Respiratory alkalosis

Signs and symptoms

Signs and symptoms of respiratory alkalosis are as follows:

• Palpitation
• Tetany
• Convulsion
• Sweating

Causes

Respiratory alkalosis may be produced as a result of the following causes:

• Stress
• Pulmonary disorder
• Thermal insult
• High altitude areas
• Salicylate poisoning (aspirin overdose)
• Fever
• Hyperventilation (due to heart disorder or other, including improper mechanical ventilation)
• Vocal cord paralysis (compensation for loss of vocal volume results in over-breathing/breathlessness).
• Liver disease

Mechanism

The mechanism of respiratory alkalosis generally occurs when some stimulus makes a person hyperventilate. The increased breathing produces increased alveolar respiration, expelling CO2 from the circulation. This alters the dynamic chemical equilibrium of carbon dioxide in the circulatory system. Circulating hydrogen ions and bicarbonate are shifted through the carbonic acid (H2CO3) intermediate to make more CO2 via the enzyme carbonic anhydrase according to the following reaction: \rm HCO_3^- + H^+ \rightarrow H_2CO_3 \rightarrow CO_2 + H_2O

This causes decreased circulating hydrogen ion concentration, and increased pH (alkalosis).

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of respiratory alkalosis is done via a test that measures the oxygen and carbon dioxide levels (in the blood), a chest x-ray, and a pulmonary function test of the individual.

The Davenport diagram is named after Horace W Davenport a teacher and physiologist which allows theoreticians and teachers to graphically describe acid base chemistry. It is not used by clinicians who prefer a practical rather than a theoretical approach

Classification

There are two types of respiratory alkalosis: chronic and acute as a result of the 3–5 day delay in kidney compensation of the abnormality.

• Acute respiratory alkalosis occurs rapidly, and has a high pH because the response of the kidneys is slow.
• Chronic respiratory alkalosis is a more long-standing condition, here one finds the kidneys have time to decrease the bicarbonate level.

pH

• Acidemia is serum pH

• Alkalemia is serum pH 7.45.

An acidosis is a physiologic process that increases hydrogen ion concentration.

An alkalosis is a physiologic process that decreases hydrogen ion concentration.

Treatment

Respiratory alkalosis is very rarely life-threatening, though pH level should not be 7.5 or greater. The aim in treatment is to detect the underlying cause. When PaCO2 is adjusted rapidly in individuals with chronic respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis may occur.

In popular culture

In The Andromeda Strain, one of the characters is exposed to contamination, but saves himself by increasing his respiratory rate to induce alkalosis.

References

References

1. "Respiratory alkalosis: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia".
2. Singh, Virendra. (2013-01-01). "Blood gas analysis for bedside diagnosis". National Journal of Maxillofacial Surgery.
3. "The Four Primary Disturbances of Acid-Base Balance".
4. Porth, Carol. (2011-01-01). "Essentials of Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States". Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
5. Feld, Leonard G.. (2009-12-15). "Fluid and Electrolytes in Pediatrics: A Comprehensive Handbook". Springer Science & Business.
6. "Alkalosis: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia".
7. "Hyperventilation: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia".
8. (2018-04-05). "Medscape: Medscape Access". Medscape.
9. "Evaluation of respiratory alkalosis".
10. Wilkins, Lippincott Williams &. (2005-01-01). "Pathophysiology: A 2-in-1 Reference for Nurses". Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
11. Albert, Richard K.. (2008-01-01). "Clinical Respiratory Medicine". Elsevier Health Sciences.
12. Adrogué, HJ. (June 2010). "Secondary responses to altered acid-base status: the rules of engagement.". Journal of the American Society of Nephrology.
13. (2018-10-04). "Respiratory Alkalosis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology".
14. Metheny, Norma M.. (2011-01-07). "Fluid and Electrolyte Balance". Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
15. [https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/acid-base-regulation-and-disorders/acid-base-disorders Acid-Base Disorders in The Merck Manual Professional Edition]
16. Klingensmith, Mary E.. (2015-10-28). "The Washington Manual of Surgery". Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
17. (2006-01-01). "Handbook of Medical-surgical Nursing". Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
18. "AFI: Robert Wise – Andromeda Strain".