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Scottish Football League

Defunct association football league in Scotland

Defunct association football league in Scotland

FieldValue
nameScottish Football League (SFL)
logoSFLLogo.svg
pixels200
country
confedUEFA
founded1890
folded2013
championsPartick Thistle
season2012–13
most successful clubRangers (47 titles)The Scottish Football League existed between 1890 and 2013, and did not contain the top division of Scottish league football between 1998 and 2013 (Scottish Premier League). For a complete record of clubs that have won Scottish league championships, see list of Scottish football champions.

The Scottish Football League (SFL) is a defunct league featuring professional and semi-professional football clubs mostly from Scotland.One club, Berwick Rangers, is based in the town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, which is located approximately 4 km south of the Anglo-Scottish border. From its foundation in 1890 until the breakaway Scottish Premier League (SPL) was formed in 1998, the SFL was the top level of football in Scotland. After 1998, the SFL represented levels 2 to 4 of the Scottish football league system. In June 2013, the SFL merged with the SPL to form the Scottish Professional Football League.

The SFL was associated with a title sponsor from the 1985–86 season. As this sponsor changed over the years the league was known in turn as the Fine Fare League, B&Q League, Bell's Scottish Football League and finally as the Irn-Bru Scottish Football League. The SFL also organised two knock-out cup competitions, the Scottish League Cup and the Scottish Challenge Cup.

History

Formation

Organised football in Scotland began in 1873 with the formation of the Scottish Football Association (SFA). During the next 15 years or so, clubs would play friendly matches, Scottish Cup ties and local cup (e.g. Glasgow Cup or East of Scotland Shield) ties. The Football League, initially containing clubs from the North West and Midlands of England, was formed in 1888. This had been done in response to the professionalisation of football in England in 1885, with the regular diet of league fixtures replacing the haphazard arrangement of friendlies. Many Scottish players, known as the Scotch Professors, moved to the English league clubs to receive the relatively high salaries on offer.

This prompted Scottish clubs into thinking about forming their own league. In March 1890, the secretary of Renton wrote to thirteen other clubs inviting them to discuss the organisation of a league. All of the clubs accepted the invitation, except Queen's Park and Clyde. Amateur club Queen's Park, who were the oldest organised club in Scotland and had played a key role in the development of football, were opposed to the league because it would lead to professionalism and eliminate many of the smaller clubs. These concerns were to prove well-founded, as six of the founder members would leave the league before 1900.

The Scottish Football League (SFL) was inaugurated on 30 April 1890. The first season of competition, 1890–91, commenced with 11 clubs because St Bernard's were not elected. The eleven original clubs in membership were Abercorn, Cambuslang, Celtic, Cowlairs, Dumbarton, Heart of Midlothian, Rangers, Renton, St Mirren, Third Lanark and Vale of Leven. Renton were expelled after five games of the 1890–91 season for playing against St Bernard's, who had been found guilty of concealed professionalism. Renton raised an action against the SFA in the Court of Session and won, which meant that their SFA and SFL memberships were restored.

In the 1890–91 season, Rangers and Dumbarton were level at the top of the league on 29 points. The teams drew 2–2 in a play-off match, but no further thought had been given to separating teams by another method and the championship was shared. Goal average was introduced for the 1921–22 season and replaced by goal difference for the 1971–72 season.

Split into divisions

The league proved to be highly successful, and in 1893, a second tier was formed by the inclusion of a number of clubs previously in the Scottish Football Alliance. Promotion was initially based on a ballot of clubs; automatic promotion was not introduced until 1922.

The onset of World War I saw Division Two but not Division One being suspended, not restarting again until 1921 when the Central Football League was absorbed as a new division with automatic promotion.

Division Three

In 1923, the League decided to introduce a third tier. The Western League was used as its backbone but the new set-up lasted only three years before it collapsed under heavy financial losses. From 1926 until 1946, the League reverted to two divisions with many of the third tier clubs joining the second iteration of Scottish Football Alliance.

