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Tantalum(IV) sulfide

Tantalum diselenide

Tantalum(IV) sulfide is an inorganic compound with the formula TaS2. It is a layered compound with three-coordinate sulfide centres and trigonal prismatic or octahedral metal centres. It is structurally similar to molybdenum disulfide MoS2, and numerous other transition metal dichalcogenides. Tantalum disulfide has three polymorphs 1T-TaS2, 2H-TaS2, and 3R-TaS2, representing trigonal, hexagonal, and rhombohedral respectively.

The properties of the 1T-TaS2 polytype have been described. In common with many other transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) compounds, which are metallic at high temperatures, it exhibits a series of charge-density-wave (CDW) phase transitions from 550 K to 50 K. It is unusual amongst them in showing a low-temperature insulating state below 200 K, which is believed to arise from electron correlations, similar to many oxides. The insulating state is commonly attributed to a Mott state. manifest in TaS2 by formation of a superlattice constituted by clusters of 13 atoms. Such a cluster forms the shape of a Star of David (SOD): 12 Ta atoms are displaced slightly towards the 13th atom which is at the centre of the star. There are three 1T-TaS2 CDW phases: commensurate charge density wave (CCDW), nearly commensurate charge density wave (NCCDW), and incommensurate charge density wave (ICCDW). In the CCDW phase, the entire material is covered with the superlattice, but in the ICCDW phase, the atoms do not move. NCCDW is the phase between the two as the SOD clusters are confined within the nearly hexagonal-shaped areas. The phase transition of 1T-TaS2 could be achieved via temperature difference, as it is one of the most investigated methods to achieve phase transition of the material. Similarly to other transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) compounds (which are metallic at high temperatures) it exhibits a series of charge-density-wave (CDW) phase transitions from 550 K to 50 K.

What makes TaS2 unusual compared to other TMD compounds, is that it shows a low-temperature insulating state below 200 K which is believed to arise from electron correlations, similar to many oxides. The insulating state is commonly attributed to a Mott state. When cooling down to 550K, 1T-TaS2 transitions from metallic to ICCDW, and the material achieves NCCDW when cooling below 350K, and finally entering CCDW below 180K. However, if the temperature change is achieved by raising the temperature, another phase could appear between the CCDW phase and the NCCDW phase. The Triclinic Charge Density Wave (TCDW) is again the hybrid state between CCDW and ICCDW. The difference this time is that instead of forming an enclosed hexagon area, the material forms strips with different atom shifts. When 1T-TaS2 is heated at a lower temperature, the first transition is from CCDW to TCDW at 220K. Continuing to heat the material further above 280K results in NCCDW. It is also superconducting under pressure or upon doping, with a familiar dome-like phase diagram as a function of dopant, or substituted isovalent element concentration. --

Metastability. 1T-TaS2 is unique, not only amongst TMDs but also amongst 'quantum materials' in general, in showing a metastable metallic state at low temperatures. Switching from the insulating to the metallic state can be achieved either optically or by the application of electrical pulses. The metallic state is persistent below ~20K, but its lifetime can be tuned by changing the temperature. The metastable state lifetime can also be tuned by strain. The electrically-induced switching between states is of current interest, because it can be used for ultrafast energy-efficient memory devices.

Because of the frustrated triangular arrangement of localized electrons, the material is suspected of supporting some form of quantum spin liquid state. It has been the subject of numerous studies as a host for intercalation of electron donors.

Preparation

Sample of tantalum disulfide with spatula tip for scale.jpg|Sample polycrystalline TaS2 Photo of 1T-TaS2 crystal.jpg|1T-TaS2 crystals grown by transport reaction CDW in 1T-TaS2.jpg|upright=1.7|(a): Schematic of the David star pattern in 1T-TaS2 where green atoms are S and purple are Ta. (b) and (c) are STM images (6.5 K) before and after application of 2.8 V pulses through the STM tip. Insets show ~10 times magnified images. Atomic resolution image of Tantalum disulfide.png|Atomic resolution image of 1T-TaS2 (298 K). Acquired using HAADF STEM. Scale bar 2 nm. TaS2 is prepared by reaction of powdered tantalum and sulfur at ~900 °C. It is purified and crystallized by chemical vapor transport using iodine as the transporting agent: :TaS2 + 2 I2 TaI4 + 2 S It can be easily cleaved and has a characteristic golden sheen. Upon extended exposure to air, the formation of an oxide layer causes darkening of the surface. Thin films can be prepared by chemical vapour deposition and molecular beam epitaxy.

