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Rumford Medal

Award by Britain's Royal Society

Award by Britain's Royal Society

FieldValue
nameRumford Medal
imageFile:Benjamin_Thompson.jpg
altrefer to caption
captionCount Rumford (Sir Benjamin Thompson), for whom the award is named.
awarded_for"outstanding contributions in the field of physics"
presenterRoyal Society
date
country
website[royalsociety.org/medals-and-prizes/rumford-medal](https://royalsociety.org/medals-and-prizes/rumford-medal/)

The Rumford Medal is an award bestowed by the Royal Society for "outstanding contributions in the field of physics". The award is named in honour of British scientist Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, who is noted for his works on thermodynamics and for establishing the Royal Institution. The award was created in 1796 after Thompson transferred £1,000 to the Royal Society in stocks, instructing the latter to grant the awardee the fund's interest as a premium. Thompson was awarded the inaugural award in 1800.

The award initially consisted of two medals, one each in silver and gold, struck in the same die. This was later replaced with a single medal made of silver gilt. The medal is awarded with a cash prize of £2,000. British painter Robert Smirke created the original design of the medal. The diameter of the medal is 3 inches (7.62 cm). The obverse featured a tripod altar with a flame upon it, circumscribed by a Latin inscription from Lucretius' poem De rerum natura "Noscere quae vis et causa". The reverse had the Latin inscription "Proemium optime merenti ex instituto Benj. a Rumford, S.R.I. Comitis: adjudicatum a Reg. Soc. Lond." surrounded by an ornamental border of leaves. This design was discontinued in 1863. As of 2024, the obverse of the medal has a portrait of Thompson, surrounded by the Latin inscription "Beniamin Ab Rvmford S. Rom. Imp. Comes Institvit" ("Benjamin Rumford, Count of the Holy Roman Empire, founded this"), with the Roman numeral MDCCXCVI (1796) on the exergue. The reverse has the Latin inscription "Optime In Lvcis Caloqisqve Natvra Exqvirena Merenti Adivdicat Soc: Reg: Lond." ("The Royal Society of London awards this to one outstandingly deserving in investigating the nature of light and heat") inscribed within a wreath of oak and laurel leaves bound with ribbons.

All citizens or residents of the Commonwealth of Nations or the Republic of Ireland for more than three years are eligible for the medal. Candidates for the medal are selected by the Royal Society Council on the recommendations of the Physical Sciences Awards Committee. Ten times during the early 19th century, no medals were awarded due to the unavailability of suitable candidates or political considerations of the Royal Society Council.

Since its inception, the medal has been granted to 108 scientists. It has been awarded to citizens of the United Kingdom sixty-seven times, France fourteen times, Germany seven times, the Netherlands seven times, Sweden four times, the United States thrice, Italy twice, Hungary twice, and once each to citizens of Australia, Belgium, Luxembourg, Mexico and New Zealand. The medal has been awarded to multiple individuals twice: in 1896, to Philipp Lenard and Wilhelm Röntgen and in 1918, to Charles Fabry and Alfred Perot. From 1800 to 2018, the medal was awarded biennially; since then it has been awarded annually. The most recent recipient is British physicist Tony Bell, who received it in 2024. British academic and engineer Polina Bayvel is the only female recipient.