Post-World War II reforms saw the League resume with three divisions, renamed 'A', 'B' and 'C' with the last section also including reserve sides. In 1947, league championship trophies were introduced for the first time for the top two divisions, until then only flags had been presented to the winners. The new trophies were engraved with the names of all previous winners.

In 1949, the 'C' Division was expanded to two sections – South-East (North-East from 1950) and South-West. The withdrawal of the reserves from 'C' Division in 1955 saw a return to two divisions with the 5 first teams in Division C being given automatic promotion. There were then 18 clubs in Division A and 19 in Division B. In 1956 the divisions were renamed Division 1 and Division 2.

Clydebank were elected to Division Two as the 20th club in 1966, but following the demise of Third Lanark in 1967, Division Two kept operating with just 19 clubs; the situation would not be corrected until the next change of format, which happened in 1975.

This change of structure split the league into three divisions, Premier, First, and Second Divisions. This permitted more frequent fixtures between the top clubs; the expectation was that meant greater revenue for them, and it was hoped it would stimulate greater interest, at a time when attendance at league matches had dropped alarmingly. One year before the restructuring, a new club entered the league, Meadowbank Thistle (which would eventually become Livingston). This three-divisional structure of 38 clubs continued until 1994.

Four-division period and SPL split

After a couple of decades, in 1994 the league again reorganised (following an attempted 'Super League' breakaway by the top clubs in 1992) with four divisions of 10 teams, as Highland League clubs Inverness Caledonian Thistle (a merger of two existing clubs in the city) and Ross County were elected to round out the league. At the same time, the SFL adopted the system of three points for a win. In 1998 the Premier Division clubs split from the league to form the Scottish Premier League (SPL). The remaining leagues, of ten clubs each, kept their names and the Premier Division was not reconstituted, leaving First, Second and Third Divisions. Part of the agreement was that the SPL would expand to 12 clubs in 2000. The SFL then took in two new members to replace the two clubs lost to the SPL; Highland League clubs Elgin City and Peterhead were admitted, increasing the total number of clubs in the Scottish football league system to 42.

From 2005, the SFL determined a promotion and relegation place between each division according to playoffs between four clubs. The playoffs were contested between the ninth placed (second bottom) club in the higher division and the second, third and fourth placed clubs in the lower division. It was therefore possible for a team finishing fourth in the Second Division or Third Division to be promoted, rather than the clubs finishing immediately above them in the standings. It was also possible for the ninth placed club to retain their position in the higher division.

In March 2007, a self-conducted review found the league to be three times more expensive to run than equivalent leagues in England, with a report stating the league structure was "outdated": the report found that the Football Conference had four employees looking after 68 clubs, while the SFL had 14 people running leagues with just 30 clubs.

Merger

No clubs were relegated from the bottom end of the Scottish Football League, although there were changes of membership due to clubs going out of business. The Scottish Football Association were keen for a pyramid system to be instituted. SFL First Division clubs wanted to gain a greater share of the media revenue generated by the SPL. In 2013, both the SPL and SFL voted in favour of merging to form the new Scottish Professional Football League. The number of divisions and clubs in each division remained the same, but there were changes to the financial distribution model. The first club to be promoted to the SPFL from the new Lowland League via playoffs was Edinburgh City in 2016 at the expense of East Stirlingshire, while in 2019 Cove Rangers were the first Highland League champions to go up, replacing Berwick Rangers.

Cup competitions

Main article: Scottish League Cup, Scottish Challenge Cup

The Scottish Football League organised two knock-out cup competitions: the Scottish League Cup and the Scottish Challenge Cup. The League Cup was established in 1946, succeeding the wartime Southern League Cup. Unlike the Scottish Cup, organised by the Scottish Football Association, the League Cup was only open to Scottish Football League clubs. Scottish Premier League clubs continued to participate in the League Cup after the top tier clubs broke away in 1998. Until the mid-1990s, the competition winner was eligible to participate in the UEFA Cup, but this was discontinued due to a loss of European places.

