Solanum mammosum

Description

The plant has thin simple leaves occurring in alternating branching patterns with prominent venation. Hairy thorns cover the stem and branches of the plant. The inflorescence contains five to eight purple elongating buds. The fruit is a berry type, and has waxy yellow skin with reddish-brown seeds. The plant is propagated by the distribution of seeds.

Uses

The fruit has been embraced by Eastern cultures. It is primarily used as decorative foliage for religious and festival floral arrangements in Asia. The fruit is imported for the creation of Chinese New Year trees, due to their golden colored fruit and the belief that the five "fingers" on the fruit represent longevity for the family. In Chinese culture, the plant is known as five-fingered eggplant (五指茄) and in Japan it is known as horned eggplant (ツノナス), fox eggplant (キツネナス), or foxface (フォックスフェイス).

The juice of the fruit can be used as a detergent in place of a washing powder, making it similar to the soap nut. The Kofan People of Colombia and Ecuador use the plant as an insect repellent, primarily against cockroaches. The fruit works as a repellent because of the toxicity of steroidal glycoalkaloid.

Although the mature fruit is poisonous, it can be cooked and eaten like a vegetable when it is unripe. It provides a good source of calcium, phosphorus, iron and vitamin B. One way that the fruit can be prepared is boiling the whole fruit and drinking the juices once boiled. In the Philippines, not only is the fruit eaten, but the leaves are also prepared as a tea considered to be anodyne, a mild narcotic.

Synonyms

This plant is not easily confused, but several now-invalid scientific names have been given to it:

• Solanum corniculatum E.André (non Huber: preoccupied) :S. corniculatum of Hiern refers to an unidentifiable species of Lycianthes.
• [[File:Solanum mammosum 2.jpg|thumb|Fruit on branches used as decoration.]]Solanum cornigerum E.André :S. cornigerum of Dunal in de Candolle is now S. viscosissimum.
• Solanum globiferum Dunal
• Solanum mammosum var. corniculum Ridl.
• Solanum mamosissimum Ram.Goyena
• Solanum platanifolium Sims :S. platanifolium var. lagoense is the Solanum affine of Otto Sendtner.
• Solanum villosissimum Zuccagni

In addition, the name Solanum mammosum was also invalidly given to other nightshade species:

• S. mammosum as described by J.A. Pavón Jiménez based on Dunal in de Candolle refers to S. circinatum.
• S. mammosum as described by W. Herbert based on Dunal in de Candolle is the S. torvum of O.P. Swartz.

Footnotes

References

• Botanical.com (1995): – Nightshade, Woody. Retrieved 2008-SEP-26.
• "Solanum mammosum (nipplefruit nightshade)" Invasive Species Compendium. http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/110316. 14 April 2015.

References

1. {{PLANTS
2. "Fresh Fruits and Vegetables Manual". USDA.
3. (2013). "Nipple Fruit, Solanum mammosum". Plant Informational Database.
4. (March 2014). "Philippine Medicinal Plants".
5. Solanaceae Source (2006): [http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/projects/solanaceaesource/taxonomy/description-detail.jsp?taxa=3697 ''Solanum mammosum'']. Version of 2006. Retrieved 2008-SEP-26.
6. The identity of Huber's ''S. corniculatum'' is unclear, but his description precedes that of André: Solanaceae Source (2006)