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Republic Day

National Festival of several countries commemorating their establishment as republics

Republic Day is the name of a holiday in several countries to commemorate the day when they became republics.

List

;Legend:

Country	Date of
transition	Remarks	Netherlands	Switzerland	England	United States	Paraguay	Argentina	Chile	Venezuela	Colombia	Panama	Ecuador	Costa Rica	El Salvador	Guatemala	Honduras	Nicaragua	Peru	Bolivia	Uruguay	Liberia	Haiti	Dominican Republic	Mexico	France	Algeria	Djibouti	Ivory Coast	Mauritania	Senegal	Brazil	Madagascar	Philippines	Cuba	Portugal	Angola	Cape Verde	East Timor	Guinea-Bissau	Mozambique	São Tomé and Príncipe	China	Comoros	Armenia	Azerbaijan	Belarus	Estonia	Georgia	Kazakhstan	Kyrgyzstan	Latvia	Russia	Ukraine	Georgia	Azerbaijan	Armenia	Czech Republic	Slovakia	Lithuania	Germany	Austria	Poland	Finland	Turkmenistan	Lebanon	Syria	Tajikistan	Uzbekistan	Togo	Turkey	Mongolia	Spain	Moldova	Iceland	North Korea	South Korea	Indonesia	Vietnam	Taiwan	Bosnia and Herzegovina	Croatia	Kosovo	Montenegro	North Macedonia	Serbia	Slovenia	Albania	Hungary	Italy	Bulgaria	Marshall Islands	Micronesia	Palau	Romania	Myanmar	Israel	Ireland	India	Egypt	South Sudan	Sudan	Pakistan	Tunisia	Iraq	Somalia	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Ghana	Cyprus	South Africa	Cameroon	Rwanda	Yemen	Nigeria	Uganda	Zambia	Kenya	Singapore	Malawi	Botswana	Burundi	Nauru	Equatorial Guinea	Maldives	Libya	Guyana	Cambodia	The Gambia	Sierra Leone	Sri Lanka	Bangladesh	Afghanistan	Greece	Malta	Eritrea	Ethiopia	Suriname	Laos	Seychelles	Trinidad and Tobago	Dominica	Iran	Kiribati	Central African Republic	Zimbabwe	Vanuatu	Fiji	Mauritius	Samoa	Nepal	Barbados
	The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands declared its independence from King Philip II of Spain on 26 July 1581 with the Act of Abjuration, and became the Batavian Republic in 1795. The Kingdom of Holland was formed on 5 June 1806.
	Switzerland became independent from the Holy Roman Empire by the Treaty of Westphalia
	The Commonwealth of England, later known as the Protectorate, was established on 19 May 1649 following the execution of King Charles I. At its height, it ruled over all the British Isles. The monarchy was restored on 29 May 1660, and would merge with Scotland on 1 May 1707 and later Northern Ireland on 1 January 1801 to form the United Kingdom.
	Went de facto independent from Great Britain with adoption of the United States Declaration of Independence
	Independence from Spain
	Independence won from the Spanish Empire. Republican governments were established from 1811 onwards. Republican constitutions of 1819 and 1826 led to the adoption of the 1853 text
	Independence was declared by the Spanish Empire. Between 1810 and 1814 there were Republican governments although nominally remained loyal to the Spanish monarchy. In 1817 there was re-established the independentist government and established a republican system in different constitutional texts.
	Venezuelan constitution of 1819 adopted
	Republic of Colombia declared during Congress of Angostura
	Incorporated into Republic of Colombia, end of Royal Audiencia of Quito
	Independence of United Provinces of Central America
	Treaty signed after Battle of Ayacucho
	Constitutional Congress declared Bolivia a republic
	Ratification of Treaty of Montevideo
	Independent Republic of Liberia created
	Abdication of Emperor Faustin
	Adoption of new constitution near end of Dominican Restoration War
	Emperor Maxmilian executed; Federal Republic officially restored
	Emperor Napoleon III deposed and French Third Republic proclaimed as a result of the Franco-Prussian War
Republican government instituted when French mother country became a republic
	Emperor Pedro II deposed and Brazilian Republic proclaimed by Marshall Deodoro da Fonseca
	End of Merina Kingdom
	First Philippine Republic.
	Official end of Spanish–American War
	King Manuel II deposed and Portuguese First Republic proclaimed as a result of the [1910 revolution](5-october-1910-revolution)
Republican government instituted when Portuguese mother country became a republic
	Republic of China (ROC) proclaimed as a result of the Xinhai Revolution. The ROC was initially in control of mainland China but later relocated to Taiwan. It is now commonly known as "Taiwan".
The People's Republic of China was proclaimed on 1 October 1949 and is now in control of mainland China. It is commonly known as "China".
	End of the last remaining indigenous sultanate of Comoros, Ndzuwani, following the abdication of Sultan Said Ali
	Emperor Nicholas II of Russia abdicated as a result of the February Revolution and Russia was proclaimed a republic
	The Democratic Republic of Georgia declared its independence.
	The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic declared its independence.
	The First Republic of Armenia declared its independence.
	Czechoslovak Republic proclaimed
	King Mindaugas II deposed and Republic of Lithuania proclaimed
	Emperor William II abdicated as a result of the German Revolution
	Republic of German Austria proclaimed following the dethronement of Emperor Charles
	Power transferred from the Regency Council to Chief of State Józef Piłsudski
	Constitution Act or Instrument of Government: Finland became a republic
