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Simorgh (rocket)

Iranian expendable launch vehicle

Field	Value
name	Simorgh
image	سیمرغ - افتتاح پایگاه ملی فضایی امام خمینی(ره) (2).jpg
caption	The Simorgh satellite launch vehicle launching on its first orbital test flight on 27 July 2017.
country-origin
height	25.9 m
diameter	2.4 m first stage, 1.5 m second stage
mass	87 tonnes
stages	2 (optional 3rd stage)
capacities	{{Infobox rocket/Payload
location	LEO 200 km
mass	800 kg
location	LEO 500 km
mass	250 kg
location	LEO 500 km (with Saman-1)
mass	400 kg
family	Derived from Safir
function	Small-lift space launch vehicle
sites	Imam Khomeini Space Launch Terminal
status	Active
first	19 April 2016 (suborbital)
27 July 2017 (orbital)
last	6 December 2024 (orbital)
launches	7 or 8 (1 suborbital)
success	3 (1 suborbital)
fail	3 or 4
stagedata	{{Infobox Rocket/Stage
type	stage
stageno	First
engines	4 × modified Shahab-3 engines + 4 verniers
thrust	1590 kN
burntime	120 seconds
fuel	[](dinitrogen-tetroxide) / UDMH
length	17.8 m
diameter	2.4 m
type	stage
stageno	Second
engines	4 × LRE-4 (R-27 Zyb vernier engines)
thrust	71.6 kN
burntime	320 seconds
fuel	[](dinitrogen-tetroxide) / UDMH
diameter	1.5 m
type	stage
stageno	Third
diff	Optional
engines	Saman-1
thrust	13 kN
burntime	40 seconds
fuel	Solid

| country-origin =

27 July 2017 (orbital)

The project was unveiled by Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad on 3 February 2010, as part of celebrations of the first anniversary of the launch of Omid, the first indigenously launched Iranian satellite, and was launched for the first time on 19 April 2016.

Design

Simorgh is a two-stage liquid-fueled rocket developed from the Safir rocket. It is able to place a 250 kg payload into a circular 500 km low Earth orbit (LEO). It is also the first Iranian rocket that can place multiple payloads into orbit (e.g., one main payload and several secondary cubesats). In comparison, the Safir was only able to place a 50 kg payload into a 250x375 km elliptic orbit.

The Simorgh rocket is 26.5 m long, and has a launch mass of 87 t. Its first stage, with a diameter of 2.4 meters, is powered by a cluster of four synchronized Safir-1B first-stage engines with four separate turbopumps, each of these engines generating up to 37,000 kgf of thrust. The first stage also utilizes a set of four vernier engines sharing a single turbopump used for attitude control and providing an additional 14,000 kgf. At liftoff, these engines generate a total 162,000 kgf of thrust. The second stage with a diameter of 1.5 meters utilizes a set of four smaller engines similar to the two engines of Safir's second stage. These produce a total 7000 kgf of thrust.

The Simorgh's total flight time to a 500-530km orbit is between 480 and 495 seconds. The first stage burns for about 102 seconds. Stages separation takes place at an altitude of 90 km and a velocity of 2300 m/s. The fairing shroud is ejected simultaneously with the second stage engine's ignition. The satellite is then accelerated to 7400 m/s and injected into its designated orbit.

In contrast to its predecessor Safir, the Simorgh is integrated and assembled vertically on a launch pad located at the Imam Khomeini Space Center. Each stage goes through manufacturing horizontally and is subsequently brought to the launch pad, where final assembly of the stages is completed with the aid of a custom-designed service tower.

Simorgh Launch Pad at Imam Khomeini Space Center — The Simorgh launch pad at the Imam Khomeini Space Center.

Saman-1 is a solid-fueled orbital transfer system under development that produces 1,300 kgf of thrust and will be used as an additional upper stage in future.

Reliability

The development of the Simorgh has been marked with difficulties and unreliability of certain sub-systems due to the overcomplexity of its engines and turbopumps. Out of the system's first four launches (two orbital and two sub-orbital launches) there have been three failures, giving the rocket a reliability rating of twenty five percent. There were however, indications of progressive improvements to the design and reliability of the system with each successive launch; with the 2017 launch operating for 120 seconds before failure, the 2019 launch operating 450 seconds before failure, and the 2020 launch operating correctly for 475 seconds out of the 490 seconds of operation required for a successful mission, giving the missions a 25, 92, 97, percent success rate respectively, indicating a trend of increasing reliability in the design.