List of recipients

YearPortraitNameNationalityRationaleNotes180018021804180618081810181218141816181818201822182418261828183018321834183618381840184218441846184818501852185418561858186018621864186618681870187218741876187818801882188418861888189018921894189618981900190219041906190819101912191419161918192019221924192619281930193219341936193819401942194419461948195019521954195619581960196219641966196819701972197419761978198019821984198619881990199219941996199820002002200420062008201020122014201620182019202020212022202320242025
[[File:Count Rumford.jpg120pxalt=Portrait of Sir Benjamin Thompsonframeless]]United States American
Kingdom of Great Britain British"For his various Discoveries respecting Heat and Light"
*No award*
[[File:John Leslie (1766-1832) by Ambroise Tardieu.jpgalt=Black-and-white portrait of Sir John Leslieframeless120px]]United Kingdom British"For his Experiments on Heat, published in his Work, entitled an Experimental Inquiry into the Nature and Propagation of Heat."
*No award*
[[File:William Murdoch (1754-1839).jpgalt=Portrait of William Murdochframeless120px]]United Kingdom British"For his publication of the employment of Gas from Coal, for the purpose of illumination"
[[File:Malus by Boilly 1810.jpgalt=Portrait of Étienne-Louis Malusframeless120 px]]France French"For his discoveries of certain new Properties of Reflected Light, published in the Second Volume of the Mémoires d'Arcueil"
*No award*
—United Kingdom British"For his Essay on Dew, published in the course of the preceding (1815) year"
[[File:Sir Humphry Davy, Bt by Thomas Phillips.jpgalt=Portrait of Sir Humphry Davyframeless120px]]United Kingdom British"For his Papers on Combustion and Flame, published in the last volume of the Philosophical Transactions"
[[File:David Brewster 1618.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Portrait of Sir David Brewster]]United Kingdom British"For his Discoveries relating to the Polarisation of Light"
*No award*
*No award*
[[File:Augustin Fresnel.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white portrait of Augustin Jean-Fresnel]]France French"For his development of the undulatory theory as applied to the phenomena of polarized light, and for his various important discoveries in Physical Optics"
*No award*
*No award*
*No award*
[[File: John Frederic Daniell.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Portrait of John Frederic Daniell]]United Kingdom British"For his paper, entitled, 'Further Experiments with a new Register Pyrometer, for measuring the Expansion of Solids,' published in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1831"
[[File:Melloni.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Portrait of Macedonio Melloni]]Parma Parmesan"For his discoveries relevant to radiant heat"
*No award*
[[File:James David Forbes (cropped).pngframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of James David Forbes]]United Kingdom British"For his 'Experiments on the Polarization of Heat,' published in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh"
[[File:Jean baptiste biot.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white lithographic portrait of Jean-Baptiste Biot]]France French"For his researches in, and connected with, the circular Polarization of Light"
[[File:John Moffat - William Henry Fox Talbot, 1864 (cropped).jpgframeless120 pxalt=Photographic portrait of William Fox Talbot]]United Kingdom British"For his discoveries and improvements in photography"
*No award*
[[File:Michael Faraday sitting crop.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Michael Faraday]]United Kingdom British"For his discovery of the Optical Phenomena developed by the action of Magnets and Electric Currents in certain Transparent Media, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1846"
[[File:Henri Victor Regnault 1860s (cropped).jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Henri Victor Regnault]]France French"For his 'Experiments to determine the Laws and the numerical data which enter into the calculation of Steam-Engines
[[File:François Arago by Carl von Steuben.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Portrait of François Arago]]France French"For his 'Experimental Investigations on Polarized Light,' the concluding memoirs on which were communicated to the Academy of Sciences of Paris during the last two years"
[[File:Ggstokes.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Sir George Gabriel Stokes]]United Kingdom British"For his 'Discovery of the Change in the Refrangibility of Light
[[File:Neil Arnott2.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Dr. Neil Arnott]]United Kingdom British"For the successful construction of a new smoke-consuming and fuel-saving fire-grate, described in the Journal of the Society of Arts of May 12, 1854"
[[File:Louis Pasteur, foto av Paul Nadar, Crisco edit (cropped).jpgframeless120 pxalt=Photo of Louis Pasteur]]France French"For his discovery of the nature of racemic acid, and its relations to polarized light, and for the researches to which he was led by that discovery"
