Rabbitfish

Taxonomy

The genus Siganus was described in 1775 by the Danish zoologist Johan Christian Fabricius with Siganus rivulatus, a species also described by Fabricius in 1775, designated as the type species. The description was based on notes taken by the naturalist Peter Forsskål when he was on the Danish Arabia expedition (1761–67) and was published in Carsten Niebuhr's Descriptiones animalium avium, amphibiorum, piscium, insectorum, vermium; quae in itinere orientali observavit Petrus Forskål. Post mortem auctoris edidit Carsten Niebuhr. Catalog of Fishes lists the authority as " Fabricius [J. C.] (ex Forsskål) in Niebuhr 1775" and states that the genus is valid as "Siganus Fabricius 1775".

Carl Linnaeus originally described the genus Teuthis, with the type species being Teuthis hepatus. One of the type specimens he used looks like Siganus javus, although the other is definitely not a rabbitfish, and the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature has been asked to suppress the name Teuthis in favour of Siganus to reflect the prevailing usage.

The name Siganus is a latinisation of the local Arabic name for the marbled rabbitfish (S. rivulatus) in Yemen, Sidjan which can also be written as Sigian, and means "rabbitfish".

In 2007 Kurriwa et al., outlined a way to split the genus—if the scientific community so desires:

• An ancient group containing e.g. S. woodlandi
• Another fairly small group containing, e.g., the S. canaliculatus/S. fuscescens) complex
• The remainder of* Siganus*, including the foxfaces

Other lineages might exist and make obsolete the somewhat weak distinction between the second and third groups. Also, it is not known where the type species S. rivulatus would fall, hence names for these three subgenera or genera are not established at present.

Hybridizaton has played a role in the evolution of the Siganidae, as evidenced by comparison of mtDNA cytochrome b and nDNA internal transcribed spacer 1 sequence data. Evidence exists of interbreeding between S. guttatus and S. lineatus, as well as between S. doliatus and S. virgatus.

Also, either females of the last common ancestor of S. puellus and the S. punctatus interbred with females ancestral to the main non-foxface lineage, or males of the former hybridized with females of the last common ancestor of S. punctatissimus and the foxfaces, while males of the latter mated with females of the original foxface species.

An individual was found that looked like a slightly aberrant blue-spotted spinefoot (S. corallinus). On investigation, it turned out to be an offspring of a hybrid between a female of that species and a male masked spinefoot, which had successfully backcrossed with the blue-spotted spinefoot.

Species

As noted above, several presumed species are suspected to actively interbreed even today; these might warrant merging as a single species. This applies to the white-spotted spinefoot (S. canaliculatus) and the mottled spinefoot (S. fuscescens), and to the blotched foxface (S. unimaculatus) and the foxface rabbitfish (S. vulpinus). Alternatively they might be very recently evolved species that have not yet undergone complete lineage sorting, but their biogeography suggests that each group is just color morphs of a single species. On the other hand, the morphologically diverse blue-spotted spinefoot (S. corallinus) might represent more than one species; orange individuals are found at the north of its range, while yellow ones occur to the south, and these two may be completely parapatric.

There are currently 29 recognized species in this genus:

Characteristics

Rabbitfishes have laterally compressed, oval bodies which may be deep, or slender. A few species have a tubular snout. The mouth is very small and is with non protractile jaws which have one row of compressed, closely set, incisor-like teeth in each jaw. The teeth overlap slightly and create a beak like structure. The dorsal fin has 13 robust spines and 10 soft rays and the front spine is short, sharp and points forward, sometimes projecting from its "pocket" but it may be enfolded. The anal fin has 7 robust spines and 9 soft rays. The pelvic fins have 2 spines with 3 soft rays between them; this characteristic is unique to the Siganidae. There is a membrane which extends from the inner pelvic fin spine to the belly with the anus sitting between these membranes. The tiny scales are cycloid and may be absent from the head region. If present on the head they are restricted to a small area of the cheek under the eye.