Properties

Three major crystalline phases are known for TaS2: trigonal 1T with one S-Ta-S sheet per unit cell, hexagonal 2H with two S-Ta-S sheets, and rhombohedral 3R with three S-Ta-S sheets per cell; 4H and 6R phases are also observed, but less frequently. These polymorphs mostly differ by the relative arrangement of the S-Ta-S sheet rather than the sheet structure.

2H-TaS2 is a superconductor with the bulk transition temperature TC = 0.5 K, which increases to 2.2 K in flakes with a thickness of a few atomic layers. The bulk TC value increases up to ~8 K at 10 GPa and then saturates with increasing pressure. In contrast, 1T-TaS2 starts superconducting only at ~2 GPa; as a function of pressure its TC quickly rises up to 5 K at ~4 GPa and then saturates.

At ambient pressure and low temperatures 1T-TaS2 is a Mott insulator. Upon heating it changes to a Triclinic charge density wave (TCDW) state at TTCDW ~ 220 K, to a nearly commensurate charge density wave (NCCDW) state at TNCCDW ~ 280 K, to an incommensurate CDW (ICCDW) state at TICCDW ~ 350 K, and to a metallic state at TM ~ 600 K.

In the CDW state the TaS2 lattice deforms to create a periodic Star of David pattern. Application of (e.g. 50fs) optical laser pulses or voltage pulses (~2–3 V) through electrodes or in a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) to the CDW state causes it to drop electrical resistance and creates a "mosaic" or domain state consisting of nanometer-sized domains, where both the domains and their walls exhibit metallic conductivity. This mosaic structure is metastable and gradually disappears upon heating.

Memory devices and other potential applications

Switching of the material to and from the "mosaic", or domain state, by optical or electrical pulses is used for "Charge configuration memory" (CCM) devices. The distinguishing feature of such devices is that they exhibit very efficient and fast non-thermal resistance switching at low temperatures. Room temperature operation of a charge-density-wave oscillator and thermally-driven GHz modulation of the CDW state has been demonstrated.

References

References

  1. {{RubberBible92nd
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  5. Rossnagel, K. (2011-05-11). "On the origin of charge-density waves in select layered transition-metal dichalcogenides". Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter.
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  17. (1984). "X-Ray Study of Charge Density Wave Structure in 1T-TaS2". J. Phys. Soc. Jpn..
  18. (1985). "X-ray study of the new charge-density-wave phase in 1T-TaS2". Synthetic Metals.
  19. (1988). "Scanning tunnelling microscopy of charge-density waves in transition metal chalcogenides". Advances in Physics.
  20. (2014). "Ultrafast Switching to a Stable Hidden Quantum State in an Electronic Crystal". Science.
  21. (2015). "Controlling the metal-to-insulator relaxation of the metastable hidden quantum state in 1T-TaS2". Sci Adv.
  22. (2021). "Ultrafast non-thermal and thermal switching in charge configuration memory devices based on 1T-TaS2". Appl. Phys. Lett..
  23. (2022). "Two-dimensional charge order stabilized in clean polytype heterostructures". Nat. Commun..
  24. (2016). "A charge-density-wave oscillator based on an integrated tantalum disulfide–boron nitride– graphene device operating at room temperature.". Nature Nanotechnology.
  25. (2021). "Evidence for a thermally driven charge-density-wave transition in 1T-TaS 2 thin-film devices: Prospects for GHz switching speed.". Appl. Phys. Lett..
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