Quince

Description

Quinces are shrubs or small trees up to 4 to tall and 3 to wide. Young twigs are covered in a grey down. The leaves are oval, and are downy on the underside. The solitary flowers, produced in late spring after the leaves, are white or pink.

The ripe fruit is aromatic but remains hard; gritty stone cells are dispersed through the flesh. It is larger than many apples, weighing as much as 1 kg, often pear-shaped but sometimes roughly spherical.

The seeds contain nitriles, common in the seeds of the rose family. In the stomach, enzymes or stomach acid or both cause some of the nitriles to be hydrolysed and produce toxic hydrogen cyanide, which is a volatile gas. The seeds are toxic only if eaten in large quantities.

File:A quince flower (cropped).jpg|Flower File:Cydonia.jpg|Foliage and ripening fruit

History

Quince is native to the Hyrcanian forests south of the Caspian Sea in Iran. From that centre of origin it was spread radially by Neolithic farmers, 5000 to 3000 BC, to secondary centres including Turkey, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Kashmir, Afghanistan, and Syria. In turn, landraces of quince were then distributed across Europe, Russia, China, India, and North Africa. Charlemagne directed that quinces be planted in well-stocked orchards. Quinces in England are first recorded in about 1275, when Edward I had some planted at the Tower of London. The fruit had acquired its English name by the 14th century. Settlers brought it to North America in the 17th century, and to Central and South America in the 18th century. In the 18th-century New England colonies, there was always a quince at the lower corner of the vegetable garden, Ann Leighton notes in records of Portsmouth, New Hampshire and Newburyport, Massachusetts.

The fruit was known in the Akkadian language as supurgillu; "quinces" (collective plural), which was borrowed into Aramaic as ספרגלין sparglin; it was known in Judea during the Mishnaic Hebrew as פרישין prishin (a loanword from Jewish Palestinian Aramaic פרישין "the miraculous [fruit]"); quince flourished in the heat of the Mesopotamian plain, where apples did not. It was cultivated from an archaic period around the Mediterranean. Some ancients called the fruit "golden apples".

The Greeks associated it with Kydonia on Crete, as the "Cydonian pome", and Theophrastus, in his Enquiry into Plants, noted that quince was one of many fruiting plants that do not come true from seed.

As a sacred emblem of Aphrodite, a quince figured in a lost poem of Callimachus that survives in a prose epitome: seeing his beloved in the courtyard of the temple of Aphrodite, Acontius plucks a quince from the "orchard of Aphrodite", inscribes its skin and furtively rolls it at the feet of her illiterate nurse, whose curiosity aroused, hands it to the girl to read aloud, and the girl finds herself saying "I swear by Aphrodite that I will marry Acontius". A vow thus spoken in the goddess's temenos cannot be broken. Pliny the Elder mentions "numerous varieties" of quince in his Natural History and describes four.

Quinces are ripe on the tree only briefly: the Roman cookbook De re coquinaria of Apicius specifies in attempting to keep quinces, to select perfect unbruised fruits and keep stems and leaves intact, submerged in honey and reduced wine.

Taxonomy

Cydonia is in the subfamily Amygdaloideae. The modern English name originated in the 14th century as a plural, understood as a singular noun, of quoyn, via Old French cooin, from Latin cotoneum malum / cydonium malum, ultimately from Greek κυδώνιον μῆλον, kydonion mēlon "Kydonian apple".

Cultivation

Quince is a hardy, drought-tolerant shrub which adapts to many soils of low to medium pH. It tolerates both shade and sun, but sunlight is required to produce larger flowers and ensure fruit ripening. It is a hardy plant that does not require much maintenance, and tolerates years without pruning or major insect and disease problems.

Quince is cultivated on all continents in warm-temperate and temperate climates. It requires a cooler period of the year, with temperatures under 7 C, to flower properly. Propagation is done by cuttings or layering; the former method produces better plants, but they take longer to mature than by the latter. Named cultivars are propagated by cuttings or layers grafted on quince rootstock. Propagation by seed is not used commercially. Quince forms thick bushes, which must be pruned and reduced into a single stem to grow fruit-bearing trees for commercial use. The tree is self-pollinated, but it produces better yields when cross-pollinated.

Fruits are typically left on the tree to ripen fully. In warmer climates, it may become soft to the point of being edible, but additional ripening may be required in cooler climates. They are harvested in late autumn, before first frosts. Quince is used as rootstock for certain pear cultivars. In Europe, quinces are grown in small amounts; typically one or two quince trees are grown in a mixed orchard with several apples and other fruit trees.

File:Quince nursery (seedlings was grafted).jpg|Quince nursery File:Quince in Fergana.jpg|Fruits in tree

Pests and diseases

Quince is subject to a variety of pest insects including aphids, scale insects, mealybugs, and moth caterpillars such as leafrollers (Tortricidae) and codling moths.

While quince is a hardy shrub, it may develop fungal diseases in hot weather, resulting in premature leaf fall. Quince leaf blight, caused by fungus Diplocarpon mespili, presents a threat in wet summers, causing severe leaf spotting and early defoliation, affecting fruit to a lesser extent. Cedar-quince rust, caused by Gymnosporangium clavipes, requires two hosts to complete its life cycle, one usually a juniper, and the other a member of the Rosaceae. Appearing as red excrescence on various parts of the plant, it may affect quinces grown near junipers.

