Retrocession Day

Background

Taiwan, then more commonly known to the Western world as "Formosa", became a colony of the Empire of Japan after the Qing dynasty lost the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894 and ceded the island with the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki. Japanese rule in Taiwan lasted until the end of World War II.

In November 1943, Chiang Kai-shek took part in the Cairo Conference with Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill, who firmly advocated that Japan be required to return all of the territory it had annexed into its empire, including Taiwan and the Penghu (Pescadores) Islands. Article 8 of the Potsdam Declaration, drafted by the United States, United Kingdom, and China in July 1945, reiterated that the provisions of the Cairo Declaration be thoroughly carried out, and the Japanese Instrument of Surrender stated Japan's agreement to the terms of the Potsdam Proclamation.

Under the authorization of American General Douglas MacArthur's General Order No. 1, Chen Yi (Chief Executive of Taiwan Province) was escorted by George H. Kerr to Taiwan to accept the Japanese government's surrender as the Chinese delegate. When the Japanese surrendered at the end of World War II, General Rikichi Andō, governor-general of Taiwan and commander-in-chief of all Japanese forces on the island, signed a receipt of Order No. 1 and handed it over to Governor-General of Taiwan Chen Yi, representing the Republic of China Armed Forces to complete the official turnover in Taipei (known during occupation as Taihoku) on 25 October 1945, at Taipei City Public Auditorium (now Zhongshan Hall). Chen Yi proclaimed that day to be "Retrocession Day" and organized the island into the Taiwan Province of the Republic of China. Chen Yi's unilateral act, however, did not gain agreement from the US and the UK, for both considered Taiwan still under military occupation pending a peace treaty, though the US accepted Chinese authority over Taiwan at the time and viewed the Republic of China as the legal government of China. Taiwan has since been governed by the Government of the Republic of China.

History

Taiwan

In October 1946, the Taiwan Provincial Government issued an order to designate this day as the "Recovery Day" for the first time and to declare a day off. Since then, this holiday has been included in the list of legal holidays of the Republic of China under the name of "Taiwan Recovery Day".

Revision in 2000

The meaning of the holiday and whether it should be celebrated have been publicly debated following the period of martial law in Taiwan. In December 2000, Taiwan's government promulgated the revised "Regulations on the Implementation of Memorial Days and Holidays", which cancelled many holidays including Restoration Day.

2025 reestablishment

In May 2025, the Legislative Yuan under the control of the Kuomintang passed the "Regulations for the Implementation of Memorial Days and Holidays" in its third reading, establishing the "Taiwan Retrocession Day and the Anniversary of the Battle of Guningtou" to merge Taiwan Restoration Day with the starting date of the Kinmen Guningtou victory on 25 October 1949 into the same memorial day to jointly commemorate two important events of historical significance to the Republic of China, and to restore holidays at the same time. Major Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) figures, such as Hsu Kuo-yung, spoke out against the reestablishment of the holiday. In 2025, the Taiwanese government announced that it would be made a public holiday in 2026.

People's Republic of China

On 24 October 2025, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China established the "Commemoration Day of Taiwan's Restoration" and stipulated that the country would hold commemorative activities, a decision which Taiwan Affairs Office director Song Tao said was done "personally" by General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Xi Jinping. The following day, Wang Huning, the chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, attended an event to mark the day, where he said mainland China and Taiwan should "work together to advance the cause of national reunification and must leave no room for any form of ‘Taiwan independence’ separatist activities". PRC government sources and allied think tanks have described the holiday as an opportunity to conduct lawfare and "historical narrative warfare" () in support of Chinese unification.

Responses

Taiwan's Mainland Affairs Council called the PRC's designation of the holiday in mainland China an attempt to "belittle our country and fabricate the claim that Taiwan belongs to the PRC." Taiwan barred its officials and students from attending celebratory events for the day in the PRC. The DPP, Taiwanese independence groups, and some commentators see the PRC's holiday as an attempt to revise history and create uncertainty about the political status of Taiwan for the purpose of advancing pro-unification narratives.

In some major cities in the United States, united front groups, such as the Council for the Promotion of the Peaceful Reunification of China, and various overseas Chinese hometown associations have organized celebrations of the day.

References

References

1. (4 May 1955). "Far East (Formosa and the Pescadores)". UK Parliament.
2. [[CIA]]. (1949-03-14). "Probable Developments in Taiwan".
3. (1960). "William P. Rogers, Attorney General of the United States, Appellant v. Cheng Fu Sheng and Lin Fu Mei, Appellees, 280 F.2d 663 (D.C. Cir. 1960)".
4. Maurer, Ely. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=WnM1Eaj_aQAC&pg=PA1005 Legal Problems Regarding Formosa and the Offshore Islands]", ''U.S. Department of State Bulletin'', Vol. 39, pp. 1005–1011 (December 22, 1958)(transcript of speech on November 20, 1958)("Neither this agreement [of April 28, 1952] nor any other agreement thereafter has purported to transfer the sovereignty of Formosa to [the Republic of] China....The situation is, then, one where the Allied Powers still have to come to some agreement or treaty with respect to the status of Formosa. Any action, therefore, of the Chinese Communist regime to seize Formosa constitutes an attempt to seize by force territory which does not belong to it.").
5. link
6. [link](https://web.archive.org/web/20200207111640/https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=D0020033 ，全國法規資料庫)
7. "中華民國外交史料特展 臺灣光復". 國立故宮博物院.
8. link
9. 林麗珊. (2007). "女性主義與兩性關係". 五南圖書出版股份有限公司.
10. [http://www.ntl.edu.tw/public/Attachment/910289485199.pdf 「時代創造青年」─從戰後臺灣的青年節慶祝看國家權力對青年的形象塑造（1950－1975）] {{webarchive. link
11. 張睿廷、鄧博仁. (2025-05-09). "全國放假4＋1「聖誕節也有」 立院三讀通過《紀念日條例》". [[China Times]].
12. Yang, Dennis. (28 October 2025). "CCP Appropriates Taiwan Retrocession Day". [[Jamestown Foundation]].
13. (2025-06-13). "Taiwan unveils public 2026 holiday schedule".
14. Wu, Huizhong. (2025-10-24). "China creates Day of Taiwan's Restoration as part of sovereignty claims over island". [[Associated Press]].
15. Zhuang, Sylvie. (25 October 2025). "Beijing's Wang Huning takes aim at 'Taiwan independence' in restoration day address". [[South China Morning Post]].
16. Goh, Brenda. (25 October 2025). "Top China official says peaceful 'reunification' with Taiwan is best path forward - Xinhua". [[Reuters]].
17. (2025-10-24). "Taiwan slams China for designating Oct. 25 'Taiwan Restoration' day".
18. Muzaffar, Maroosha. (2025-10-17). "Taiwan bars officials and students from China's 'retrocession' events".
19. Campagnola, Davide. (2025-11-01). "China's 'Commemoration Day of Taiwan's Restoration' attempts to use lawfare as unification tool".
20. (2025-10-26). "CCP's distortion of truth destined to fail: DPP".