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Quercus parvula

Species of oak tree

Quercus parvula, the Santa Cruz Island oak, is an evergreen red oak found on north-facing Santa Cruz Island slopes and in the California Coast Ranges from Santa Barbara County north to Mendocino County. It was taxonomically combined with Quercus wislizeni until resurrected as a separate species by Kevin Nixon in 1980. The type locality of Q. parvula var. shrevei (originally described by C.H. Muller as Q. shrevei) is Palo Colorado Canyon in Monterey County. It is placed in Quercus section Lobatae.

Three varieties of Q. parvula are currently recognized:

Image	Scientific name	Description	Distribution
[[File:J20170415-0001—Quercus parvula var parvula—RPBG (33265598403).jpg	120px]]	Quercus parvula var. parvula	Recent work suggests Q. parvula var. parvula to be Q. parvula var. shrevei x Q. wislizeni.	Santa Cruz Island oak - Santa Cruz Island, California.
	Quercus parvula var. shrevei Shreve oak	If further studies support the recently identified issues with var. parvula, this taxon may be revised to Q. shrevei.	forest oak - central and northern coastal California.
	Quercus parvula var. tamalpaisensis	This is an invalid taxon. Recent DNA studies have shown Tamalpais oak to be a hybrid between Q. wislizeni and Q. parvula var. shrevei.	Tamalpais oak - Marin County, California.

Q. parvula differs morphologically from its close relative Q. wislizeni in the following ways:

Leaf blades are larger, (2)4 cm long rather than
Leaf blades are thinner, generally 0.26 mm
Current year twigs are 5-sided rather than ± roundish in cross section
Leaf petioles and current year twigs are glabrous to sparsely hairy rather than moderately to very hairy
Nut tips are blunt rather than more sharply pointed
Abaxial golden glandular uniseriate leaf blade trichomes are missing or sparse rather than moderate to dense
Abaxial multiradiate leaf blade trichomes are missing or sparse on the midvein rather than occasional to common
Secondary leaf blade veins are raised abaxially rather than ± not raised Q. parvula and Q. wislizeni never produce newly emerging leaves with a velvety coating of red bulbous trichomes on the abaxial (upper) surface. This separates them from Q. kelloggii and both varieties of Q. agrifolia which produce such leaves.

Ecology

Mainland Q. parvula is commonly found with or near Sequoia sempervirens (coast redwood), and often near Q. agrifolia var. agrifolia (coast live oak) and Notholithocarpus densiflorus (tanoak).

Q. parvula differs ecologically from Q. wislizeni in the following ways:

Island or coastal habitat rather than Sierra foothills
Associates with Sequoia sempervirens rather than Pinus sabiniana

Hybridization

Quercus parvula is theoretically capable of hybridizing with all of the other California red oaks except the higher elevation southern California Quercus agrifolia var. oxyadenia (sharpacorn oak) from which it is separated by the Transverse Ranges. However Q. parvula's generally later flowering time (April–May versus February–April for Q. kelloggii, Q. wislizeni and Q. agrifolia) may limit genetic exchange with other Lobatae.

References

Kua, C.-S.. (2016). "''Quercus parvula''".
K. Nixon, "A Systematic Study of ''Quercus parvula'' Greene on Santa Cruz Island and Mainland California," Master's Thesis, 1980.
(2017). "Appendix 2.1: An updated infrageneric classification of the oaks".
Jepson Flora Project (eds.) 2015 Jepson eFlora, https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/IJM.html July 17, 2015
Greene, ''Pittonia'' 1:40 (1887)
K. Nixon, C.H. Muller, "New Names in California Oaks," ''Novon'' 4(4):391 (1994)
If further studies support the recently identified issues with var. ''parvula'', this taxon may be revised to ''Q. shrevei''.. forest oakR. Morgan et al, in Santa Cruz Cnty. Pl. Checklst., 22 (2005)
Duncan A. Hauser, Al Keuter, John D. McVay, Andrew L. Hipp and Paul S. Manos, The evolution and diversification of the red oaks of the California Floristic Province (Quercus section Lobatae, series Agrifoliae), October 2017 104:1581-1595
S.K. Langer, "A New Oak On Mount Tamalpais," ''Four Seasons'', 9(3): 21-30 (1993)
Torr., Sitgr. Rep., 172, pl. 17 (1853)
J.G. Cooper, Smithsonian Rep. 1858: 261 (1859)

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