	Khan Sayid Abdullah deposed and Khorezm People's Soviet Republic proclaimed
	French Mandate of Syria established after the Battle of Maysalun
	Emir Mohammed Alim Khan deposed and Bukharan People's Republic proclaimed
	Formal beginning of French Togoland League of Nations Mandate
	Republic of Turkey was proclaimed after the Turkish War of Independence, succeeding the Ottoman Empire
	Mongolian People's Republic proclaimed. Now the date is celebrated as 'Republic Day' Public holidays in Mongolia
	The Second Spanish Republic came to power on 14 April 1931 following the economic crisis caused by the [1929 Wall Street Crash](1929-wall-street-crash). The Republic lost power after the Spanish Civil War. Francisco Franco then led Spain until his death on 20 November 1975 when democracy, along with the monarchy, was restored.
	Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic proclaimed following the annexation of Romanian Moldavia by the Soviet Union
	Republic of Iceland established after a referendum
	Korea liberated from Japan and the People's Republic of Korea established, divided into North Korea and South Korea a month later.
	Republic of Indonesia's proclamation of independence triggering the Indonesian National Revolution
	Emperor Bảo Đại abdicated and Democratic Republic of Vietnam was proclaimed
	Taiwan and Penghu Islands transferred to the Republic of China. Since 1949, the ROC only controls Taiwan and the surrounding islands.
	Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia proclaimed while King Peter II was in exile
	People's Republic of Albania proclaimed while King Zog was in exile
	The Second Hungarian Republic proclaimed
	King Umberto II renounced the throne and the Italian Republic was established after a [referendum](1946-italian-institutional-referendum)
	Tsar Simeon II deposed and People's Republic of Bulgaria proclaimed after a referendum
	end of South Pacific Mandate and beginning of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
	King Michael abdicated and the People's Republic of Romania was proclaimed
	Burmese independence declared
	State of Israel proclaimed
	Republic of Ireland Act came into force
	Constitution of India came into effect
	Republic proclaimed after revolution in 1952
	Independence of Republic of Sudan
	Constitution of Pakistan came into effect and Governor-General Iskander Mirza became president. Three coups in [1958 Pakistani coup d'état](1958-pakistani-coup-d-etat), 1977 and in [1999](1999-pakistani-coup-d-etat) respectively before restoration of the civil electorate in 2008.
	King Muhammad VIII al-Amin deposed
	Faisal II deposed/killed in [14 July Revolution](14-july-revolution)
	Independence of State of Somaliland, which was united with the Trust Territory of Somalia on 1 July to form the Somali Republic
	Gained independence as a republic
	Constitutional change after referendum on 27 April
	The Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus adopted
	Republican constitution adopted
	End of British Trusteeship in Southern Cameroons, union with rest of Cameroon
	Independence as a republic following monarchy referendum in 1961
	King Muhammad al-Badr deposed and Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) proclaimed
	Constitutional amendment
	Constitutional amendment
	Gained independence as a republic
	Republican constitution adopted
	Ousted from the Federation of Malaysia
	Republican constitution adopted
	Gained independence as a republic
	Republic declared after army coup d'état
	Gained independence as a republic
	Gained independence as a republic
	Sultan Muhammad Fareed Didi deposed and Maldivian Second Republic established after a referendum
	King Idris I deposed by Muammar Gaddafi's coup d'état
	Co-operative Republic of Guyana proclaimed
	The Khmer Republic (later known as Democratic Kampuchea, then the People's Republic of Kampuchea, and finally the State of Cambodia) was declared in 1970 when Prince Norodom Sihanouk was deposed. The monarchy was restored in 1993.
	Republic proclaimed following a constitutional referendum
	Republican constitution adopted
	Sri Lankan constitution adopted
	The Constitution came into effect a year after the formation of the state in 1972. Three coups followed in [1975](15-august-1975-bangladesh-coup-d-etat) and [1982](1982-bangladesh-coup-d-etat).
	King Mohammed Zahir Shah abdicated after Mohammed Daoud Khan's coup d'état
	Final abolition of monarchy; referendum
	Republic of Malta proclaimed
	Monarchy of Ethiopian Empire finally abolished
	Gained independence as a republic
	King Savang Vatthana abdicated as a result of a communist revolution
	Gained independence as a republic
	Republican constitution adopted
	Gained independence as a republic
	Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi deposed and the Islamic Republic of Iran (a theocratic republic) was proclaimed as a result of the Iranian Revolution
	Gained independence as a republic
	Emperor Bokassa I deposed in a coup d'état
	Full independence of Zimbabwe
	Gained independence as a republic
	Fiji Republic proclaimed as a result of the coup d'état of Sitiveni Rabuka
	Republic of Mauritius proclaimed as a result of constitutional changes
	Upon the death of Malietoa Tanumafili II, Samoa changed to a parliamentary republic.
	Abolition of monarchy
	Republic of Barbados to be declared effective 30 November 2021.