Production

Cultivars

Quince cultivars include:

• 'Champion'
• 'Cooke's Jumbo' (syn. 'Jumbo')
• 'Dwarf Orange'
• 'Gamboa'
• 'Le Bourgeaut'
• 'Lescovacz'
• 'Ludovic'
• 'Maliformis'
• 'Meeches Prolific'
• 'Morava'
• 'Orange' (syn. 'Apple quince')
• 'Perfume'
• 'Pineapple'
• 'Portugal' (syn. 'Lusitanica')
• 'Siebosa'
• 'Smyrna'
• 'Van Deman'
• 'Vranja' (syn. 'Bereczki')

The cultivars 'Vranja' Nenadovic and 'Serbian Gold' have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

File:Page 18 quince - Rea Mammoth, Meechs Prolific, Orange, Champion.jpg|1 'Rea Mammoth', 2 'Meech's Prolific', 3 'Orange', and 4 'Champion' cultivars. 1909 illustration. File:Bourgeat Quince (5207851992) (cropped).jpg|'Bourgeat' cultivar File:Quitten-0014.jpg|'Constantinople apple' cultivar File:VranjaBirnenquitte967.jpg|'Vranja' cultivar File:Cydonia oblonga 'Portugal' 5Dsr 2392.jpg|'Portugal' cultivar

Uses

Nutrition

A raw quince is 84% water, 15% carbohydrates, and contains negligible fat and protein (table). In a 100 g reference amount, the fruit provides 238 kJ of food energy and a moderate amount of vitamin C (17% of the Daily Value), with no other micronutrients in significant percentage of the Daily Value (table).

Culinary use

Quinces have intense aroma, flavour, and tartness; most varieties are too hard and tart to be eaten raw. They may be cooked or roasted and used for jams, marmalade, jellies, or pudding. A few varieties, such as 'Aromatnaya' and 'Kuganskaya', can be eaten raw. High in pectin, they are used to make jam, jelly and quince pudding, or they may be peeled, then roasted, baked or stewed; pectin levels diminish as the fruit ripens. Long cooking with sugar turns the flesh of the fruit red due to the presence of pigmented anthocyanins.

The strong flavour means they can be added in small quantities to apple pies and jam. Adding a diced quince to apple sauce enhances the taste of the apple sauce. The term "marmalade", originally meaning a quince jam, derives from , the Portuguese word for this fruit.

Quince cheese or quince jelly originated from the Iberian Peninsula and is a firm, sticky, sweet reddish hard paste made by slowly cooking down the quince fruit with sugar. It is called dulce de membrillo in the Spanish-speaking world, where it is eaten with manchego cheese.

Quince is used in the Levant, especially in Syria. It is added to either chicken or kibbeh to create an intense and unique taste such as with kibbeh safarjaliyeh.

File:Dulce de Membrillo.jpg|Quince cheese File:Kibbeh Safarjaliyeh.jpg|Levantine kibbeh safarjaliyeh, beef stew in quince sauce

Alcoholic drink

In the Balkans, quince eau-de-vie (rakija) is made. Ripe fruits of sweeter varieties are washed and cleared of rot and seeds, then crushed or minced, mixed with cold or boiling sweetened water and yeast, and left for several weeks to ferment. The fermented mash is distilled once, obtaining a 20–30 ABV, or twice, producing an approximately 60% ABV liquor. The two distillates may be mixed or diluted with distilled water to obtain the final product, containing 42–43% ABV.

In Carolina in 1709, the explorer and naturalist John Lawson wrote that he was "not a fair judge of the different sorts of Quinces which they call Brunswick, Portugal and Barbary", but "of this fruit they make a wine or liquor which they call Quince-Drink and which I approve of beyond any drink that their country affords ... The Quince-Drink most commonly purges".

Cultural associations

In Plutarch's Lives, Solon is said to have decreed that "bride and bridegroom shall be shut into a chamber, and eat a quince together." The hero Hercules is associated with golden apples; these are thought by some scholars probably to have been quinces. When a baby is born in the Balkans, a quince tree is planted as a symbol of fertility, love and life. Edward Lear's 1870 nonsense poem The Owl and the Pussycat contains the lines

Which they ate with a runcible spoon; And hand in hand, on the edge of the sand, They danced by the light of the moon.}}

Kate Young writes in The Guardian that the poem may be nonsense, but that slices of quince work well with a meringue and whipped cream dessert.

File:Hércules Famésio Farnese Hercules (back) (53064049483).jpg|Farnese Hercules holding 3 'golden apples' or quinces. Copy of 3rd century AD statue Frutta4.jpg|Quince in a fruit basket Caravaggio, 1597–1600 File:Fra Juan Sánchez Cotán - Still-Life with Game Fowl - WGA20724.jpg|Quince in a still life Juan Sánchez Cotán, 1600–1603 File:Ночной пикник. 1620-25 Брит.муз..jpg|"A prince being entertained in the countryside" (also called "Nighttime Picnic") by Muhammad Qasim, miniature c. 1650 File:Still Life with Quinces by Vincent van Gogh (1887), Albertinum, Dresden.jpg|Still-life of quinces Vincent van Gogh, 1887

References

References

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