[[File:Jules Celestin Jamin.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Jules Jamin]]France French"For his various Experimental Researches on Light"
[[File:Db James Clerk Maxwell in his 40s -2-7.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of James Clerk Maxwell]]United Kingdom British"For his Researches on the Composition of Colours, and other Optical papers"
[[File:Gustav Robert Kirchhoff.jpgframeless120pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Gustav Kirchhoff]]Prussia Prussian"For his researches on the fixed lines of the solar spectrum, and on the inversion of the bright lines in the spectra of artificial light"
[[File:John Tyndall portrait mid career.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of John Tyndall, photographed by Lock & Whitfield]]United Kingdom British"For his researches on the absorption and radiation of heat by gases and vapours"
[[File:Hippolyte Fizeau.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white portrait of Hippolyte Fizeau]]France French"For his Optical Researches, and especially for his investigations into the Effect of Heat on the Refractive Power of Transparent Bodies"
[[File:PSM V11 D270 Balfour Stewart.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Balfour Stewart]]United Kingdom British"For his researches on the qualitative as well as quantitative relation between the emissive and absorptive powers of bodies for heat and light, published originally in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and the Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, and now made more generally accessible by the publication in 1866 of his treatise on heat"
[[File:Alfred Des Cloizeaux.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white portrait of Alfred Des Cloizeaux]]France French"For his researches in Mineralogical Optics"
[[File:Anders Jonas Ångström full body.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Anders Jonas Angström]]Sweden Swedish"For his Researches on Spectral Analysis"
[[File:Picture of Norman Lockyer.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white portrait of Sir Norman Lockyer]]United Kingdom British"For his spectroscopic researches on the sun and on the chemical elements"
[[File:Jules Janssen 3.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Jules Janssen, photographed by Nadar]]France French"For his numerous & important researches in the radiation and absorption of light, carried on chiefly by means of the spectroscope"
[[File:Marie-Alfred Cornu, dal 1872 al 1902 - Accademia delle Scienze di Torino 0103.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Photographic portrait of Marie Alfred Cornu, photographed by Nadar]]France French"For his various optical researches, and especially for his recent re-determination of the velocity of propagation of light"
[[File:Sir William Huggins by John Collier.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Portrait of Sir William Huggins, created by John Collier]]United Kingdom British"For his important researches in astronomical spectroscopy, and especially for his determination of the radial component of the proper motions of stars"
[[File:William de Wiveleslie Abney.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white portrait of Sir William de Wiveleslie Abney]]United Kingdom British"For his Photographic Researches and his discovery of the method of photographing the less refrangible part of the spectrum, especially the infra-red region; also for his Researches on the absorption of various compound bodies in this part of the spectrum"
[[File:Robert Thalén SPA (cropped).jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white portrait of Tobias Robertus Thalén]]Sweden Swedish"For his spectroscopic researches"
[[File:Samuel Pierpont Langley (cropped).jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Samuel Pierpont Langley]]United States American"For his researches on the spectrum by means of the Bolometer"
[[File:Pietro Tacchini, ante 1905 - Accademia delle Scienze di Torino 0110 B.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Pietro Tacchini]]Kingdom of Italy Italian"For important and long-continued investigations, which have largely advanced our knowledge of the physics of the sun"
[[File:Heinrich Hertz.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Heinrich Hertz]]German Empire German"For his work in electro-magnetic radiation"
[[File:Nils Dunér H8D 1909.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Nils Christoffer Dunér]]Sweden Swedish"For his Spectroscopic Researches on Stars"
[[File:James Dewar.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Sir James Dewar]]United Kingdom British"For his researches on the properties of matter at extremely low temperatures"
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1978-069-26A, Phillipp Lenard.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Philipp Lenard]]Kingdom of Hungary Hungarian"For their investigation of the phenomena produced outside a highly exhausted vacuum tube through which electrical discharge is taking place"