January

1 January in Slovak Republic

The day of creation of Slovak republic. A national holiday since 1993. Officially called The day of establishment of Slovak republic.

9 January in Republika Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina)

After Yugoslavia fell apart, Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina wanted to stay with Serbia and Montenegro. Croats and Bosniaks, on the other hand, wanted to create an independent state of Bosnia and Herzegovina. On 9 January 1992, Bosnian Serb authorities declared the creation of the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, now called Republika Srpska ("Serb Republic", not to be confused with the Republic of Serbia) as a state within the country of Bosnia of Herzegovina. Republika Srpska now celebrates Republic Day on the anniversary of the state's creation.

23 January in Philippines

Main article: Republic Day (Philippines)

26 January in India

Main article: Republic Day (India)

The Constitution of India came into force, and India declared itself a Republic on 26 January 1950, a day thereafter celebrated annually as Republic Day in India. The Constitution had been drafted by the Constituent Assembly which was set up when India gained its independence from the British in 1947. This was a deliberate act: The 26 January was initially India's "Independence Day", one of Mahatma Gandhi's many symbolic acts during India's struggle for freedom against British colonial rule, and the adoption of the Constitution on this date was felt able to strengthen its initial meaning, one calling for Indians of all ages to declare their freedom from the British Raj by Mahatama Gandhi. It is one of three national holidays in India, the other two being the nation's Independence Day on 15 August (since 1947) and the birthday of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi on 2 October.

To mark this occasion, a grand parade is held near Kartavya Path, formerly Rajpath in New Delhi, beginning from Raisina Hill near the Rashtrapati Bhavan (Presidential Palace), along the Kartavya path, past India Gate and on to the historic Red Fort in the old quarter of the city. Different infantry, cavalry and mechanized regiments of the Indian Army, the Indian Marines and the Indian Air Force march in formation, decked in all their finery and official decorations. The President of India, who is also the Commander in Chief of the Indian Armed Forces, takes the salute. The Chief Guest of the parade is the Head of State or Head of Government of another nation. The parade also includes many traditional dance troupes, to symbolize the cultural heritage of India. It traditionally ends with a colourful flypast by Indian Air Force jets in a tiranga formation. Similar parades are held in the capitals of all the states of India, where the Governors of the respective states take the salute. The official conclusion of Republic Day festivities is much later on 30 January, four days after the Republic Day.

February

1 February in Hungary

On 1 February 1946 Hungary commemorates the proclamation of the Republic of Hungary. Since 2004, this day is a national commemoration day, without being a public or national Holiday.

March

1 March in Switzerland

Republic Day is a public holiday in the Canton of Neuchâtel celebrated annually on March 1st. On March 1, 1848, inspired by the Spring of Nations across Europe, a group of republican rebels led by Fritz Courvoisier marched from the mountains of La Chaux-de-Fonds and Le Locle toward the city of Neuchâtel, overthrowing the Prussian monarchy in the region and established Neuchâtel as a republic within the Swiss Confederation.

