Tehuantepecer

Climatology

The synoptic condition is associated with the formation of high-pressure systems in Sierra Madre in the wake of an advancing cold front. Tehuantepecers primarily occur during the cold season months for the region in the wake of cold fronts, between October and February, with a summer minimum in July caused by the westward extension of the Azores-Bermuda high pressure system. Wind magnitude is greater during El Niño years than during La Niña years, due to the more frequent cold frontal incursions during El Niño winters. Tehuantepec winds reach 20 kn to 45 kn, and on rare occasions 100 kn. The wind's direction is from the north to north-northeast. It leads to a localized acceleration of the trade winds in the region, and can enhance thunderstorm activity when it interacts with the Intertropical Convergence Zone. The effects can last from a few hours to six days.

As seen by weather satellites

Its leading edge shows up as a rope cloud within the visible and infrared channels of weather satellite images, and since it lies at the leading edge of a density (temperature and dew point) discontinuity, its leading edge by definition it is a cold front, though it has also been described as a squall line, with embedded rain squalls sometimes seen. Within polar orbiting imagery, a corridor of strong low-level winds show up this feature within scatterometer data retrievals, with its leading edge at the south to southwest edge of the wind surge.

Ocean impact

Tehuantepecers can be felt up to 160 km out to sea in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean. Sustained winds at sea have been recorded as high as 49.9 m/s, with gusts as high as 60.2 m/s, with a wind event in February 1974 which sandblasted the ship which took the observation. These winds cause waves which then propagate as swell and are sometimes observed 1600 km away (e.g., in the Galapagos Islands). Its effects can appear similar to a tropical cyclone, though the sky is usually clear. The surface wind can also change local ocean currents during an event. These strong winds upwell sub-surface waters, cooling the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean by as much as 14 °F (9 °C), and may last 4–7 days.

References

Other reading

• Steenburgh, W.J., D.M. Schultz, B.A. Colle, 1998: The Structure and Evolution of Gap Outflow over the Gulf of Tehuantepec, Mexico. Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 126, pp. 2673–2691
• Bourassa MA, Zamudio L, O’Brien JJ, Noninertial flow in NSCAT observations of Tehuantepec winds, Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 104 (C5): 11311-11319 MAY 15 1999
• Chelton DB, Freilich MH, Esbensen SK, Satellite observations of the wind jets off the Pacific coast of Central America. Part I: Case studies and statistical characteristics, Monthly Weather Review, 128 (7): 1993-2018 Part 1 JUL 2000

References

1. Hurd, Willis E.. (May 1929). "Northers of the Gulf of Tehuantepec". [[American Meteorological Society]].
2. (August 2003). "Isthmus of Tehuantepec wind climatology and ENSO signal". Journal of Climate.
3. Fett, Bob. (2002-12-09). "World Wind Regimes - Central America Gap Wind Tutorial". [[United States Naval Research Laboratory]] Monterey, Marine Meteorology Division.
4. American Meteorological Society. (2012-01-26). "Tehuantepecer". Glossary of Meteorology.
5. (January 1997). "The 1993 Superstorm Cold Surge: Frontal Structure, Gap Flow, and Tropical Impact". Monthly Weather Review.
6. Arnerich, Paul A.. "Tehuantepecer Winds of the West Coast of Mexico". [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]].
7. Hurd, Willis E.. (November 1939). "Tehuantepecer of November 24, 1939". American Meteorological Society.