The Scottish Challenge Cup was instituted in 1990, to celebrate the League's centenary. The Challenge Cup was only open to Scottish Football League clubs outside the top division of the Scottish football league system. From 2011, two Highland Football League clubs were allowed to participate each year in the Challenge Cup, to give a round number of 32 clubs participating. Both the League Cup and the Challenge Cup continued under the auspices of the Scottish Professional Football League.

League sponsorship and media rights

From 1985, the League accepted sponsorships for its main competition. Below is a list of sponsors and the League's name under their sponsorship:

  • 1985–1988: Fine Fare (Fine Fare League)
  • 1988–1992: B&Q (B&Q League)
  • 1992–1994: No sponsor
  • 1994–1998: Bell's whisky (Bell's League)
  • 1998–1999: No sponsor
  • 1999–2006: Bell's whisky (Bell's League)
  • 2006–2007: No sponsor
  • 2007–2013: Irn-Bru (Irn-Bru League)

The League's cup competitions have had different sponsors, with the Scottish League Cup first attracting sponsorship in 1979. The competition was revamped in 1984, adopting a straight knock-out format, when Skol Lager began its sponsorship. The Co-operative Insurance company sponsored the League Cup for 12 seasons, until the 2010–11 competition. It has since been sponsored by the Scottish Government, under the name of the Scottish Communities League Cup. The Scottish Challenge Cup was created by League sponsor B&Q in 1990, but it was cancelled in 1998–99 due to a lack of sponsorship. Since 2008, the Challenge Cup has attracted its own sponsor, with BBC Alba and Ramsdens providing support.

Before 1979, the major source of revenue to Scottish Football League clubs, apart from their attendances, was from the football pools. In the year ended 31 March 1983, the pools generated £1.08 million out of a total of £1.46 million. By 1990, this source of income had been overtaken by revenue from sponsorships and television rights. As of 1990, 75% of these central revenues were split equally between the 38 member clubs, with the remaining 25% allocated according to each club's position in the league ladder. During the 1970s and 1980s, the main terrestrial television companies (STV and BBC Scotland) produced shows (Scotsport and Sportscene respectively) containing highlights of league matches. The revenues from these broadcasts were relatively small, with the companies paying less than £1000 per match in the mid-1970s. BBC Radio Scotland had exclusive rights for live radio coverage of matches at this time, with independent stations such as Radio Clyde providing coverage via score updates and analysis.

The first live television broadcast of a Scottish league match was not until April 1986. Earlier in the 1985–86 season, there had been no television coverage at all due to a dispute between the League and the broadcasters. The birth of satellite broadcaster British Sky Broadcasting (Sky TV) changed the situation significantly. As ITV had an exclusive contract for live coverage of games in the English league, the first match shown on Sky was a Scottish Premier Division match between Rangers and Dundee United in April 1991. A year later, the top division English clubs formed a breakaway Premier League, signing an exclusive television contract with Sky. Live Scottish Premier Division games were shown on STV during the 1990s, but the top division clubs formed the breakaway Scottish Premier League in 1998 and signed an exclusive broadcast contract with Sky.

This left the remaining Scottish Football League clubs without live coverage, although STV continued to show highlights of First Division games in their Football First show. Scots Gaelic channel BBC Alba provided coverage of Scottish Football League games, including the Challenge Cup, from its launch in 2008. Live coverage on English language channels returned to Scottish Football League games in the 2012–13 season, as Sky and ESPN agreed contracts to show Third Division matches involving Rangers. These arrangements secured revenues that had been under threat due to the financial collapse of Rangers.

Member clubs

Main article: List of Scottish Football League clubs

Of the original SFL clubs, Celtic, Heart of Midlothian, St Mirren and Dumbarton are the only clubs today playing in the successor Scottish Professional Football League. Every other club is either defunct or out of the League.