They range in maximum total lengths of 20 cm in the case of the blotched foxface (S. unimaculatus) to 53 cm in the streaked spinefoot (S. javus).

Venom

Rabbitfish have venomous spines in the dorsal and pelvic fins. In at least three species, the venom has been found to be similar to that found in stonefish. The fin spines are equipped with well-developed venom glands. The sting is very painful, but it is generally not considered medically significant in healthy adults.

Distribution and habitat

Rabbitfishes are found in the Indo-Pacific from the Red Sea and the coast of eastern Africa through the Pacific Ocean as far as Pitcairn Island. These fishes are found in inshore tropical and subtropical waters where they occur in reefs, lagoons, mangroves and seagrass beds.

Biology

Utilization

Rabbitfish can be important species for commercial fisheries, particularly the schooling species. The catch is largely sold fresh but juveniles may be dried or processed to make fish paste. Some species are used in aquaculture and some of the more colorful species are found in the aquarium trade. Some species have been reported to be hallucinogenic.

References

References

1. {{Cof family
2. (2013). "The Fishes of the Inland Waters of Southeast Asia: A Catalogue and Core Bibliography of the Fishes Known to Occur in Freshwaters, Mangroves and Estuaries". The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology.
3. (12 January 2021). "Order Acanthuriformes (part 2): Families Ephippidae, Leiognathidae, Scatophagidae, Antigoniidae, Siganidae, Caproidae, Luvaridae, Zanclidae and Acanthuridae". Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara.
4. (2007). "Phylogenetic relationships and natural hybridization in rabbitfishes (Teleostei: Siganidae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA analyses". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.
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6. "CAS - Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes".
7. D.J. Woodland. (2001). "FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Volume 6. Bony fishes part 4 (Labridae to Latimeriidae), estuarine crocodiles, sea turtles, sea snakes and marine mammal". FAO Rome.
8. (2017). "Occurrence of a stonefish toxin-like toxin in the venom of the rabbitfish ''Siganus fuscescens''". Toxicon.
9. Yoshinaga-Kiriake, Aya. (2020-09-01). "Primary structures and conformations of stonefish toxin-like toxins from three species of rabbitfish, Siganus puellus, Siganus unimaculatus, and Siganus virgatus". Fisheries Science.
10. (1999). "Coral Reef Fishes". Princeton University Press.
11. Taylor, Geoff. (2000). "Toxic fish spine injury: Lessons from 11 years experience". Journal of the South Pacific Underwater Medical Society.
12. Debelius, H.. (1997). "Mediterranean and Atlantic Fish Guide".
13. {{Cof genus
14. Dianne J. Bray. "Rabbitfishes, Siganidae". Museums Victoria.
15. A.R. Bos. (2018). "Nocturnal cleaning of sleeping rabbitfish, ''Siganus canaliculatus'', by the cleaner shrimp ''Urocaridella antonbruunii'' (Decapoda: Palaemonidae)". Crustaceana.
16. Bos A.R.. (2016). "Herbivorous fishes ''Siganus rivulatus'' (Siganidae) and ''Zebrasoma desjardinii'' (Acanthuridae) feed on Ctenophora and Scyphozoa in the Red Sea". Marine Biodiversity.
17. (2017-06-01). "A novel marine bioinvasion vector: Ichthyochory, live passage through fish". Limnology and Oceanography Letters.
18. Halstead BW, Cox KM (1973) [https://books.google.com/books?id=opULAQAAIAAJ "An investigation on fish poisoning in Mauritius"], ''Proc Roy Soc Arts Sci Mauritius'', '''4''' (2): 1–26.
19. [http://eol.org/pages/214691/details ''Siganus argenteus'': Yellowspotted Spinefoot ] ''Encyclopedia of Life''. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
20. {{FishBase. (2013)
21. {{FishBase family. (2023)