23 March in Pakistan

Main article: Republic Day (Pakistan)

In Pakistan this day marks the passing of the Lahore Resolution. Republic Day of Pakistan was first observed in 1956 when Pakistan officially became a Republic and shunned the former status of Dominion. The main events of this day include a full military parade and the awarding of honours at the Presidency (Presidential Palace) by the president. Every year, on 23 March, the Pakistani people commemorate their National Day in remembrance of "The Pakistan Resolution" passed on 23 March 1956, in the historic city of Lahore which is also the day the country was declared a republic.

May

28 May in Azerbaijan, Armenia and Nepal

Main article: Republic Day (Armenia), Republic Day (Nepal), Independence Day (Azerbaijan)

On 28 May 1918 Azerbaijan, Armenia and Nepal Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic, thus forming the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, Democratic Republic of Armenia and the Nepal Democratic Republic. These were the first sovereign republics in the history of both countries and Nepal was the first democratic parliamentary republic only achieved consistency after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

A decade-long People's Revolution by the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) along with several weeks of mass protests by all major political parties of Nepal in 2006, culminated in a peace accord and the ensuing elections for the constituent assembly voted overwhelmingly in favor of the abdication of the last Nepali monarch Gyanendra Shah and the establishment of a federal democratic republic on 28 May 2008.

31 May in South Africa (1961–1994)

Between 1961 and 1994, 31 May was celebrated in South Africa as Republic Day. This practice was discontinued in 1995 following the attainment of majority rule and the reorganisation of public holidays as a consequence. On the last Republic Day, in 1994, South Africa rejoined the Commonwealth of Nations.

June

2 June in Italy

Electoral ballot of the [[1946 Italian institutional referendum

An institutional referendum (, or referendum sulla forma istituzionale dello Stato) was held by universal suffrage in the Kingdom of Italy on 2 June 1946, a key event of contemporary Italian history. Until 1946, Italy was a kingdom ruled by the House of Savoy, reigning since the unification of Italy in 1861 and previously rulers of the Kingdom of Sardinia. In 1922, the rise of Benito Mussolini and the creation of the Fascist regime in Italy, which eventually resulted in engaging the country in World War II alongside Nazi Germany, considerably weakened the role of the royal house.

Following the Italian Civil War and the Liberation of Italy from Axis troops in 1945, a popular referendum on the institutional form of the state was called the next year and resulted in voters choosing the replacement of the monarchy with a republic. The 1946 Italian general election to elect the Constituent Assembly of Italy was held on the same day. As with the simultaneous Constituent Assembly elections, the referendum was not held in the Julian March, in the province of Zara or the province of Bolzano, which were still under occupation by Allied forces pending a final settlement of the status of the territories.

The results were proclaimed by the Supreme Court of Cassation on 10 June 1946: 12,717,923 citizens in favor of the republic and 10,719,284 citizens in favor of the monarchy. The event is commemorated annually by the Festa della Repubblica. The former King Umberto II voluntarily left the country on 13 June 1946, headed for Cascais, in southern Portugal, without even waiting for the results to be defined and the ruling on the appeals presented by the monarchist party, which were rejected by the Supreme Court of Cassation on 18 June 1946. With the entry into force of the new Constitution of the Italian Republic, on 1 January 1948, Enrico De Nicola became the first to assume the functions of president of Italy. It was the first time that the whole Italian Peninsula (excluding Vatican City) was under a form of republican governance since the end of the ancient Roman Republic.

July

1 July in Ghana

Ghana Republic Day.

4 July in the Philippines

4 July 1946 is the Philippines' Republic Day.

25 July in Tunisia

It's the day the monarchy was abolished by the National Assembly and Republic was proclaimed. Habib Bourguiba was chosen to be the first President.

August

2 August in North Macedonia

Main article: Republic Day (North Macedonia)

October

5 October in Portugal

5 October in Portugal is known as Implantação da República. It celebrates the proclamation of the Portuguese First Republic in 1910.

10 October in Republic of China

10 October in Taiwan is a national holiday commemorating the establishment of the Republic of China in 1911, the symbolic start of the 1911 Revolution with the Wuchang Uprising. It is also known as the Double Ten Day.

25 October in Kazakhstan

Main article: Republic Day (Kazakhstan)

In the waning days of Soviet rule, individual republics of the Soviet Union sought greater autonomy. The Soviet Union agreed in early 1990 to give up its monopoly of political power. Following the lead of Lithuanian SSR, Russian SFSR and others, Kazakh SSR declared its sovereignty on 25 October 1990, and Kazakhstan subsequently became independent on 16 December 1991 as the Soviet Union collapsed. 25 October, the anniversary of the adoption of the "Declaration on State Sovereignty of Kazakh SSR" by the Kazakh legislature in 1990, is now commemorated as Republic Day (), a public holiday in Kazakhstan.