Launch history

Satellite(s)	Date & Time (UTC)	Launch Site	Satellite Mass	Outcome	Remarks
No payload	19 April 2016	Semnan LP-2	N/A	Success	Sub-orbital test flight.
No payload	27 July 2017	Semnan LP-2	100 kg	Failure	Orbital test flight. Simorgh operated for 136 seconds. Second stage failed.
Payam (named "AUT-SAT" previously)	15 January 2019	Semnan LP-2	90 kg	Failure	last1=Tawfeeq	first1=Mohammed	last2=Qiblawi	first2=Tamara	date=15 January 2019	title=Despite US warning, Iran launches satellite and fails	url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/01/15/middleeast/iran-satellite-launch-intl/index.html	access-date=15 January 2019	work=CNN}}
Zafar-1	9 February 2020, 15:45	Semnan LP-2	113 kg	Failure	date=2020-02-12	title=بیش از ۹۵ درصد از اهداف طراحی شده برای پرتاب ماهواره ظفر محقق شد	url=https://www.mehrnews.com/news/4851687/بیش-از-۹۵-درصد-از-اهداف-طراحی-شده-برای-پرتاب-ماهواره-ظفر-محقق	access-date=2022-03-16	website=خبرگزاری مهر اخبار ایران و جهان Mehr News Agency	language=fa}} Simorgh operated for 475 seconds. Satellite reached speed of 6,500 m/s out of the 7,400 m/s required to orbit. First stage operated fully correctly. Second stage failed.
Unknown	12 June 2021	Semnan LP-2		Disputed launch existence	U.S. official stated "is aware of an Iranian rocket launch failure". Satellite imagery "looked like a launch" occurred. Iran's Telecommunications Minister denied any launch.
title=Iran launches rocket into space as nuclear talks continue	url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/30/iran-announces-new-space-launch-amid-nuclear-talks-in-vienna	access-date=2021-12-30	website=www.aljazeera.com	language=en}}	30 December 2021	Semnan LP-2	TBA	Failure	Orbital test flight.First time Iran launched multiple payloads in the same launch.
Mahda, Keyhan-2 and Hatef-1	28 January 2024	Semnan LP-2	TBA	Success	First successful orbital launch of Simorgh, placed three satellites into a 1100 x 450 km orbit. The launch occurred just 8 days after the first successful orbital launch of Qaem 100.
Saman-1, Fakhr-1 and one other research satellite	6 December 2024	Semnan LP-2	300 kg	Success	The launch of the Saman-1 orbital transfer block to an altitude of 400 kilometers, along with two other payloads (including the Fakhr-1 satellite), with a total weight of 300 kilograms, breaking weight record.
Navak-1	18 February 2025	Semnan LP-2	40 kg	Failure	Reports initially stated that Iran planned to launch the 40 kg "Navak" satellite into GTO orbit (200 to 31,000 km altitude) on February 18, 2024.

Gallery

File:Simorgh Payam launch 08.jpg|Simorgh during the launch of Payam satellite on 15 January 2021 File:Simorgh Payam launch FARS 07.jpg|Simorgh during launch preparations File:Simorgh Payam launch 06.jpg|Simorgh in its servicing tower

References

(2022-06-05). "برنامه ثریا ۱۵ خرداد ۱۴۰۱".
(2017-07-28). "Iran launches Simorgh satellite carrier from Imam Khomeini Space Center".
"Simorgh (Safir-2)".
"Iran fails in satellite launch attempt – Spaceflight Now".
(2010-02-03). "Iran brags it launched rocket into space... with mouse, turtles & worms". New York Daily News.
(2020-01-28). ""سفیر" رسما بازنشسته شد تا "سیمرغ" مهیای سفر فضایی شود/ طلسم استفاده ماهواره‌بر ایرانی از سوخت جامد با سریر و سروش می‌شکند؟ +عکس".
YJC, خبرگزاری باشگاه خبرنگاران {{!}} آخرین اخبار ایران و جهان {{!}}. (2021-12-31). "پرواز دوباره سیمرغ/ ماهواره‌بر سیمرغ چه ویژگی‌هایی دارد؟".
Arrott, Elizabeth. (2010-02-03). "Iran Announces New Rockets, Satellites on Space Day". VOA News.
"Iran test-fires satellite carrier: media".
(24 April 2016). "Simorgh First Launch - an Iranian Success or Failure?".
(2020-03-22). "ماهواره‌بر "سیمرغ" چگونه متولد شد؟ +عکس".
Entekhab.ir, پایگاه خبری تحلیلی انتخاب {{!}}. (December 30, 2021). "برای نخستین بار، سه محموله تحقیقاتی توسط ماهواره‌بر سیمرغ با موفقیت به ارتفاع ۴۷۰ کیلومتری پرتاب شد".
(2010-02-03). "Iranian DM: Simorgh to Carry Tolou, Mesbah Satellites into Space". Fars News Agency.
(2017-08-16). "موشک های ماهواره بر ایران".
"Safir-2 (Simorgh) IRILV".
"تحقق ۹۰ درصد اهداف تحقیقاتی در پرتاب ماهواره "ظفر"".
(2021-06-27). "انجام اولین آزمون زیرمداری سامانه انتقال مداری/آزمون زیرمداری دوم در برنامه بعدی پژوهشگاه فضایی".
Egozi, Arie. (2020-06-29). "New Iranian Missile Could Strike Central Europe: Analysis".
Berger, Eric. (2021-06-25). "Rocket Report: China to copy SpaceX's Super Heavy? Vulcan slips to 2022".
"Toloo 1, 2".
Krebs, Gunter. "Simorgh (Safir-2)". Gunter's Space Page.
"Payam-e Amirkabir (AUTSAT 1, Amir-Kabir 1)".
(15 January 2019). "Despite US warning, Iran launches satellite and fails". [[CNN]].
https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/02/10/iran-fails-in-satellite-launch-attempt/ - 11 February 2020
"Zafar 1, 2".
(2020-02-12). "بیش از ۹۵ درصد از اهداف طراحی شده برای پرتاب ماهواره ظفر محقق شد".
"Iranian Satellite Launched But Fails To Reach Earth's Orbit".
(2021-06-23). "Iran likely had failed rocket launch, preparing for another".
"Iran launches rocket into space as nuclear talks continue".
(2021-12-30). ""Simorgh" satellite carrier successfully launched into space".
(2022-01-02). "مستند پرواز سیمرغ".
(2024-12-06). "ماهواره‌بر سیمرغ رکورد بزرگترین و سنگین‌ترین تزریق محموله فضایی در مدار را شکست".
(2025-02-16). "Iran to launch 'Navak' micro-class satellite, continuing series of space missions".

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