 184].
45. [[Strabo]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D11 3.2.11]; Harrison 1912, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42694/page/n515/mode/2up?view=theater p. 481].
46. [[Pausanias (geographer)
47. [[Pausanias (geographer)
48. [[Pausanias (geographer)
49. Acropolis, Temple of Themis. Built between 480 and 320 BC. Artstor, library-artstor-org.ezproxy.library.wwu.edu/asset/ASITESPHOTOIG_10313398073
50. Temple of Themis. 4th-3rd centuries BC, 14-Jun-09. Artstor, library-artstor-org.ezproxy.library.wwu.edu/asset/ASITESPHOTOIG_10313399354
51. West Publishing Company. (1983). "The Guide to American law: everyone's legal encyclopedia". St. Paul [Minn.] : West Pub. Co..
52. "Themis Building". Europa (web portal).
53. [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+132 132–138], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+337 337–411], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+453 453–520], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+901 901–906, 915–920]; Caldwell, pp. 8–11, tables 11–14.
54. Although usually the daughter of Hyperion and Theia, as in [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+371 371–374], in the ''[[Homeric Hymns|Homeric Hymn]] to Hermes'' (4), [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=HH+4+99&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138 99–100], Selene is instead made the daughter of Pallas the son of Megamedes.
55. According to [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+507 507–511], Clymene, one of the [[Oceanid]]s, the daughters of [[Oceanus]] and [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]], at [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+351 351], was the mother by Iapetus of Atlas, Menoetius, Prometheus, and Epimetheus, while according to [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D3 1.2.3], another Oceanid, Asia was their mother by Iapetus.
56. According to [[Plato]], ''[[Critias (dialogue). Critias]]'', [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0059.tlg032.perseus-eng1:113d 113d–114a], Atlas was the son of [[Poseidon]] and the mortal [[Cleito]].
57. In [[Aeschylus]], ''[[Prometheus Bound]]'' 18, 211, 873 (Sommerstein, pp. [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.445.xml 444, 445 n. 2], [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.467.xml 446, 447 n. 24], [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.539.xml 538, 539 n. 113]) Prometheus is made to be the son of Themis.
58. Earlier, at [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:207-239 217], the Moirai are instead called the offspring of [[Nyx]] (Night).