ClubFirst season in SFLLast season in SFLLast national title
Abercorn1890–911914–15—
Aberdeen1904–051997–981984–85
Airdrieonians (1878)1894–952001–02—
Airdrieonians (2002)2002–032012–13—
Albion Rovers1903–042012–13—
Alloa Athletic1921–222012–13—
Annan Athletic2008–092012–13—
Arbroath1921–222012–13—
Armadale1921–221931–32—
Arthurlie1901–021928–29—
Ayr1897–981909–10—
Ayr Parkhouse1902–031909–10—
Ayr United1910–112012–13—
Bathgate1921–221928–29—
Beith1923–241925–26—
Berwick Rangers1951–522012–13—
Bo'ness1921–221931–32—
Brechin City1923–242012–13—
Broxburn United1921–221925–26—
Cambuslang1890–911891–92—
Celtic1890–911997–982022–23
Clackmannan1921–221925–26—
Clyde1891–922012–13—
Clydebank (1914)1914–151930–31—
Clydebank1965–662001–02—
Cowdenbeath1905–062012–13—
Cowlairs1890–911894–95—
Dumbarton1890–912012–131891–92
Dumbarton Harp1923–241924–25—
Dundee1893–942011–121961–62
Dundee United1910–111997–981982–83
Dundee Wanderers1894–951894–95—
Dunfermline Athletic1912–132012–13—
Dykehead1923–241925–26—
East Fife1921–222012–13—
East Stirlingshire1900–012012–13—
Edinburgh City (1928)1931–321948–49—
Elgin City2000–012012–13—
Falkirk1902–032012–13—
Forfar Athletic1921–222012–13—
Galston1923–241925–26—
Greenock Morton1893–942012–13—
Gretna2002–032006–07—
Hamilton Academical1897–982012–13—
Heart of Midlothian1890–911997–981959–60
Helensburgh1923–241925–26—
Hibernian1893–941998–991951–52
Inverness Caledonian Thistle1994–952009–10—
Johnstone1912–131925–26—
Kilmarnock1895–961997–981964–65
King's Park1921–221938–39—
Leith Athletic1891–921952–53—
Linthouse1895–961899–1900—
Livingston1995–962012–13—
Lochgelly United1914–151925–26—
Meadowbank Thistle1974–751994–95—
Mid-Annandale1923–241925–26—
Montrose1923–242012–13—
Motherwell1893–941997–981931–32
Nithsdale Wanderers1923–241926–27—
Northern1893–941893–94—
Partick Thistle1893–942012–13—
Peebles Rovers1923–241925–26—
Peterhead2000–012012–13—
Port Glasgow Athletic1893–941910–11—
Queen of the South1923–242012–13—
Queen's Park1900–012012–13—
Raith Rovers1902–032012–13—
Rangers1890–912012–132020–21
Renton1890–911897–98—
Ross County1994–952011–12—
Royal Albert1923–241925–26—
St Bernard's1893–941938–39—
St Johnstone1897–982008–09—
St Mirren1890–912005–06—
Solway Star1923–241925–26—
Stenhousemuir1921–222012–13—
Stirling Albion1946–472012–13—
Stranraer1949–502012–13—
Third Lanark1890–911966–671903–04
Thistle1893–941893–94—
Vale of Leven1890–911925–26—

Past winners

Main article: List of Scottish football champions, List of winners of the Scottish Championship and predecessors, List of winners of the Scottish League One and predecessors

When the Scottish Football League was established in 1890, all of the clubs played in just one division. In 1893 the Scottish Football League absorbed many clubs from the Scottish Football Alliance and had enough clubs to form another division. The existing division was renamed Division One and the new division was called Division Two. Nevertheless, promotion and relegation between the top two divisions was not automatic until 1921–22 when Division Two was brought back after a hiatus provoked by World War I which affected only that division; hence some teams of the era winning Division Two twice in a row before being promoted, and some Division Two winners being never promoted at all.

A third tier of Scottish league football was first established in the 1923–24 season, but it only lasted for two full seasons due to financial difficulties. A third tier league (called Division C) was reintroduced in 1946–47. Division C, which also included reserve teams of higher division clubs, operated as a national competition for the first three seasons but thereafter it was split into two regional sections. During this period only full-strength clubs (not reserve teams) were promoted if they finished as champions. The two-division tier was abolished after the 1954–55 season.

