Sinjil

Location

Sinjil is located 15.5 km north-east of Ramallah. It is bordered by Turmus Ayya to the east, Al Lubban ash Sharqiya to the north, 'Abwein and Jilijliya to the west, and Al Mazra'a ash Sharqiya to the south. Sinjil is located in the Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate of the West Bank.

History

Sherds from the Intermediate Bronze Age, Bronze Age, Byzantine, Crusader/Ayyubid and Mamluk periods have been found. Tombs at Sinjil from the Middle Bronze Age have yielded an array of metal weapons.

Name origin

The village is thought to have taken its name from the Crusader town of St. Gilles, The same man later built a castle in Sinjil to protect the passage of passing caravans.

Doubt over the Crusader origin of the name was raised by historian Levy-Rubin. A Samaritan chronicle (ostensibly by Abu l-Fath), written in the 14th century but based on much older sources, twice refers to a location Sinḥil in the 8th or 9th century. The Arab geographer Zakariya al-Qazwini in his Athar al-bilad cited a 10th-century mention of Sinḥil, though this cannot be verified from extant manuscripts. Levy-Rubin proposes that Sinḥil was the original name of Sinjil, and that the Crusaders' association of the place with St Gilles was prompted by the Arab name rather than the reverse.

In the 1220s Yaqut al-Hamawi described Sinjil as "a small town of the province Filastin. Near it is the pit of Yasuf as Sadik (Joseph)".

Crusader church (present mosque)

The village paid ecclesiastical tithes to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem while a Frankish parish, until they were transferred in 1145 to the monastery on Mount Tabor.

Only thirty years later, in 1175, the parish church and tithes were sold back to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, as the distance from Mount Tabor and expenses were too high. A month later the sale was confirmed by Baldwin, lord of Sinjil.

Ottoman period

In 1517 the village was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire with the rest of Palestine. In 1596 it appeared in the tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Quds of the Liwa of Quds. It had a population of 55 households, all Muslim, and paid a fixed tax rate of 33,3% on wheat, barley, vineyards, fruit trees, goats and beehives; a total of 9,900 akçe. The Turkish traveler Evliya Çelebi visited Sinjil about 1650. He described it as a village of 200 houses in the district of Jerusalem, populated by rebellious Muslims.

During the early 19th century, Sinjil was a village of 206 taxable men, roughly 800 people. One-eighth of the population were conscripted into the Ottoman army, but were still taxed for 800 people.

French explorer Victor Guérin visited the village in 1870, and described it as "quite crowded", with an estimated 1200 villagers. The village had two abundant springs, with a reservoir connected to the largest. Guérin further noted, "On the summit of the hill are observed the foundations of two strongholds, built of great blocks, evidently ancient, one of which is called the Kasr ("Fort"), and the other the Keniseh ("Church"). The latter is [] built east and west, and may have been a church. On the lower flanks of the hill I found several ancient tombs cut in the rock. One of the largest, preceded by a vestibule, contains two loculi." An Ottoman village list of about the same year, 1870, showed that "Sindschil" had 161 houses and a population of 513, though the population count included only men.

In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Sinjil as being of moderate size, with several houses of two storeys, on a hill side with fine fig gardens below.

The village mosque is laid out on the lines of the Frankish Crusader church (see section above). Other historical sites in the town include a well for Joseph and a holy site for Jacob. The maqam (shrine) of a holy man, Abu Auf, is also there. Abu Auf is from the time period of Caliph Umar Ibn al-Khattab.

In 1896 the population of Sinjil was estimated to be about 1,131 persons.

British Mandate

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Sinjil (called: Senjel) had an entirely Muslim population of 934, while in the 1931 census, the village had 266 occupied houses and a population of 1071, still all Muslims.

In 1922, Tawfiq Canaan documented the belief among some of the villagers that the biblical Joseph was thrown into a pit in the proximity of Sinjil. Locals attributed significance to a well called Bir Sinjil. Some said it was the abode of a saint named Sheikh Saleh, while others said it was connected to the prophet Yusuf.

