Sequoia Capital

History

Sequoia was founded by Don Valentine in 1972 in Menlo Park, California, at a time when the state's venture capital industry was just beginning to develop. Sequoia formed its first venture capital fund in 1974, and was an early investor in Atari the next year. In 1978, Sequoia became one of the first investors in Apple. Partners Doug Leone and Michael Moritz assumed leadership of the firm in 1996.

In 1999, Sequoia established a dedicated investment fund for Israeli startups. In 2005, Sequoia Capital China was established, later followed by Sequoia Capital India. In 2012, Moritz took a step back from the day-to-day operations of the firm. Leone became Global Managing Partner. Jim Goetz led Sequoia's U.S. business from 2012 until 2017, when he was succeeded by Roelof Botha. In 2016, Sequoia hired Jess Lee, making her the first female investing partner in the United States in the firm's history. In 2019, it was the most active VC fund company in India.

In March 2020, Sequoia announced it would hire Luciana Lixandru as its first partner based in Europe. In October 2021, Sequoia announced it would implement a new fund structure for its U.S. and European business that would allow it to remain involved with companies after their public market debuts. In March 2022, The Information reported that Sequoia Capital China was raising an $8 billion fund to invest in Chinese tech companies. Following the collapse of Silicon Valley Bank in March 2023, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation had backstopped Sequoia's $1billion in deposits in the bank.

In June 2023, Sequoia announced plans to break up into three entities citing complications running a decentralized global investment business in the middle of geopolitical tensions. Following the separation, expected to complete by March 2024, the Chinese business led by Neil Shen would be called HongShan ("sequoia" in Mandarin) and the Indian and Southeast Asia arm would be named Peak XV Partners led by Shailendra Singh, GV Ravishankar, Mohit Bhatnagar, and Rajan Anandan. The U.S. and Europe unit would retain the Sequoia name. In July 2023, Sequoia announced to cut one-third of its talent staff as part of an organizational restructuring. In October 2023, the U.S. House Committee on U.S.–China Competition announced a probe into Sequoia Capital's investments in China.

As of at least 2024, Sequoia is the largest investor in China's consumer internet sector. It has often used a strategy of investing in several competitors in the same sector and then later pushing for their consolidation. According to Chinese media, Sequoia was one of the major influences in mergers between Meituan and Dianping, between Uber China and Didi, and between VShop and Lefenghui.

In July 2025, Sequoia partner Shaun Maguire stated that Zohran Mamdani, a Muslim American New York City mayoral candidate, "came from a culture that lies about everything" and seeks to advance "his Islamist agenda". That statement was widely denounced as bigoted and Islamophobic. In response, 600 founders of tech startups signed an open letter to Sequoia, asking Sequoia to adopt "a zero-tolerance policy on hate speech and religious bigotry." In August 2025, Sequoia's COO, Sumaiya Balbale, who is open about the influence of her Muslim faith on her career, resigned after five years with the company over Maguire's posts after other senior partners decline to take action against Maguire on the basis of free speech.

In November 2025, Botha was succeeded by Alfred Lin and Pat Grady as joint managing partners of the firm. The pair became known as "stewards," in line with the firm's stewardship model created by Don Valentine.

Investments

Investors, referred to as limited partners, contribute money to a fund that the firm's general partners then invest in business ventures. Its limited partners have primarily been university endowments, charitable foundations, and other large institutions. Sequoia specializes in seed stage, early stage, and growth stage investments in private technology companies, including those in the clean tech, consumer internet, crypto, financial services, healthcare, mobile, and robotics sectors. The firm has been often recognized for its strong track record of early investments. The firm has also distinguished itself from other top venture capital firms by diversifying its investments and not just focusing on U.S. early-stage venture capital. Sequoia is an umbrella brand for three different venture entities: one focused on the U.S. and Europe, another on India and Southeast Asia, and a third on China. Following the June 2023 announcement to make the three entities independent, from 2024 the ventures would no longer share investors or profits.

A notable opportunity missed by Sequoia was the failure to invest in Facebook in its early days c. 2005; John Naughton suggested that this failure led to "fear of missing out" and may have contributed to Sequoia's investing heavily in FTX in 2022, prior to its collapse in 2023. In 2019, Hurun Research Institute identified Sequoia as the world's top unicorn investor, noting it had invested in one in five of all private companies valued at $1 billion or more. In July 2021, Sequoia published a piece about "the Latin American startup opportunity" that signaled it would increase its focus there.

In October 2021, Sequoia announced the Sequoia Capital Fund, a new fund structure for its U.S. and European business. The fund structure is unique for VC funds as they are typically funds with a 10-year fund cycle instead of an open-ended evergreen fund. The Sequoia fund will no longer need to sell or distribute stock as in the usual VC fund cycle. Instead, limited partners who want liquidity can pull money out of the fund. Sequoia also announced it would become a RIA which would allow the firm more flexibility in its investments. In February 2022, Sequoia raised a $600 million Sequoia Crypto Fund. As one of the first sub-funds of Sequoia Capital Fund, the crypto fund will mainly invest in cryptocurrencies traded on third-party exchanges.

In June 2022, Sequoia announced that it had raised $2.85 billion in additional funds to invest in India and Southeast Asia. The amount of funds raised is also the largest to date for the company in both India and Southeast Asia. In early 2023, the size of Sequoia Capital Fund reached $13.6 billion.

In June 2023, the firm led a Seed round funding of $5.7 million for Defense startup, Mach Industries. Sequoia Capital along with other notable venture capital investors made an investment in the cryptocurrency exchange FTX, founded by Sam Bankman-Fried. Sequoia was very enthusiastic about FTX, and published an article which was a glowing tribute to Bankman-Fried on its website on 22 September 2022. FTX failed in 2023, with about $8 billion of investors' money missing, and Bankman-Fried was convicted of fraud. The value of Sequoia's investment in FTX was ultimately written down to $0; it is estimated that they lost $214 million on their investment. The company released a notice to investors, stating that their stake in FTX represented a small amount of their investment portfolio. They also removed the profile of Bankman-Fried from their website.

In July 2023, it reduced the size of its cryptocurrency fund from $585 million to $200 million, and shifted focus to young start-ups after an industry crash. In 2023, Sequoia launched its Open Source Fellowship to fund up to three open source developers annually via an equity-free fellowship.

In March 2025, Bloomberg announced, Sequoia's leading $190 million investment round for a law enforcement technology startup Peregrine. That same month, Kela, an Israeli defense-tech startup founded by former intelligence officers during the Gaza invasion that was co-funded by Sequoia, was launched. In May 2025, Sequoia invested £100 million in Mubi, valuing the company at $1 billion. The investment sparked controversy due to Sequoia's previous funding of Kela.

Programs and partnerships

In 2009, Sequoia launched its scout program, which functions as an individual investor network that provides founders and other individuals with capital to invest in promising early-stage startups. Sequoia Scouts have invested in over 1,000 companies. Sequoia was the first venture capital firm to offer a scout program, and the model has since been emulated by others in the industry.

Sequoia expanded the scout program into Europe in 2019, backing a network of operators, founders, and early-stage investors across the region.{{cite news |title=Sequoia is bringing its scout program to Europe |url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/10/10/sequoia-scout-program-europe/

In 2021, Sequoia partnered on the BLCK VC Scout Network to provide training and education to current and aspiring Black scouts. In March 2022, Sequoia launched Arc, a structured program in which participants receive $1 million in funding to work with Sequoia partners in both London and Silicon Valley.

References

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