[[File:Wilhelm Röntgen by Nicola Perscheid 1915b (cropped).jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Wilhelm Röntgen, photographed by German photographer Nicola Perscheid in 1915]]German Empire German
[[File:Oliver Joseph Lodge3.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Sir Oliver Lodge]]United Kingdom British"For his researches in radiation and in the relations between matter and ether"
[[File:Portrait of Antoine-Henri Becquerel.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Henri Becquerel]]France French"For his discoveries in radiation proceeding from Uranium"
[[File:Charles Algernon Parsons.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Sir Charles Algernon Parsons]]United Kingdom British"For his success in the application of the steam turbine to industrial purposes, and for its recent extension to navigation"
[[File:Sir Ernest Rutherford LCCN2014716719 - restoration1.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Ernest Rutherford]]New Zealand New Zealander"For his researches on radio-activity, particularly for his discovery of the existence and properties of the gaseous emanations from radio-active bodies"
[[File:Hugh Longbourne Callendar 2.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Hugh Longbourne Callender]]United Kingdom British"For his experimental work on heat"
[[File:Prof Lorentz, SFA022002558.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Hendrik Lorentz]]Netherlands Dutch"On the ground of his investigations in optical and electrical science"
—German Empire German"For his researches on radiation, especially of long wave-length"
[[File:Kamerlingh portret.jpgframeles120 pxalt=Black-and-white photograph of Heike Kamerlingh Onnes]]Netherlands Dutch"For his researches at low temperatures"
[[File:John William Strutt, Lord Rayleigh. Photograph by Elliott & F Wellcome V0027060.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of John William Strutt]]United Kingdom British"For his numerous researches in optics"
[[File:Wh-bragg.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Sir William Henry Bragg]]United Kingdom British"For his researches in X-ray radiation"
[[File:Charles Fabry.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Charles Fabry]]France French"For their contributions to optics"
[[File:Alfred Perot 2.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Alfred Perot]]
[[File:4th Baron Rayleigh with his son in 1938.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photograph of Robert John Strutt with his son]]United Kingdom British"For his researches into the properties of gases at high vacua"
[[File:Pieter Zeeman.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Pieter Zeeman]]Netherlands Dutch"For his researches in optics"
[[File:Portrait of Charles Vernon Boys, 1915, by John Collier.jpgframaless120 pxalt=Portrait of Sir Charles Vernon Boys by John Collier]]United Kingdom British"For his invention of the gas calorimeter"
[[File:Arthur Schuster.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Sir Arthur Schuster]]Weimar Republic German
United Kingdom British"For his services to physical science, especially in the subjects of optics and terrestrial magnetism"
[[File:Friedrich Paschen Physiker.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Friedrich Paschen]]Weimar Republic German"For his contributions to the knowledge of spectra"
[[File:Debye100.jpg120 pxframelessalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Peter Debye]]Netherlands Dutch"For his work relating to specific heats and X-ray spectroscopy"
[[File:Portret van Professor Fritz Haber, een chemicus uit Duitsland (foto 1918- 1934), SFA002023057.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Fritz Haber]]Weimar Republic German"For the outstanding importance of his work in physical chemistry, especially in the application of thermodynamics to chemical reactions"
[[File:Heike Kamerlingh Onnes - 53 - Wander Johannes de Haas (1878 - 1960), in 1924 together with Willem Keesom (1876 - 1956).pngframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Wander Johannes de Haas]]Netherlands Dutch"For his researches on the properties of bodies at low temperatures, and in particular, for his recent work on cooling by the use of adiabatic demagnetisation"
—United Kingdom British"For his researches on the use of polarized light for investigating directly the stresses in transparent models of engineering structures"
[[File:Robert Williams Wood.pngframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Robert W. Wood]]United States American"In recognition of his distinguished work and discoveries in many branches of physical optics"
[[File:1924 Karl Manne Siegbahn.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Manne Siegbahn]]Sweden Swedish"For his pioneer work in high precision X-ray spectroscopy and its applications"