In the 1945 statistics the population was 1,320 Muslims while the total land area was 14,186 dunams, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 4,169 were allocated for plantations and irrigable land, 4,213 for cereals, while 47 dunams were classified as built-up (urban) areas.

Jordanian period

In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Sinjil came under Jordanian rule. It was annexed by Jordan in 1950.

In 1961, the population of Sinjil was 1,778 persons.

Post-1967

Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Sinjil has been under Israeli occupation. The population of Singil in the 1967 census conducted by the Israeli authorities was 1,823, of whom 18 originated from the Israeli territory.

Under the Oslo Accords of 1995, 13.8% of village land was classified as Area A, 34.7% as Area B, while the remaining 51.5% is Area C. Israel has confiscated 447 dunams of Sinjil land in order to construct the Israeli settlement of Ma'ale Levona. In addition four outposts, including Givat Harel, have been established on Sinjil land.

In September 2024, Israel began construction of a metal wall around Sinjil. The wall cut off access to farmland owned by the town's residents. Only one entrance to the town, a military gate controlled by Israeli soldiers, remains open.

Sinjil was the site of the killing of Sayfollah Musallet, a 20-year-old Palestinian American from Florida, on 11 July 2025. He was beaten to death by Israeli settlers, who also shot and killed another 23-year-old man with him. Musallet, also known as Saif, had driven to the town with dozens of other Palestinians seeking to reach their land after the Friday prayer that day when they were attacked by armed settlers. He was the fifth U.S. citizen to be killed in the West Bank since the Gaza war started on October 7, 2023.

Urban development

According to Amira Hass, Jewish settlers have hampered villagers' access to their traditional lands. In August 2012, the Red Cross helped the villagers to coordinate with the Israeli Civil Administration and the Israel Defense Forces, enabling them to work on 100 hectares of the land accompanied by an escort. In January 2012, the United States Agency for International Development financed road work and renovations of the Abu Bakr as-Saddeeq boys' school in Sinjil.

Demography

According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had a population of 5,742 in 2017. The gender makeup consisted of 2,668 males and 2,568 females. There were 1,029 housing units and the average household size was 5.4.

Literary references

In 2007, Aziz Shihab whose family was from Sinjil, wrote a memoir of his journey to the village Does the Land Remember Me? (2007).

His daughter, Naomi Shihab Nye, who stayed there in 1966, aged 14, and recalls her sojourn as having a formative influence on her poetics.