29 October in Turkey

Main article: Republic Day (Turkey)

On 29 October 1923, the Turkish constitution was amended and Turkey became a republic. This formally declared the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire. Republic Day (Turkish: Cumhuriyet Bayramı) is celebrated throughout Turkey and Northern Cyprus every year. Commemorative events usually begin in the afternoon on the previous day. In observance of the holiday, government offices and schools close for a day. Also, there are fireworks shows in all cities of Turkey. That day everyone commemorates Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.

November

11 November in the Maldives

On 11 November 1968, Maldives the then existing monarchy was abolished and replaced by a republic.

15 November in Brazil and Northern Cyprus

Main article: Republic Day (Northern Cyprus)

On 15 November 1889, in the city of Rio de Janeiro (the Brazilian capital at that time), a military coup led by Field Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca overthrew Emperor Pedro II and declared Brazil a republic.

30 November in Barbados

This day is celebrated as both Independence Day and Republic Day, as on 30 November 2021, Barbados was declared as a Republic within the Commonwealth. Dame Sandra Mason, the last Governor-General of Barbados was installed as the first President of Barbados.

December

13 December in Malta

Main article: Republic Day (Malta)

On 13 December 1974, the constitution of Malta was substantially revised, transforming the former British colony from a Commonwealth Realm into a republic within the Commonwealth. The British Monarch ceased to be recognised as Reġina ta' Malta (Queen of Malta) and the new Head of State was President Sir Anthony Mamo. This occasion is marked every year as Republic Day (Maltese: Jum ir-Repubblika) in Malta. The monument of Republic Day is at Marsa.

18 December in Niger

18 December 1958 is commemorated in the Republic of Niger as Republic Day, the national holiday. Although not the date of formal, complete independence from France, 18 December marks the founding of the Republic and creation of the Presidency of the Republic of Niger, following the constitutional changes of the French Fifth Republic, and the elections of 4 December 1958 held across The French Colonial possessions. Nigeriens consider this date to be the founding of their nation. Between 18 December 1958 and 5 August 1964, Niger remained a semi-autonomous Republic within the French Community.

The 16th is celebrated in Niger with official festivals and appearances of political leaders, as well as public parties and festivities. The 50th-anniversary celebrations were held in 2006, centered not in the capital, but in the regional center of Tillabéry, and surrounded by sports, musical and arts competitions, the opening of new buildings, a National Youth Festival, and other public festivities.

Republic Day in other countries

Guyana: 23 February (1970, also known as Mashramani)
Iceland: 17 June (1944)
Iran: 1 April (Islamic Republic Day)
Lithuania: 15 May (1920, known as the Constituent Assembly Day)
North Korea: 9 September (1948)
Republic of the Congo: 28 November (1958)
Sierra Leone: 27 April (1961)
Sri Lanka: 22 May (1972)
Trinidad and Tobago: 24 September (1976)

Notes

References

"Republic Day in Neuchâtel, Switzerland".
FOC, Federal Office of Culture. "Neuchâtel Revolution commemorative march".
"Dipartimento per gli Affari Interni e Territoriali".
"Il referendum istituzionale e la scelta repubblicana – Istituto Luigi Sturzo".
"Savoia – Nuovi Dizionari Online Simone – Dizionario Storico del Diritto Italiano ed Europeo Indice H".
(2010). "Elections in Europe: A data handboo". Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft Mbh & Co.
(2010). "Elections in Europe: A data handboo". Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft Mbh & Co.
[http://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/do/gazzetta/downloadPdf?dataPubblicazioneGazzetta=19460620&numeroGazzetta=134&tipoSerie=FO&tipoSupplemento=GU&numeroSupplemento=0&estensione=pdf&edizione=90 Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 134 del 20 giugno 1946]
[http://nigerdiaspora.info/index.php/soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9/soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9/comm%C3%A9moration-du-18-d%C3%A9cembre-%C3%A0-tillab%C3%A9ri-:-sons-et-lumi%C3%A8res-%C3%A0-la-cit%C3%A9-des-ma%C3%AFga/ Commémoration du 18 décembre à Tillabéri: Sons et lumières à la cité des Maïga]. Assane Soumana, Sahel Dimanche. 12 December 2008
"Republic Day in Congo in 2021".

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