—United Kingdom British"For his outstanding work on the physics of the upper air and its application to meteorology"
[[File:Ricardo2.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Sir Harry Ricardo]]United Kingdom British"In recognition of his important contributions to research on the internal combustion engine, which have greatly influenced the development of the various types"
—United Kingdom British"For his leading part in the application of modern physical chemistry to many technological problems of pressing importance"
[[File:Sir Francis Simon.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Sir Francis Simon]]United Kingdom British"For his outstanding contributions to the attainment of low temperatures and to the study of the properties of substances at temperatures near the absolute zero"
[[File:Frank Whittle CH 011867 crop.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Sir Frank Whittle]]United Kingdom British"For his pioneering contributions to the jet propulsion of aircraft"
[[File:Frits Zernike (1953).jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Frits Zernike]]Netherlands Dutch"For his outstanding work in the development of phase-contrast microscopy"
—United Kingdom British"For his distinguished contributions to the technique for the production of high vacua and to the development of the reflecting microscope"
—Australia Australian"For his distinguished work on the nature of friction"
—United Kingdom British"For his distinguished researches in spectroscopy and optics"
[[File:DickGaydon.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Alfred Gordon Gaydon]]United Kingdom British"For his distinguished work in the field of molecular spectroscopy and particularly its application to the study of flame phenomena"
—United Kingdom British"For his distinguished contributions to chemical engineering"
[[File:Hendrik C. van de Hulst 1977.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Hendrik van de Hulst]]Netherlands Dutch"For his distinguished work on the scattering processes in the interplanetary medium and his prediction of the 21 cm spectral line from interstellar neutral hydrogen"
[[File:William Penney.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of William Penney]]United Kingdom British"In recognition of his distinguished and paramount personal contribution to the establishment of economic nuclear energy in Great Britain"
[[File:Dennis Gabor 1971.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Dennis Gabor]]Hungary Hungarian"For his contributions to optics, especially by establishing the principles of holography"
—United Kingdom British"In recognition of his outstanding contributions to engineering and of his leadership of engineering design teams in the chemical and atomic energy industries and in electricity generation"
—United Kingdom British"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to meteorology, particularly the physics of clouds"
—United Kingdom British"In recognition of his contributions to physical metallurgy and particularly in extending knowledge of the role of dislocation in the fracture of metals"
[[File:Ilya Prigogine 1977c.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photograph of Viscount Ilya Prigogine]]Belgium Belgian"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the theory of irreversible thermodynamics"
[[File:George Porter Nobel.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of George Porter]]United Kingdom British"In recognition of his distinguished studies of very fast chemical reactions by flash photolysis"
—United Kingdom British"In recognition of his discovery of the quantum of circulation in superfluid helium and his development of new techniques for precise measurements within liquid helium"
—United Kingdom British"In recognition of his unique contribution to the design of optical instruments ranging from large telescopes to bubble-chamber optics"
—United Kingdom British"In recognition of his many contributions to the theory and design of optical instruments, especially of a wide variety of important new medical instruments which have made a major contribution to clinical diagnosis and surgery"
—United Kingdom British"In recognition of his contributions to scientific developments in the gas industry"
—Czechia Czech
United Kingdom British"In recognition of his pioneering work on optical diagnostics and electrical aspects of combustion and his fundamental studies of flame problems associated with jet engines and furnaces"
—Germany German"For discovering and applying techniques for depositing and characterising thin films of high quality amorphous silicon and for demonstrating that these can be doped to give useful electronic devices, such as cost-effective solar cells and large arrays of thin film transistors, now used in commercial, flat-panel, LCD colour TV screens"
—United Kingdom British"In recognition of his wide-ranging and imaginative contributions to applied mathematics and statistical physics, especially in the physical properties of liquids and the development of the Temperley-Lieb algebra"