Since the 1975–76 season there has been a third tier, known as the Second Division. The top tier became the Premier Division and the second tier became known as the First Division. A fourth tier, known as the Third Division, was introduced in 1994. The last major change within the Scottish football league system was in 1998–99, when the Premier Division clubs broke away from the Scottish Football League to form the Scottish Premier League. The remaining Scottish Football League divisions continued as before.

No.Season1st tier2nd tier3rd tier4th tier
1.1890–91Dumbarton (share)
Rangers (share)———
2.1891–92Dumbarton
3.1892–93Celtic
4.1893–94CelticHibernian
5.1894–95Heart of MidlothianHibernian
6.1895–96CelticAbercorn
7.1896–97Heart of MidlothianPartick Thistle
8.1897–98CelticKilmarnock
9.1898–99RangersKilmarnock
10.1899–1900RangersPartick Thistle
11.1900–01RangersSt Bernard's
12.1901–02RangersPort Glasgow Athletic
13.1902–03HibernianAirdrieonians
14.1903–04Third LanarkHamilton Academical
15.1904–05CelticClyde
16.1905–06CelticLeith Athletic
17.1906–07CelticSt Bernard's
18.1907–08CelticRaith Rovers
19.1908–09CelticAbercorn
20.1909–10CelticLeith Athletic (share)
Raith Rovers (share)
21.1910–11RangersDumbarton
22.1911–12RangersAyr United
23.1912–13RangersAyr United
24.1913–14CelticCowdenbeath
25.1914–15CelticCowdenbeath
26.1915–16Celtic—
27.1916–17Celtic
28.1917–18Rangers
29.1918–19Celtic
30.1919–20Rangers
31.1920–21Rangers
32.1921–22CelticAlloa Athletic
33.1922–23RangersQueen's Park
34.1923–24RangersSt JohnstoneArthurlie
35.1924–25RangersDundee UnitedNithsdale Wanderers
36.1925–26CelticDunfermline AthleticNot awardedHelensburgh gained the most points, but no title was awarded as they were the only club to complete their fixtures.
37.1926–27RangersBo'ness United—
38.1927–28RangersAyr United
39.1928–29RangersDundee United
40.1929–30RangersLeith Athletic
41.1930–31RangersThird Lanark
42.1931–32MotherwellEast Stirlingshire
43.1932–33RangersHibernian
44.1933–34RangersAlbion Rovers
45.1934–35RangersThird Lanark
46.1935–36CelticFalkirk
47.1936–37RangersAyr United
48.1937–38CelticRaith Rovers
49.1938–39RangersCowdenbeath
50.1939–40League abandoned after five matches due to the commencement of World War II.
1940–46League suspended due to World War II.
51.1946–47RangersDundeeStirling Albion—
52.1947–48HibernianEast FifeEast Stirlingshire
53.1948–49RangersRaith RoversForfar Athletic
54.1949–50RangersMortonHibernian A
Clyde A
55.1950–51HibernianQueen of the SouthHeart of Midlothian A
Clyde A
56.1951–52HibernianClydeDundee A
Rangers A
57.1952–53RangersStirling AlbionAberdeen A
Rangers A
58.1953–54CelticMotherwellBrechin City
Rangers A
59.1954–55AberdeenAirdrieoniansAberdeen A
Partick Thistle A
60.1955–56RangersQueen's Park—
61.1956–57RangersClyde
62.1957–58Heart of MidlothianStirling Albion
63.1958–59RangersAyr United
64.1959–60Heart of MidlothianSt Johnstone
65.1960–61RangersStirling Albion
66.1961–62DundeeClyde
67.1962–63RangersSt Johnstone
68.1963–64RangersMorton
69.1964–65KilmarnockStirling Albion
70.1965–66CelticAyr United
71.1966–67CelticMorton
72.1967–68CelticSt Mirren
73.1968–69CelticMotherwell
74.1969–70CelticFalkirk
75.1970–71CelticPartick Thistle
76.1971–72CelticDumbarton
77.1972–73CelticClyde
78.1973–74CelticAirdrieonians
79.1974–75RangersFalkirk
80.1975–76RangersPartick ThistleClydebank
81.1976–77CelticSt MirrenStirling Albion
82.1977–78RangersMortonClyde
83.1978–79CelticDundeeBerwick Rangers
84.1979–80AberdeenHeart of MidlothianFalkirk
85.1980–81CelticHibernianQueen's Park
86.1981–82CelticMotherwellClyde
87.1982–83Dundee UnitedSt JohnstoneBrechin City
88.1983–84AberdeenMortonForfar Athletic
89.1984–85AberdeenMotherwellMontrose
90.1985–86CelticHamilton AcademicalDunfermline Athletic
91.1986–87RangersMortonMeadowbank Thistle
92.1987–88CelticHamilton AcademicalAyr United
93.1988–89RangersDunfermline AthleticAlbion Rovers
94.1989–90RangersSt JohnstoneBrechin City
95.1990–91RangersFalkirkStirling Albion
96.1991–92RangersDundeeDumbarton
97.1992–93RangersRaith RoversClyde
98.1993–94RangersFalkirkStranraer
99.1994–95RangersRaith RoversMortonForfar Athletic
100.1995–96RangersDunfermline AthleticStirling AlbionLivingston
101.1996–97RangersSt JohnstoneAyr UnitedInverness Caledonian Thistle
102.1997–98CelticDundeeStranraerAlloa Athletic
103.1998–99—HibernianLivingstonRoss County
104.1999–2000St MirrenClydeQueen's Park
105.2000–01LivingstonPartick ThistleHamilton Academical
106.2001–02Partick ThistleQueen of the SouthBrechin City
107.2002–03FalkirkRaith RoversMorton
108.2003–04Inverness Caledonian ThistleAirdrie UnitedStranraer
109.2004–05FalkirkBrechin CityGretna
110.2005–06St. MirrenGretnaCowdenbeath
111.2006–07GretnaMortonBerwick Rangers
112.2007–08Hamilton AcademicalRoss CountyEast Fife
113.2008–09St JohnstoneRaith RoversDumbarton
114.2009–10Inverness Caledonian ThistleStirling AlbionLivingston
115.2010–11Dunfermline AthleticLivingstonArbroath
116.2011–12Ross CountyCowdenbeathAlloa Athletic
117.2012–13Partick ThistleQueen of the SouthRangers