References

Bibliography

• p. 95

References

1. [http://vprofile.arij.org/ramallah/pdfs/vprofile/sinjil_tp_en.pdf Sinjil Town Profile], ARIJ, p. 4
2. (February 2018). "Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017". [[State of Palestine]].
3. Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/245/mode/1up 245]
4. Finkelstein et al., 1997, pp. 633
5. Dever, W.. (1975). "MB IIA Cemeteries At 'Ain es-Sâmiyeh and Sinjil". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research.
6. being the home town of [[France
7. [http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=818&ed=74&edid=74 The village of Sinjel] in ''This Week In Palestine''
8. Aziz Shihab, ''Does the Land Remember Me?: A Memoir of Palestine'', Syracuse University Press, 2007, p.34.
9. Ronnie Ellenblum, ''Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem'', University of Cambridge Press, 1998, pp.106-7.
10. Levy-Rubin, Milka. (2002). "The Continuo of the Samaritan Chronicle of Abū L-Fatḥ Al-Sāmirī Al-Danafī". The Darwin Press.
11. Le Strange, 1890, p. [https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/538/mode/1up 538]
12. Röhricht, 1893, RRH, p. [https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n65/mode/1up 59], No. 234
13. Pringle, 1998, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2Y0tA0xLzwEC&pg=PA329 329]-332
14. de Roziére, 1849, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/cartulairedelgl00jergoog#page/n267/mode/1up 257-8], No. 141, cited in Röhricht, 1893, RRH, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n147/mode/1up 141] -142, Nos. 529, 530
15. Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 114
16. Toledano, 1984, p. 298, gives the location as 32°02′10″N 35°15′35″E
17. Stephan, 1939, p. 144
18. Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/n99/mode/1up 82] -83
19. Guérin, 1875, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr04gugoog#page/n55/mode/2up 34-35]
20. Guérin, 1875, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr04gugoog#page/n55/mode/2up 34-35], [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr04gugoog#page/n191/mode/1up 166], as translated in Conder and Kitchener, 1882, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/370/mode/1up 370]
21. Socin, 1879, p. [https://archive.org/stream/zeitschriftdesde01deut#page/161/mode/1up 161] Noted it in the ''Beni Murra'' district
22. Hartmann, 1883, p. [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_BZobAQAAIAAJ#page/n923/mode/1up 115], also noted 161 houses
23. Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/292/mode/1up 292]
24. Schick, 1896, p. [https://archive.org/stream/zeitschriftdesde19deut#page/n229/mode/1up 122]
25. Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-District of Ramallah, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n19/mode/1up 17]
26. Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 50].
27. Canaan, Tawfiq. (1922). "Studies in Palestinian Customs and Folklore". The Palestine Oriental Society.
28. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p26.jpg 26]
29. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Ramallah/Page-065.jpg 65]
30. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Ramallah/Page-113.jpg 113]
31. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Ramallah/Page-163.jpg 163]
32. Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, p. [http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensusPages/JordanCensus1961-p24.pdf 24] It was further noted (note 2) that it was governed through a village council.
33. Cornwell, Alexander. (2025-07-04). "West Bank town becomes 'big prison' as Israel fences it in". Reuters.
34. Perlmann, Joel. (November 2011 – February 2012). "The 1967 Census of the West Bank and Gaza Strip: A Digitized Version".
35. [http://vprofile.arij.org/ramallah/pdfs/vprofile/sinjil_tp_en.pdf Sinjil Town Profile], ARIJ, p. 17
36. Shalash, Fayha. (3 May 2025). "Sinjil: Palestinian town besieged by settler violence and Israeli army wall".
37. Cornwell, Alexander. (2025-07-04). "West Bank town becomes 'big prison' as Israel fences it in". Reuters.
38. (2025-05-09). "Israel’s new fence turns Palestinian town into open-air prison, residents say".
39. (2025-07-12). "Two Palestinians killed in Israeli settler attack in West Bank, health ministry says".
40. Staff, Al Jazeera. "Israeli settlers beat American to death in West Bank; US says it’s aware".
41. Khadder, Jeremy Diamond, Kareem. (2025-07-14). "‘Why are you not preventing settler terrorism’: Palestinians call out IDF following American citizen beaten to death by Israel settlers".
42. Sawafta, Ali. (2025-07-13). "US citizen killed in West Bank settler attack". Reuters.
43. (2025-07-13). "Funeral held for Palestinian-American killed in West Bank as Gaza ceasefire talks drag on - CBS News".
44. [https://www.haaretz.com/news/features/otherwise-occupied-caught-between-price-tag-and-red-tape.premium-1.456197 'Otherwise Occupied / Caught between Price Tag and red tape,'] [[Haaretz]], August 6, 2012
45. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140611140946/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-277919699.html Remarks by the Consul-General Rubinstein]
46. [http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_PCBS/Downloads/book1487.pdf 2007 PCBS Census]. [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]]. p. 112
47. Aziz Shihab, ''Does the Land Remember Me?: A Memoir of Palestine,'' Syracuse University Press, 2007 p.
48. Wail S. Hassan, ''Immigrant Narratives: Orientalism and Cultural Translation in Arab American and Arab British Literature,'' Oxford University Press, 2011 p.116.
49. Deborah Brown, [[Annie Finch]], [[Maxine Kumin]] (eds.) ''Title Lofty dogmas: poets on poetics,''University of Arkansas Press, p.393.