—United Kingdom British"In recognition of his contributions to polymer science, in particular his elucidation of the basis of polymeric crystallization, a fundamental ingredient in many materials, to methods of making strong fibres and to the understanding of polymer solutions which underlie this technology"
—United Kingdom British"In recognition of his work on the 40Ar/39Ar method of dating developing this technique to a sophisticated level and one which is widely used for dating extraterrestrial and terrestrial rocks"
[[File:Richard Friend.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Photographic portrait of Sir Richard Friend]]United Kingdom British"In recognition of his leading research in the development of polymer-based electronics and optoelectronics leading to a very rapid growth of development activities aimed at plastic electronic displays, with advantages of very low cost, flexibility, and the option of curved or flat surfaces"
—United Kingdom British"In recognition of his research on ultra-short pulse laser science and technology."
[[File:Sir David King at Launch of Human Dynamics of Climate Change map crop (cropped).jpgframeless120 pxalt=Photographic portrait of Sir David King]]South Africa South African
United Kingdom British"For outstanding contributions to our fundamental understanding of the structure and dynamics of reaction processes on solid surfaces"
—United Kingdom British"In recognition of his many contributions to molecular spectroscopy and to the dynamics of molecular photodissociation"
—Luxembourg Luxembourger"For his pioneering work on molten salts and dense plasmas that has led the way to a quantitative understanding of the structure and dynamics of strongly correlated ionic liquids"
—United Kingdom British"For his extensive and highly innovative work in ultra-cold matter"
—United Kingdom British"For his outstanding work into novel types of quantum matter using innovative instrumentation and techniques"
[[File:Roy Taylor Royal Society (cropped).jpgframeless120 pxalt=Photographic portrait of J. Roy Taylor]]United Kingdom British"For his outstanding contributions to tunable ultrafast lasers and nonlinear fibre optics, including fibre Raman, soliton and supercontinuum laser sources, which translated fundamental discoveries to practical technology"
[[File:Jeremy Baumberg.pngframeless120 pxalt=Black-and-white photographic portrait of Jeremy Baumberg]]United Kingdom British"For his outstanding creativity in nanophotonics, investigating many ingenious nanostructures, both artificial and natural to support novel plasmonic phenomena relevant to Raman spectroscopy, solar cell performance and meta-materials applications."
—Germany German"For his pioneering work in active nano-plasmonics and optical metamaterials with quantum gain."
—United Kingdom British"For pioneering work in the quantum control of light and matter on ultrashort timescales, especially the invention and application of new techniques for characterization of quantum and classical light fields."
[[File:Professor Miles Padgett FRS (cropped).jpgframeless120 pxalt=Photographic portrait of Miles John Padgett]]United Kingdom British"For world leading research on optical orbital momentum including an angular form of the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen"
[[File:Professor Patrick Gill MBE FRS (cropped).jpgframeless120 pxalt=Photographic portrait of Patrick Gill]]United Kingdom British"For his development of optical atomic clocks of exquisite precision, of ultra-stable lasers and of frequency standards for fundamental physics, quantum information processing, space science, satellite navigation and Earth observation."
[[File:Carlos Frenk.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Photograph of Carlos Frenk]]Mexico Mexican"For revealing via elaborate computer simulations, how small fluctuations in the early universe develop into today’s galaxies."
[[File:NZportrait-raypierre.jpgframeless120 pxalt=Photograph of Raymond Pierrehumbert]]United States American"For his wide-ranging contributions to atmospheric physics, employing fundamental principles of physics to elucidate phenomena across the spectrum of planetary atmospheres."
[[File:Professor Polina Bayvel FREng FRS (cropped).jpgframeless120 pxalt=Photographic portrait of Polina Bayvel]]United Kingdom British"For pioneering contributions to the fundamental physics and nonlinear optics, enabling the realisation of high capacity, broad bandwidth, multi-wavelength, optical communication systems that have underpinned the information technology revolution."
[[File:Tony Bell Royal Society (cropped).jpgframeless120 pxalt=Image of Tony Bell]]United Kingdom British"For his seminal contributions to theoretical developments of cosmic ray acceleration and origins."
United Kingdom British"For contributions to relativistic astrophysics, the detection of gravitational radiation and education."

Notes

References

References

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