Scottish Football League XI

Main article: Scottish Football League XI

The SFL was the organising body of the Scottish Football League XI, a select side which represented the SFL in matches against other leagues, including the English Football League, the League of Ireland, the Northern Irish league and the Italian Serie A. These matches began in 1892, soon after the foundation of the SFL. Before the Second World War, inter-league matches were only second in importance to Scotland international matches. After the war, however, the inter-league matches became less important as European club football was instituted and clubs withdrew players due to fixture congestion. The last inter-league match was played in 1980, while a Scottish Football League XI was last selected in 1990 for a match against the Scotland national team to mark the centenary of the SFL.

Notes

References

;Sources

References

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  57. "Dunfermline Athletic". www.fchd.info.
  58. "east Fife". www.fchd.info.
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  60. "Elgin City". www.fchd.info.
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  63. "Morton". www.fchd.info.
  64. "Hamilton Academical". www.fchd.info.
  65. "Livingston". www.fchd.info.
  66. "Montrose". www.fchd.info.
  67. "Partick Thistle". www.fchd.info.
  68. "Peterhead". www.fchd.info.
  69. "Queen of the South". www.fchd.info.
  70. "Queen's Park [glasgow]". www.fchd.info.
  71. "Raith Rovers". www.fchd.info.
  72. "Rangers". www.fchd.info.
  73. "Stenhousemuir". www.fchd.info.
  74. "Stirling Albion". www.fchd.info.
  75. "Stranraer". www.fchd.info.
  76. "Scotland Scores by Team". London Hearts Supporters' Club.
  77. {{harv. Bob Crampsey. 1990
  78. {{harv. Bob Crampsey. 1990
  79. Jim Traynor. (18 August 1990). "The Aberdeen connection". Newsquest.
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